The Iliad

Homer

Translated by Michael Heumann

The Iliad by Michael Heumann is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

© 2021 Michael Heumann
ISBN: 978-1-737-04890-9 (Paperback)
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1

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the administrators, board members, and my fellow faculty members at Imperial Valley College in Imperial, California, for giving me the time and support to complete this endeavor.

I would also like to thank my siblings, Virginia Kearney and Douglas Heumann, for all of their love and encouragement.

To my parents-in-law, Joseph and Carolyn Krejci, thank you for all of your love and support over the years.

To my wife, Caroline, thank you for putting up with me for over three decades. I could not have done this without you. I love you, dear!

Finally, I would like to dedicate this work to the memory of my parents, Ronald and Rosemary Heumann. Thank you, Mom and Dad, for everything.

2

Introduction

If the Trojan War ever took place, then it probably happened on or around 1180 BCE. This is the tail-end of the Late Bronze Age, just before most of the major Mediterranean civilizations (including the Hittite, Assyria, Babylonian, and Mycenaean) were wiped out by a combination of natural catastrophes, internal strife, and invasion from a group known from history only as the Sea Peoples. One consequence of the collapse of these civilizations is that there are very few written records from the subsequent centuries. It is not until the 8th and 7th centuries BCE that the earliest writings from Greece and western Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) appeared—including and especially the two works attributed to Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey, which were written down sometime around 750 BCE but based upon an oral tradition that extended back centuries.

In the ancient world, there was no question that the Trojan War was a real event. This is particularly true for the Romans who claimed to be descended from the Trojan Aeneas, who supposedly survived the war and went on to lead a group of exiled Trojans to Italy, where they eventually founded Rome.

This story is retold in the Aeneid by Virgil, who wrote his epic during the reign of the first Roman emperor Augustus (27 BC-14 AD). During this time, Troy still existed, albeit in less regal terms than it did in the Bronze Age, and Augustus himself made a pilgrimage to Troy, as did his uncle, Julius Caesar, the later Roman Emperor Hadrian, and the Persian King Xerxes I. No doubt each of these men looked at Troy and imagined himself as Achilles or Hector battling for ten long years over the most beautiful woman in the world.

In fact, Troy remained inhabited until about 600 CE, when it was finally abandoned. From that point until to the 19th century, the general assumption among scholars and intellectuals was that Troy and the Trojan War were just myths—not based on any historical facts but simply a product of Homer’s imagination.

This view changed in the Victorian era when businessmen and amateur archaeologists (or antiquarians, as they were then known) like Frank Calvert and Heinrich Schliemann visited Turkey in search of the mythic Troy. Calvert was the first to identify a particular hilly area a few miles south of the Dardanelles, called Hisarlik, as the most likely site of ancient Troy. He did not have enough money to do a proper excavation, but he shared his ideas with the wealthy Schliemann, who set about excavating the site, using dynamite to help dig down through many layers of archaeological finds until he reached what he thought was the “original” Troy of King Priam. However, what he thought was Priam’s Troy is actually now called Troy I, and there are at least eight other Troys, each on top of the other, that can be clearly identified above Troy I, along with dozens of sublayers. Excavations have continued to explore and analyze the various layers of Troy, and the general consensus among experts is that Troy VI or Troy VII are most likely to have been inhabited during the periods most closely associated with the Trojan War (approximately 1200 BCE).

So Troy itself was real, but what of the war? A number of finds discovered at Troy, such as pottery and figurines, bear similarities to items found in Mycenaean sites in Greece. More interestingly, however, are a number of ancient Hittite administrative manuscripts that mention a Wilusa, which is very similar to Ilios, the name Homer regularly uses for Troy (and where the Iliad gets its name). One of the documents mentions a treaty between King Muwatalli II and Alaksandru of Wilusa—the latter name being tantalizingly similar to Alexander (or Paris) of Ilios.

There is another document called the Tawagalawa letter, which is a correspondence between a Hittite king and a king from a land called Ahhiyawa; in this letter, there is a mention that these two kings had once fought over Wilusa. Scholars suspect that the Ahhiyawa is a reference to some part of Mycenaean Greece, and thus this could possibly be a direct reference to the Trojan War (Villing, Fitton, Donnellan, Shapland 177-179).

In short, there is some historical evidence suggesting the Trojan War might have taken place. However, this is by no means definitive proof, and it is highly unlikely that we will ever truly know for certain if the war that Homer depicts actually took place or not.

But what of Homer himself? What do we know? As with Troy and the Trojan War, most people in the ancient world had no doubt that Homer was a real person. While some ancient commentators believed Homer was an eye-witness to the events of the Trojan War, most believed that he was a blind poet who was born on Chios,[1] a Greek island off the coast of Anatolia (though several other sites, including Athens, also made their own claims), and lived between 850-750 BCE. Further, ancient scholars generally believed Homer wrote not just the Iliad and Odyssey but a whole slew of other epics about the Trojan War and its aftermath, along with a variety of other works, including the works commonly referred to as the Homeric Hymns.

However, today much of this is considered suspect. In fact, the “Homeric Question”—the question of who Homer was, where he came from, or even if he existed in the first place—has dominated a subset of academic scholarship for centuries. The current assumption among experts is that Homer was not a single individual, since archaeologic, linguistic, and geographic evidence in the Iliad and the Odyssey point to the likely conclusion that the two works were not written by the same person. Further, the epics are almost certainly the end-products of an oral tradition, meaning that the “Homer” who wrote these works was most likely putting into writing stories that had existed in oral form for centuries.

The epics themselves actually help support this last point, since both the Odyssey and Iliad contain detailed descriptions of both Bronze Age and Iron Age armor and other technologies. For example, “boar’s tusk helmets” and other weapons and armor that were known to exist in the Bronze Age circa 1200 BCE are described alongside references to armor, weapons, and sailing equipment that were not developed until the Iron Age in the 8th century or later. This suggests that the final written form that the epics took combined centuries-old knowledge of weapons and armor from the Bronze Age—information no doubt handed down from one singer to another—with contemporary technologies that would have been known and understood by Iron Age audiences.

Ultimately, though, all of this is speculation. All we really know for certain is what can be found within the two epics ascribed to Homer. But that is plenty! After all, the Iliad and Odyssey have been the foundational works of not only Greek culture but western culture for thousands of years, and they have spawned countless retellings and reimaginings in all forms of art, from painting and sculpture to poetry and plays to novels and movies.

***

There are many aspects of the Trojan War that have become common knowledge for much of the western world: the Judgment of Paris, Helen of Troy, “the face that launched 1,000 ships,” the Trojan Horse, Achilles’ heel, and so forth. For first-time readers of Homer’s Iliad, it comes as a shock to learn how few of these are present in the work itself.

Although the Trojan War is said to have lasted ten years, Homer’s Iliad focuses on only a few weeks in the final year of the war—though not, significantly, the end itself or the sacking of Troy. The epic begins when Agamemnon, the Mycenaean king and commander of the Achaean (Greek) army, spurns the entreaties of Chryses, a priest of Apollo who seeks the return of his daughter, Chryseis, who was captured during a raid and given to Agamemnon to serve as his concubine. Chryses then prays to Apollo asking for retribution, and Apollo complies, sending a plague to the Achaean camp that decimates the army.

After nine days, Achilles, the greatest Achaean fighter, calls a war cabinet to determine what must be done. A seer, Calchas, says what everyone already knew: the plague was Agamemnon’s fault, and in order to end the plague he needs to return the priest’s daughter and offer tribute to Apollo. Agamemnon at first refuses, and Achilles criticizes him for his foolishness. Enraged by Achilles’ insolent behavior, Agamemnon insults Achilles back. Eventually, Agamemnon does agree to give up Chryseis—but only after insisting that Achilles surrender Briseïs, his own concubine, to him. Furious at this turn of events, Achilles declares that he will no longer fight for the Achaeans. He retreats to his tents and asks his mother, the nymph Thetis, to go to Zeus and persuade him to punish the Achaeans for Agamemnon’s treatment of him. She does this, and Zeus agrees.

All this happens in Book 1. For the next fourteen books, the will of Zeus plays out as he promised: the Trojans eventually decimate the Achaeans until they reach the ships and are ready to set them on fire. Even at the point when his own ships are threatened, however, Achilles refuses to return to battle. In book 16, however, he allows his best friend Patroclus to wear Achilles’ armor and lead the Myrmidons into battle to force the Trojans to retreat. This Patroclus does to remarkable effect. The Trojans do, indeed, flee back to the walls of Troy. However, Patroclus gets greedy and chases after them; as a result, he is killed by Hector, oldest son of King Priam of Troy, heir to the kingdom of Troy, and commander of the Trojan forces.

Achilles becomes enraged at Hector for killing his friend and vows to destroy him, and so Achilles does, though not before also killing many other Trojans along the way. After Hector’s death, Achilles refuses to relinquish Hector’s body to his family, treating it with contempt by dragging it behind his chariot around the city walls. Eventually, King Priam goes to Achilles’ tent to beg the warrior to return his son to him. Achilles agrees, and Hector is buried.

This is where the Iliad ends. We do not see the death of Achilles (which is foretold on numerous occasions in Homer’s work) or the Trojan horse or the sack of Troy. There is, however, a good reason for this: Homer’s Iliad, along with Homer’s other epic, the Odyssey, are part of a cycle of epics focusing on the Trojan War, each one telling a piece of the story.

Sadly, only summaries and fragments of the others have survived to the present day, though we know enough about them to know that none of the other works were a match for Homer’s artistry (one of the reasons Homer’s epics survived and the others did not). In all, the cycle contained eight epics:[2]

Cypria (Κύπρια): 11 books long, focusing on events leading up to the Trojan War like the Judgement of Paris, the abduction of Helen, the marshaling of the Achaean fleet, and the first nine years of the war.

Iliad: 24 books long

Aethiopis (Αἰθιοπίς): 5 books long, focusing on events after Hector’s funeral up to the death of Achilles.

Little Iliad (Ἰλὰς μικρά): 4 books long, focusing on events after Achilles’ death, the awarding of Achilles’ armor to Odysseus, the suicide of Telamonian Ajax, and the building of the Trojan horse.

Sack of Troy (Ἰλίου πέρσις): 2 books long, focusing on the destruction of the Trojan city and its people.

Nostoi or Return (Νόστοι): 5 books, focusing on the return home of the Achaeans (other than Odysseus); includes the murder of Agamemnon and the wanderings of Menelaus and Helen (both of which are also described in the Odyssey).

Odyssey: 24 books long

Telegony (Τηλεγόνεια): 2 books long, focusing on further adventures of Odysseus and his death at the hands of Telegonus, his illegitimate son, who was born to Circe after Odysseus visited her island.

***

While the Iliad and Odyssey do not provide a full narrative account of the Trojan War, they do provide us detailed studies of its major participants. However, readers new to Homer are often perplexed by the mindsets and behavior of these Bronze Age men, particularly Agamemnon and Achilles. Why, for example, is Agamemnon so furious when told that he must give back Chriseis? Why does Achilles go to such great lengths to avenge on Agamemnon’s words and actions?

In order to understand why the characters behave the way that they do, it is important to understand three important Greek words: kleos (κλέος), timê (τῑμή), and geras (γέρας).

In book 12 of the Iliad, Sarpedon, son of Zeus and leader of the Lycians who fought for the Trojans, tells his comrade Glaucus,

Friend, if we fled this fight and were able
to live forever, being ageless and immortal,
then I would not fight among the finest,
nor would I send you to win glory in battle;
but now the goddess of death is all around us,
and since no mortal can escape or avoid it,
let us go and gain glory or give it to another. (12.322-328)

In these lines, Sarpedon crystallizes the Greek concept of kleos (κλέος), which roughly translates as “fame, glory, or honor,” as in something that brings fame or honor or confers distinction. Kleos is different from the English idea of “honor,” however, for it is related to the Greek word κλύον, “to hear,” suggesting that the honor embodied by the word kleos is not merely the honors that a person may receive (like the “honor” of winning a Nobel Prize) but the honor of being spoken about by others. Unlike the gods, mortals die; the only way to become immortal is to be remembered and talked about after one’s death. By venturing into the fighting (either to become a victor or victim), Sarpedon can become part of a song that will live on forever—which, indeed, is what happens.

Living on in the songs of those who come after you was at the existential heart of Bronze Age warrior culture: the ultimate justification for their actions. In everyday life, however, two other components were at least of equal importance: timê and geras. Geras is a prize given during the division of spoils after a raid or battle, and timê is the honor granted to warriors from receiving that prize. Hence, geras is the physical embodiment of a warrior’s timê: the more geras, the greater the timê.

These two concepts are at the core of Achilles’s rage. Briseïs is Achilles’s geras, and her presence in his camp, as his slave, was the embodiment of his timê, his honor and reputation. When Agamemnon takes her from Achilles, he is not simply taking Achilles’ concubine; he is taking his timê. Once Achilles loses this timê, he loses the motivation to fight. This is revealed to us in book 9. Agamemnon sends a group of leaders to Achilles’ tent to beg him to return to the fight, offering not only the return of Briseïs but numerous other tributes as well. Achilles, however, rejects the offer out of hand. In explaining this rejection, Achilles details the effect Agamemnon’s insult has had on his desire to fight:

An equal fate awaits both the coward holding
back and the hero fighting hardest, and death
comes both to the idle man and the busy.
It has not brought me profit for my heart
to suffer by always risking my life in battle. (9.318-322)

Agamemnon can offer Achilles all the geras in the world, but those promised prizes are not enough for Achilles for they do not make up for the timê he lost in the first place. Moreover, the fact that Agamemnon took away Achilles’s geras means that any promise of future geras is suspect. What does it matter if Agamemnon offers half his kingdom to Achilles if, as in the case of Briseïs, those prizes can be taken back? Why risk one’s life for timê that can be stripped away at a moment’s notice?

***

Another concept central both to the Iliad and to Bronze Age culture in general is ξεωία (xenia), which roughly translates as “guest friendship.” During this period, when a guest or stranger (xenos) comes to a person’s house, that person becomes the host’s friend, and the host is obligated to provide numerous accommodations based upon particular rituals. In turn, the stranger promises to return the generous offers of friendship. This friendship does not end at the death of the host or stranger, either; the sons and grandsons of both men would be honor-bound to maintain this alliance.

The Oxford Classical Dictionary notes that, in guest friendships, “friends provided services analogous to those provided by bankers, lawyers, hotel owners, insurers, and others today” (591). A host offered a guest a place to stay, gifts in the form of money or commerce, and assistance with any legal or tax issues that might have brought the visitor to this new place.

A window into xenia can be found in book 6 when Diomedes of Argos meet Glaucus of Lycia in battle. As is the custom in numerous occasions in the Iliad, the two talk to one another before engaging in battle. In this case, Glaucus mentions his heroic ancestor Bellerophon; hearing this, Diomedes exclaims:

Then you are a friend of my father’s house
for noble Oeneus once hosted blameless
Bellerophon in his great hall for twenty days. (6.215-16)

Recognizing a guest friendship between their paternal grandfathers suddenly makes Glaucus not an enemy in battle but a long-lost friend. Diomedes expands on this later:

So now I am your host when you are in Argos,
and you to me in Lycia when I visit the land.
Let us leave our spears, even in this throng;
there are other Trojans and their allies to slay,
either sent by the gods or overcome by foot,
and many Achaeans for you to slay, if you can.
And let us exchange armor, so others may know
we are guest-friends from our fathers’ days. (6.224-231)

From here, Diomedes and Glaucus swap armor and go away from battle to talk more about their shared xenia.

On the opposite end of xenia is the event that precipitated the Trojan War itself. Paris was a guest friend of Menelaus in Sparta when he abducted Helen and took numerous prizes from Menelaus’ palace. This grave violation of xenia was seen as an offense to both mortals and gods, for to violate xenia was to offend Zeus himself.

This offense instigated the war, and it is recalled numerous times throughout the Iliad, right up to the end. In book 24, Zeus (through his messenger Iris) tells Priam to visit Achilles’ tent and beg for his son’s body. Zeus assures Priam that he would be safe from harm in this endeavor because Achilles, unlike Paris, respects the gods and abides by their laws:

And after he has arrived in Achilles’ tent,
neither Achilles nor anyone else will kill him,
for the man is not foolish, impulsive, or sinful
and will kindly protect a suppliant man.” (24.155-158)

Hence, although the Iliad does not end with the sacking of Troy, it does end with a symbolic reconciliation between Hector and Priam and between mortals and immortals.

The poet of the “Hymn to Apollo” (who was in classical times thought to be Homer) describes himself as “a blind man who lives in rocky Chios” (Homeric Hymns 85). Chios was also the base for the Homeridai, a well-known guild of rhapsodes, the title for poets/performers who would recite Homer’s epics. ↵

One of the main sources of evidence for this epic cycle comes from the preface to a 10th century (CE) manuscript of the Iliad that is referred to by scholars as Venetus A. Additionally, Aristotle mentions the Cypria and Little Iliad in his Poetics (1459a-b), though mainly to complain that they are inferior to Homer’s works. ↵

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Translator's Note

In his work On the Translation of Homer, the great Victorian art critic Matthew Arnold stated:

[T]he translator of Homer should above all be penetrated by a sense of four qualities of his author:—that he be eminently rapid; that he is eminently plain and direct both in the evolution of his thought and in the expression of it, that is, both in his syntax and in his words; that he is eminently plain and direct in the substance of his thought, that is, in his matter and ideas; and, finally, that he is eminently noble. (Arnold 9-10)

Does this translation of Homer’s Iliad possess all four of these qualities? Is it a swift read that uses plain and direct language, and tells the story in a straightforward manner while maintaining the “nobility” and “epic” quality of the original? That is not for me to say. I can say, however, that although this translation has the same number of lines as Homer’s original—15,693—it was not my intention to create a literal, line-for-line translation. Instead, I wanted to strike a balance between staying as close as possible to Homer’s original Greek while still maintaining English syntax and overall readability, especially for first-time readers. If these two things were in conflict with one another—that is, if staying close to the Greek meant making the translation more difficult to understand—then I generally sided with readability.

A small example of this occurs in book 16 (lines 139-144), which describes Patroclus, Achilles’ closest companion, arming for battle. First, here is the passage in Homer’s original Greek:

εἵλετο δ’ ἄλκιμα δοῦρε, τά οἱ παλάμηφιν ἀρήρει.
ἔγχος δ’ οὐχ ἕλετ’ οἶον ἀμύμονος Αἰακίδαο
βριθὺ μέγα στιβαρόν: τὸ μὲν οὐ δύνατ’ ἄλλος Ἀχαιῶν
πάλλειν, ἀλλά μιν οἶος ἐπίστατο πῆλαι Ἀχιλλεὺς
Πηλιάδα μελίην, τὴν πατρὶ φίλῳ πόρε Χείρων
Πηλίου ἐκ κορυφῆς, φόνον ἔμμεναι ἡρώεσσιν.

In Samuel Butler’s 1898 translation, the passage reads:

He grasped two redoubtable spears that suited his hands, but he did not take the spear of noble Achilles, so stout and strong, for none other of the Achaeans could wield it, though Achilles could do so easily. This was the ashen spear from Mount Pelion, which Chiron had cut upon a mountain top and had given to Peleus, wherewith to deal out death among heroes.

In the Loeb Classical edition of The Iliad, translated into prose by A.T. Murray in 1924 and revised by William F. Wyatt in 1999, the passage reads:

and he took two valiant spears that fitted his grasp. Only the spear of the incomparable son of Aeacus he took not, the spear heavy and huge and strong; this no other of the Achaeans could wield, but Achilles alone was skilled to wield it, the Pelian spear of ash, that Cheiron had given to his dear father from the peak of Pelion, to be used for the slaying of warriors.

In Richard Lattimore’s 1951 poetic translation, the passage reads:

He took up two powerful spears that fitted his hand’s grip,
only he did not take the spear of blameless Aiakides,
huge, heavy, thick, which no one else of all the Achaeans
could handle, but Achilleus alone knew how to wield it;
the Pelian ash spear which Cheiron had brought to his father
from high on Pelion to be death for fighters. (355)

In Robert Fagles more modernized poetic translation from 1990, the passage reads:

and he took two rugged spears that fit his grip.
And Achilles’ only weapon Patroclus did not take
was the great man’s spear, weighted, heavy, though.
No other Achaean fighter could heft that shaft,
only Achilles had the skill to wield it well:
Pelian ash it was, a gift to his father Peleus
presented by Chiron once, hewn on Pelion’s crest
to be the death of heroes. (417)

In Stanley Lombardo’s 1997 translation, it reads:

He took two spears of the proper heft,
But left behind the massive battle pike
Of Aeacus’ incomparable grandson.
No one but Achilles could handle this spear,
Made of ash, which the centaur Chiron
Had brought down from Mount Pelion and given
To Achilles’ father to be the death of heroes.

Finally, in this translation, the passage reads:

Finally, he took two strong spears that fit his grasp
but left the large, heavy, and powerful spear
of Aeacus’ noble grandson, for no other Achaean
was skilled enough to wield it but Achilles:
an ashen spear from Pelion’s peaks that Chiron
gave his dear father, a gift for slaying heroes.

There are 44 words in the original Greek passage, 66 in Butler’s, 71 in the Loeb Classical edition, 62 in Lattimore, 67 in Fables, 51 in Lombardo, and 52 in this translation. In other words, this translation is shorter than all but Lombardo’s and closer in length to the original. That does not, however, mean this translation is more accurate—merely more economical.

Lattimore’s translation hews extremely close to the Greek original; each line corresponds more or less to the original Greek line. Most of the other translations are also fairly consistent with the Greek, in that they maintain the basic line-by-line structure and include much of the repetition found in the original. This translation, like Lombardo’s, eliminates some of the repetition that works in Homer’s original but reads awkwardly in English, and rearranges some word order to improve clarity and readability.

For example, the first line is basically identical in each translation: Patroclus picked up two spears. The next few lines of the other translations mostly follow the Greek, first noting that Patroclus did not take Achilles’ spear, then noting that spear’s length and weight and the fact that, of all the Achaeans, only Achilles could wield such a weapon. This translation includes all of this information but reverses the order a bit, putting the “large, heavy, and powerful” aspects of the spear ahead of the owner’s name. This change was made for the sake of readability because putting the description of the spear (the reasons why Patroclus did not pick it up) in the third line and not the second renders it an awkward afterthought between the two mentions of Achilles rather than the crucial piece of information that it actually is.

Similarly, in the end of the original Greek passage, Mount Pelion is mentioned twice—once to describe the type of wood the spear is made from and again to identify where the famous centaur Chiron (presumably) made the weapon. Most of the other translations also mention Pelion twice, but this translation (like Lattimore’s and Lombardo’s) only mentions it once and rearranges the order a bit by mentioning mount Pelion before Chiron. Again, this is done for brevity, taking several pieces of information from the original (naming the spear, identifying where the weapon came from, identifying it as a gift from Chiron to Peleus, and noting its use to kill heroes) and combining them in a clear and simple manner.

There are a few pieces of information not found in the original that are added by some of the translations. First, Homer’s original does not state outright that Chiron made the weapon; it merely states that it came from Mt. Pelion and was given to Peleus by Chiron. However, Butler’s translation notes that Chiron “had cut” the weapon on the mountain, and the Fagles translation notes the weapon was “hewn” on the mountain. The other translations, mine included, leave this information out.

Likewise, Homer does not, in this passage, state that Chiron is a centaur, but this fact is included in Lombardo’s translation. This added information certainly helps those who might not know who Chiron is, but since it was not included in the original Greek, I left it out, as did the other translations I cited. Chiron was previously named in books 6 and 11, and in book 11 (11.831), Chiron is indeed identified as a centaur; hence, the repetition of the information, while helpful, was not, in my mind, necessary.

There is, however, another reason why I did not think adding “centaur” to this passage was necessary: unlike all the other translations mentioned above, my translation was written in the twenty-first century, in the age of Google and Wikipedia. Facts like this one are just a click away.

In fact, I have included links to Wikipedia articles on most of the character and place names mentioned throughout the epic. I only added these links at the first mention of each name—so the link to the Wikipedia page on Chiron can be found in book 6 but not in the subsequent mentions of the centaur. For those not reading the book digitally, I have also included a standard glossary of people and places at the end. The information in the glossary is obviously not as comprehensive as that found online, but it should suffice for most readers.

***

The names used in this translation are the ones Homer uses—and Homer’s use of names can be tricky. Not only does Homer use different names to describe the same person or the same people, but he also regularly substitutes names with patronymics (“son of__”) or epithets (like “ox-eyed”).

Homeric names conform to Indo-European patterns: one name only for men and women, but a patronymic (like “son of Atreus”) used in public. Men were usually “son of” their father, but often married women were referred to as “wife of __”; Helen, for example is referred to as “wife of Paris,” though Paris was also referred to as “husband of Helen,” which is considered an insult to the least-liked character in the Iliad.

Since Greek uses a different alphabet than English, individual and place names in Homer are spelled a variety of ways depending upon the translation. Many modern translations utilize spellings that adhere closer to the Greek original words rather than Latinized names of the past. For example, in Richard Lattimore’s translation, Achilles is spelled Achilleus (closer to the Greek original, Ἀχιλλεύς), Ajax is Aias (Αἴας), Hector is Hektor (Ἕκτορ), and so on. For this translation, I have decided to stick to the more common spellings of names in order to make the reading of this work as simple as possible, particularly for students new to Homer. Almost without exception, these are the spellings found in both A.T. Murray’s Loeb Classical translation and the translation of Robert Fagles. Hence, in my translation, Achilles is Achilles, Ajax is Ajax, and Hector is Hector.

With all this in mind, here are a few additional notes to make reading easier:[1]

Homer never refers to the Greeks as Greek. They are, instead, called Achaeans, Argives, Danaans, Hellenes, or Panhellenes. Their most common epithets are “well-greaved” or “of the hollowed ships.”

The Trojans are generally called Trojans, but Troy itself is often referred to as Ilios (or Ilium or Ilion). The most common epithets used for the Trojans is “tamers of horses”

Achilles is often described as “son of Peleus,” and he is also described as “swift-footed” and “godlike.”

Agamemnon and his brother Menelaus are both “son(s) of Atreus.”

Agamemnon, as the high king of the Achaeans, is called “ruler of many lands,” “ruler of men,” and “lord of men” (among others). Menelaus is called “great shouter” or “dear to Ares” (god of war).

No one has more epithets than Odysseus, but the most common are “wise,” “clever,” “cunning,” and “resourceful.”

Paris is generally called Alexander and only occasionally Paris.

Numerous mortals are referred to as “godlike”—including Achilles, Odysseus, Helen, and Agamemnon—while others are called “beloved of Zeus,” “child of Zeus,” or “dear to Zeus.”

Among the gods, Apollo is described as “Phoebus” (the bright or pure), “free-shooter,” or “sharpshooter.”

Zeus goes by many names but the most common are “son of Cronos,” “cloud-gatherer,” “loud thundering,” and “far-seeing.”

Hera is often “ox-eyed” and “white-armed”; Athena is “daughter of Zeus,” “Pallas,” and “owl-eyed”; and Aphrodite is “fair,” “heavenly,” and “golden.”

A full list of all epithets can be found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithets_in_Homer. ↵

Book 1

Goddess, sing the rage of Achilles, son of Peleus,
which brought countless woes to the Achaeans
and sent the souls of many brave heroes to Hades,
their bodies made into a feast for dogs and crows
all to carry out the unfathomable will of Zeus.
Begin from the time when they first quarreled:
the warrior king, son of Atreus, and godlike Achilles.

Which god brought these two together to fight?
The son of Leto and Zeus, angry at the king,
sent a plague through the camp, decimating
the army, for Atreus’ son dishonored his priest
Chryses after he came to the Achaean[1] swift
ships to ransom his daughter, carrying countless
gifts, holding sharp-shooter Apollo’s ribbon
on a golden staff, and begging all Achaeans,
especially Atreus’ sons, marshalers of armies:
“Sons of Atreus, other well-greaved[2] Achaeans,
may the gods with homes on Olympus grant you
to sack Priam’s[3] city and to return home safely,
but set my daughter free and accept these gifts
in honor of sharp-shooter Apollo, son of Zeus.”

Then all Achaeans shouted their approval,
to respect the priest and accept his noble
ransom, but Agamemnon’s heart was unmoved,
and he dismissed the priest harshly, declaring:
“I do not want to find you by the hollow ships,
old man, either loitering now or returning later,
and a god’s staff and wreath will not help you.
I will not free her; before that happens, she will be
an old woman on Argos, far from her fatherland,
working her loom and sharing my bed. So go,
anger me no further, and you may return safely.”

This terrified the old man, who quickly obeyed,
going quietly along the shore of the thundering
sea. When he was alone, the old man prayed
to lord Apollo, son of golden-haired Leto:
“Hear me, lord of the silver bow, protector
of Chryse and Cilla, and guardian of Tenedos.
Smintheus,[4] if ever I pleased you by building
a temple or offering you burnt fat thigh-bones
from bulls and goats, then grant me this wish:
use your arrows and make the Danaans pay.”

Phoebus[5] Apollo listened to the man’s prayers;
then, filled with rage, he left Olympus’ peaks
carrying his bow and quiver on his shoulders.
The clanging of his arrows echoed with his anger
as he pressed forward, moving like darkness itself.
Seated far from the ships, he shot the first arrow,
and a metallic clang rose from the silvery bow.
First he targeted the mules and swift moving
dogs, but soon after he started striking the soldiers,
sending countless corpses to burn on the pyres.

For nine days arrows rained down on the soldiers,
but on the tenth, Achilles called an assembly,
an idea white-armed Hera placed in his heart,
for it pained her to see the Danaans dying.
When the men had gathered for assembly,
swift-footed Achilles stood up and spoke:
“Son of Atreus, it seems we have been beaten
and shall return home—if we can escape death,
before the war and plague crush the Achaeans.
But first, let us consult a soothsayer or priest
or dream interpreter—for a dream is also
from Zeus—to tell us why Phoebus Apollo is
angry. Does he fault us for a broken vow or unfit
hecatomb?[6] Will offerings of savory goat and lamb
temper his anger and ward off destruction?”

So saying, he sat down and another stood:
Calchas, son of Thestor, greatest of soothsayers,
who knew all things past, present, and future,
and who guided the Achaean ships to Ilios
using the gift of prophecy granted him by Apollo.
He addressed the assembly with wise words:
“Achilles, dear to Zeus, you order me to explain
why free-shooter Apollo has aimed his wrath
at us, so I will speak, but you must swear to me
that you will support me in words and deeds,
for I believe I will enrage a certain man who
rules the Argives and is obeyed by all Achaeans.
A king angered by an underling is dangerous;
even if he suppresses his burning anger today,
it will simmer in his chest until he gets revenge.
Remember this if you are to protect me.”

To this, swift-footed Achilles quickly replied:
“Fear not, Calchas, and tell us what you know,
for I swear to you by Apollo, the god to whom
you pray and by whom you receive your gifts,
that as long as I live upon the earth, no one will
lay hands upon you by the hollow ships: not I,
not the other Danaans, not even Agamemnon,
who often claims to be the noblest of us all.”

Then the noble seer took courage and spoke:
“We suffer not because of a prayer or offering
but because Agamemnon insulted a priest
by refusing to free his daughter or accept
his ransoms. This is why Apollo punishes
the Danaans, and the punishment will not
end until the priest’s daughter is returned,
unransomed and unbought, and a hecatomb
is sent to Chryse. Only this will appease the god.”

So he finished and sat down, and the heroic
son of Atreus, King Agamemnon, stood
to speak, his heart full of black bitterness
and his eyes burning like a flaming fire.
He fixed his angry gaze on Calchas and said:
“Oracle of doom, your prophecies never
favor me. You foretell disaster as if your heart
craves it, and your words never bring us good
fortune. Now here, among the Danaans, you
declare our woes the work of free-shooter
Apollo because I refused a shining ransom
for Chryseis, as I prefer her to Clytemnestra,
my wife, and wish to keep her in my home
since she is in no way inferior in beauty
or character or mind or handiwork. Still, I
will give her back if that is best, for I would
prefer my army alive, not dead—but get me
another gift right away. It would dishonor
me to be the only Argive without a prize,
for all can see that my prize goes elsewhere.”

Then swift-footed Achilles answered him:
“Son of Atreus, most glorious and most greedy,
how can the brave Achaeans give you prizes now?
No other treasures lie hidden in the common stock,
and all spoils from sacked cities have been divided,
so it is wrong to make the men return their rewards.
Accept the god’s command and return the girl,
for you will be repaid three or four times over
when, Zeus willing, we sack well-walled Troy.”[7]

Answering him, lord Agamemnon replied:
“You may be brave, godlike Achilles, but you will
not deceive me with words or change my mind.
You want to keep your prize but order me
to give mine back, leaving me with nothing?
Let the great-hearted Achaeans give me a prize
that suits my heart and is equal to what I lost.
But if they do not give me such a gift, then I will
seize your own prize or Ajax’s or Odysseus’
and carry it away, angering whomever I visit.
But we can consider these things later, for now
we must drag a black ship into the great salt sea,
add the right number of rowers, bring aboard
a hecatomb and beautiful Chryseis, and give
command to a leader like Ajax or Idomeneus
or lord Odysseus or you yourself, son of Peleus,
the most feared man of them all, so you can
offer our sacrifice and appease Apollo.”

With a scowl, swift-footed Achilles replied:
“My god, how shamelessness and greed cloak you.
How can any Achaean obey any order you give
to embark on a journey or to fight a powerful foe?
The Trojans did not bring me to this place to fight,
and they are not guilty of any crimes against me.
They have never stolen my cattle or horses or gone
to Phthia, with its fertile soil that nurtures heroes,
and ruined the harvests, for that place is far away,
well past shadowy mountains and a thundering
sea. No, you fool, we followed you here to please
you and to help you and Menelaus preserve
your honor against the Trojans. But do you care?
Of course not. And now you threaten to take
away the prize given me by Achaea’s sons?
I never receive prizes of honor equal to your own
when the Achaeans sack a wealthy Trojan city.
My hands bear the greater burden in these battles,
but when the division of spoils comes, your share
of the prizes is larger, while I take a small but dear
ransom back to my ships when I am weary of war.
So now I return to Pythia, for it is better to take
my ships home than remain here dishonored,
helping you gain more wealth and greater riches.”

Then Agamemnon, ruler of men, answered him:
“Fly away, then, if your soul desires it; I will not
beg you to stay. There are others who honor
me properly, including great counselor Zeus.
I truly hate you more than any other, for you are
obsessed with quarreling, warring, and fighting,
and your strength is just a gift from the gods.
Take your ships and men and go home to rule
your Myrmidons. I care nothing for you
or your childish anger. But heed this warning:
while Phoebus Apollo is taking Chryseis from me,
as I send her home with my ship and my crew
I will go myself to your tent and take your prize,
the fair-cheeked Briseïs, so you may learn how
much greater I am than you, and others will think
twice before declaring themselves equal to me.”

Agamemnon’s words pained the son of Peleus,
and within his chest his heart was divided in two.
Should he stand up, pull out his sharp sword,
race through the assembly, and slay Atreus’ son,
or should he hold his rage and temper his burning
soul? He considered this in his mind and heart
and began to draw his great sword from its sheath,
but then Athena came to him from heaven,
sent by Hera, who loved both men and was
concerned for them equally. Standing behind him,
she grabbed fair-haired Achilles and revealed
herself only to him. The son of Peleus turned,
immediately recognized Pallas Athena
and her terrible, blazing eyes, and asked her:
“Why are you here, child of shield-bearer Zeus?
Was it to see for yourself Agamemnon’s hubris?
Then let me tell you what will happen: soon
he will pay for his arrogance with his life.”

Then the owl-eyed goddess Athena said to him:
“White-armed Hera sent me here from heaven
to temper your rage, should you obey me, for she
loves and cares for you both. So come, take
your hand off your sword and end your quarrel,
but revile him with words and assure him of future
regret, for what I say will come to pass: you will
be rewarded with three times as many gifts due
to his hubris. So obey us and curb your rage.”

Hearing this, swift-footed Achilles replied:
“Goddess, though it burns my heart to do so,
I must obey your words. After all, the gods
listen to the prayers of obedient men.”

So saying, he returned the sword’s heavy silver
hilt to its scabbard, eager to obey Athena—
but she had already left for Olympus to join
the other gods in the house of aegis-bearing
Zeus.[8] Holding back none of his fury, the son
of Peleus again addressed the son of Atreus:
“You drunken, bitch-faced fool with a deer’s
heart, you never arm for war with your troops
or prove your valor in an ambush with the best
Achaeans, for you know it would be your death.
Instead, you go scavenging through the camps
and take a gift from one who speaks against you.
You are a king who devours his own people;
otherwise, this insult would be your last. But I
swear this mighty oath to you now: by this scepter,
which will never again sprout leaf and branch,
having long ago left its stump on a mountain,
shorn with bronze of leaf and limb, and which
Achaeans now carry from hand to hand
to dispense justice and uphold Zeus’ laws,
I swear to you that one day soon, the sons
of Achaea will come begging for Achilles,
and you will be awash with grief, unable
to help as murderous Hector drives men
to their deaths, and it will gnaw at your heart
that you dishonored the best of the Achaeans.”

When Peleus’ son finished, he threw down
the golden-studded staff and sat opposite
a still-smoldering son of Atreus. Then sweet-
voiced Nestor of Pylos rose, the clear-toned
orator whose words poured from his lips like
honey. He had seen two generations perish,
those born and raised long ago in holy Pylos,
and now he ruled over the third. With noble
intentions, he addressed the assembly:
“Alas, great grief has come to the Achaeans!
Clearly Priam and the sons of Priam will rejoice
and all Trojan hearts will be filled with glee if
they learn the story of this endless strife between
the best of all Danaans in council and war.
So listen to me, for you are both younger than I.
I have associated with warriors who were greater
than all of you, and not once did they slight me.
I have never seen their like, not before or since,
men like Peirithous and Dryas, shepherd of men,
Caeneus and Exadius, godlike Polyphemus,
and Theseus, son of Aegeus, equal to all
immortals. These were the mightiest men ever
born on earth, and they fought strong, savage
beasts of the mountains and laid them to waste.[9]
These men called for me to join them, though
I came from Pylos, a land far away. I was
a freelance fighter, but neither I nor any other
mortal on earth could match these men in battle.
Still, they listened to me and took my advice.
So now you two must listen to my advice: noble
lord, do not take the girl away, for the Achaean
sons gave her to Achilles as a prize. And you,
son of Peleus, do not quarrel with kings, for no
one can match the honor and glory granted
by Zeus to a scepter-bearing king. You are
a mighty warrior and son of a goddess, but he
is mightier and rules over more men. Son
of Atreus, I beg you: quiet your rage and let go
of your anger against Achilles, for he stands above
all Achaeans as a mighty shield in this terrible war.”

Then in response to him, lord Agamemnon spoke:
“Indeed, old man, everything you say is true.
But this person here wishes to be above all others:
to be stronger than all, to order all, and to rule all.
But there is one man, at least, who will not obey him.
Does he have the right to hurl insults at me simply
because the eternal gods made him a great warrior?”

Then godlike Achilles interrupted him and said:
“Indeed, I would be called a worthless coward
if I submitted to your every word in every matter.
Command others to carry out your will, but do not
expect this of me, for I will obey you no longer.
And I will tell you another thing, and take it to heart:
my hands will not fight you or any other for that girl,
for you would only be taking back what you gave me.
But nothing else I hold beside my swift black ships
will be seized and carried away against my will.
If you try to take anything, then all these men will
watch your black blood flowing fast from my spear.”

When the two finished their war of words, they rose
and dismissed the assembly by the Achaean ships.
Achilles went to his tents and his well-balanced
ships to join the son of Menoetius and his soldiers,
and the son of Atreus launched a ship on the sea
bearing twenty oarsmen, a hecatomb for sacrifice
to Apollo, Chryses’ fair-cheeked daughter,
and the wise and wily Odysseus as commander.

After they set sail, Agamemnon ordered his men
to purify themselves. First, they washed away
the pestilence and threw it into the sea; then
they sacrificed a hecatomb of bulls and goats
to Apollo by the barren shore, and the savory
smoke spiraled up into the heavenly skies.

The army went about their duties, but nothing
could quell Agamemnon’s rage at Achilles.
So he called Talthybius and Eurybates,
his ever-ready attendants, and said to them:
“Go to the tent of Peleus’ son, Achilles, take
the fair-cheeked Briseïs, and bring her here;
if he refuses to give her up, then he will regret it,
for I will bring my army and take her by force.”

So he spoke and sent them on their way. They
walked unwillingly along the barren sea shore
and soon came to the camp of the Myrmidon.
They found him sitting by his tent and black
ship, clearly unhappy to see them approach.
The two men revered the king and stood before
him in fright, neither one daring to speak.
But Achilles knew why they were there and said:
“Greetings, heralds and Zeus’ mortal messengers.
Come closer. You are not to blame, for it was
Agamemnon who sent you here for the girl,
Briseïs. Come, Patroclus, child of Zeus, bring
her out so they can take her away; and let these
two bear witness to the blessed gods, to mortal
men, and to your reckless king, should a time
come when I am needed to ward off shameful
defeat. Clearly poison rage fills his mind,
for he cannot look both ahead and behind
to see how best to defend the Achaean ships.”

So he spoke, and Patroclus obeyed his friend,
bringing out fair-cheeked Briseïs and releasing
her. As the two men returned to their ships,
the woman an unwilling follower, Achilles
burst into tears and left the others to sit
by the sea and look on the wine-dark deep.
Lifting his hands, he prayed to his divine mother:
“Mother, since you brought me into this world
to live a short life, surely high-thundering Zeus
owes me honor, yet no honor has been granted.
Indeed, great lord Agamemnon dishonored me
by seizing my prize and taking her away.”

His tears and prayers were heard by his mother,
who was seated in the salt sea beside her father,
the Old Man of the Sea. She rose like a fog
emerged before him, sat down beside him,
stroked him as he shed tears, and asked:
“Child, why do you cry? Why so full of grief?
Do not conceal your mind; share your thoughts.”

With a heavy groan, swift-footed Achilles replied:
“You already know. Must I repeat it? We
marched to Thebes, the sacred city of Eëtion,
sacked that city and returned with the spoils.
We divided the goods equally amongst ourselves,
giving the fair-cheeked Chryseis to Atreus’ son.
But Chryses, free-shooter Apollo’s priest, came
to the swift ships of the bronze-clad Achaeans
to ransom his daughter, carrying countless
gifts, holding sharp-shooter Apollo’s ribbon
on a golden staff, and begging all Achaeans,
especially Atreus’ sons, marshalers of armies.
Then all Achaeans shouted their approval,
to respect the priest and accept his noble
ransoms, but the heart of Agamemnon was
unmoved, and he dismissed the priest harshly.
The old man left fuming, but Apollo heard
his beloved priest’s prayers and shot poisoned
arrows at the Argives. Soon men began to die,
one after the other, as his arrows rained down
on the whole Achaean army. But the old seer
revealed the reasons for the free-shooter’s rage.
I was the first to say we should appease the god,
but rage consumed the son of Atreus; he stood
and made his threats, which have come to pass.
For the Achaeans are returning one girl to Chryse
on a speedy ship loaded with gifts for Apollo,
while two heralds took away the other girl, Briseïs,
my prize from the Achaean sons. But you,
mother, if you are able, protect your brave son:
go to Olympus and beg Zeus to remember
when you pleased his heart with word and deed,
for in my father’s great palace you often boasted
that you alone of the immortals saved from ruin
the son of Cronos, lord of the black clouds,
when he was to be bound in chains by the gods
Hera and Poseidon and Pallas Athena.[10]
But you came and freed him of those bonds
by quickly calling for the hundred-handed,
the one gods call Briareus but all men know as
Aegaeon, who is even stronger than his father.
He sat with Cronos’ son, exulting in his glory,
and the gods shrank in fear and did not bind him.
Now sit with Zeus, clasp his knee, and remind
him of all this, so he may aid the Trojans and drive
the Achaeans to their ships and to the sea until
they start to die. Then they will see their king
for who he truly is, and Agamemnon will learn
the folly of dishonoring the best of the Achaeans.”

Tears poured from Thetis’ eyes as she replied:
“Why did I raise you, child born into sorrow?
If only you could sit by your ships without tears
or pain, for your time is short and there is little
left. You are fated to a quick, miserable life, while
I was fated to have borne you into our palace.
Yet I will go to Olympus, repeat your words,
and seek to persuade Zeus who hurls thunderbolts.
But you must sit beside your swift ships, continue
to rage against the Achaeans, and cease battle.
Yesterday, Zeus went to Oceanus for a banquet
with the Ethiopians, and all the gods followed him.
But in twelve days, when he returns to Olympus,
I will go to his house with its bronze threshold,
clasp him by the knees, and try to persuade him.”

So saying, she departed, leaving him alone,
his heart angered because a well-girdled woman
was taken from him by force and against his will.
Meanwhile, Odysseus arrived in Chryse with the holy
hecatomb. They reached the harbor’s deep waters,
removed the sails and stowed them in the ship,
lowered the mast into place by the forestays,
and used oars to row the ship to the anchor point.
Once anchor stones were thrown out and bound
with stern cables, the crew went ashore bearing
the hecatomb for the free-shooter Apollo.
Then Chryseis stepped out of the sea-going vessel.
Wily Odysseus led her to the altar and placed
her into her beloved father’s arms, saying to him:
“Chryses, Agamemnon, ruler of men, sent me
to return your child and sacrifice a hecatomb
to Phoebus on behalf of the Danaans, thus appeasing
the god who sent great sorrow to the Argives.”

Odysseus finished, and the priest embraced
his beloved daughter. The men then quickly
arranged the hecatomb around the altar to Apollo,
purified their hands, and took the barleycorn.
Chryses raised his hands and offered a prayer:
“Hear me, god of the silver bow who protects
Chryse and holy Cilla and rules Tenedos.
Just as you heard my prayer and honored me
by bringing punishment to the Achaean army,
now I ask you to honor my prayer once more:
throw off the plague you sent to the Danaans.”

So he prayed, and Phoebus Apollo heard him.
After prayers were offered and barley scattered,
they drew back the victims’ heads, slit their throats,
flayed them, cut the meat from the thighs, wrapped
them in a layer of fat, and placed raw meat on top.
The old man burnt the meat on wood shards
and poured wine over them as young men held
five-pronged forks. When the bones were burnt
and the innards eaten, they cut the rest into pieces,
roasted them, and pulled them from the fire.
Then they prepared the banquet and feasted,
and there was enough for every hungry soul.
When the meal was over, the mixing bowls were
filled with drink, every cup was filled, and each
man poured out the first drops in offering
to the gods. All day long, the men appeased
the free-worker with dancing and singing,
and Apollo’s listened, his heart satisfied.

When the sun set and darkness approached,
they rested by the stern-cables of the ship,
but as Dawn first spread her rosy fingers,
they set sail for the Achaean camp. Free-
shooter Apollo provided a favorable wind,
so they raised the ship’s mast and spread the sail.
The wind blew, the dark red waves roared mightily
against the stem, and the ship sailed speedily
over the rushing water to its destination.
When at last they reached the vast Achaean camp,
they dragged the black ship to the mainland
and onto the sandy beach, set props to secure it,
and then scattered to their own tents and ships.

But the Zeus-sprung son of Peleus, Achilles,
continued to rage as he sat by his ships. He did
not go to the assembly where men grant glory,
nor did he go to war, but instead he let his heart
waste away, yearning for the cries of battle.

Twelve days later, as dawn rose in the sky,
the eternal gods, led by Zeus, returned
to Olympus. Thetis did not forget her son’s
request, so at first light she left the swelling
sea and flew through the sky to Olympus
where she found the far-seeing son of Cronos
sitting away from others on the mountain’s
summit. She sat before him, held his knees
with her left hand and his chin with her right,
and prayed to Zeus, son of Cronos, saying:
“Father Zeus, if there was a time when I aided
you by word or deed, then grant this wish to me:
honor my son, who is fated to live a short life,
for he has been dishonored by Agamemnon,
lord of men, who took and kept my son’s prize.
Atone for this, lord counselor of Olympus:
give the Trojans victory until the Achaeans
grant my son the exalted honor he deserves.”

She finished, but cloud-gatherer Zeus said
nothing for a long while. Thetis, still holding
his knees, tightened her grip and asked again:
“Bend your head and assent to my request or deny
me; you have nothing to fear, but I must know
if I am the most dishonored of all the gods.”

Greatly worried, cloud-gatherer Zeus replied:
“Your request is dangerous; it pits me against
Hera, who torments me with wrathful words.
She constantly quarrels with me among the gods,
saying that I help the Trojans in battle. So go
now, in case Hera sees you, and I will consider
how best to fulfill your request. But rest assured:
I nod my head so you know that I assent.
This is the surest pledge I can offer immortals,
for once I nod my head, I cannot take it
back, either through deception or inaction.”[11]

So he said, and the son of Cronos nodded
his brow in assent, his ambrosial locks flowed
from his immortal head, and all Olympus shook.

When their council finished, the two separated,
Thetis jumping from Olympus to the deep salt sea
and Zeus returning to his palace. Upon his arrival,
all the gods stood to meet their father; none had
the courage to sit, so all stood and faced him as
he sat on his throne. But Hera knew silver-footed
Thetis, daughter of the Old Man of the Sea,
had met with Zeus and devised plans, so she
quickly and bitterly addressed the son of Cronos:
“With which of the gods have you been meeting,
deceiver? You always love being apart from me,
discussing things and making decisions in secret,
but you never reveal your mind to me—that I know.”

Then the father of gods and mortals replied to her:
“Hera, you cannot know my every word and thought.
It would be too much even for you, my wife.
If there is something suitable for you to hear,
then no god or man will hear it before you.
But if I wish to consider things away from the gods,
then do not ask about them or seek to know them.”

Then Hera, the calm-eyed queen, replied to him:
“Dreadful Zeus, what a story you have told! I have
never before asked questions or sought answers,
and you are free to consider all things as you wish.
But my heart fears that Thetis, daughter of the Old
Man of the Sea, has beguiled you, for at dawn
she sat beside you, clasping your knees. I expect
she convinced you to nod assent and honor
Achilles by killing many Achaeans beside their ships.”

Then cloud-gatherer Zeus replied to her, saying:
“Demon! You see everything. Nothing escapes you,
yet all you are doing is pushing yourself further
from my heart, and that is worse for you. If these
things are as you say, then it is my own affair.
Now go, sit down, be quiet, and obey my words,
or all the gods of Olympus will be unable to stop me
from attacking you with my invulnerable hands.”

He spoke, frightening calm-eyed queen Hera,
who sat down in silence, her passions muted.
Throughout Zeus’ palace, the gods worried.
Hephaestus, the famous craftsman, spoke first,
hoping to comfort his mother, white-armed Hera:
“This is a nasty affair, and it will become worse
if you two quarrel over mere mortals and push
the gods to violence. There will be no pleasure
at the feast should baser passions prevail. I advise
you, mother, though you know this already,
to show kindness to father Zeus, so his anger
will subside and our feast will not be ruined.
If the hurler of lightning wished, he could strike
us from our seats, for he is the strongest of us.
But if you speak to him with gentle words, then
straightaway the Olympian will turn kindly to us.”

Saying this, he got up and placed a two-handled
goblet in his loving mother’s hands and said to her:
“Have courage, mother, and endure these troubles;
you are dear to me, and I could not bear to see you
harmed, for I would be full of grief but unable
to help, since it is hopeless to oppose the Olympian.
One time, while trying to protect you, he seized me
by the foot and hurled me over the divine threshold.
All day long I fell through the sky until, at sunset,
I landed on Lemnos with little life left in me;
there the Sintians cared for me until I was well.”

He finished, and white-armed Hera smiled
and took the goblet offered by her child. He
then poured wine for the gods from left to right,
drawing the sweet nectar[12] from the mixing bowl.
Inextinguishable laughter arose from the happy gods
who watched Hephaestus wobble around the palace.

And so they feasted all day long until the sun set,
their hearts warmed by the unequaled banquet,
Apollo’s enchanting lyre, and the ethereal voices
of the Muses as they sang in reply to one another.

As the brilliant light of the sun was setting,
the immortals desired rest, so they departed
to their homes, all skillfully and craftily created
by Hephaestus, the renowned, bow-legged god.
Thus Zeus, lord of lightning, went to bed, where
he always went when sweet sleep fell on him,
and he slept alongside Hera of the golden-throne.

Homer uses “Achaeans,” “Argives,” or “Danaans” (and sometimes “Hellenes” or “Panhellenes”) when describing the Greek army as a whole. ↵

A greave is a shin guard. This epitaph is used regularly by Homer to describe the Achaeans. ↵

Priam is king of Troy (or Ilios) ↵

Another name for Apollo (literally means “mouse killer”) ↵

“Bright” (φοῖβος); Apollo was the god of light. ↵

Traditionally, a ritual sacrifice of 100 cattle, though often the number was much lower. ↵

Troy’s fortified walls and towers were the city’s main defenses and are frequently referenced in Homer. ↵

The aegis is carried by Zeus and Athena; it is most likely a type of shield, but its exact nature is uncertain. ↵

Nestor here is referring to the Lapiths, an Aeolian tribe who lived in Thessaly near mount Pelion. ↵

This event is not brought up in any other ancient account. ↵

According to Hesiod’s Theogony (lines 782-806), gods who are accused of breaking oaths must pour waters from the river Styx out of a golden jar. If the god did, in fact, break an oath, then as soon as the Stygian water is poured, the god will spend one year in a coma and then spend nine years exiled from the other gods. ↵

Nectar, the drink of the gods, and ambrosia, the food of the gods, possess healing and restorative powers that allow the gods to remain immortal. ↵

Book 2

The other gods and the men who marshal chariots
slept through the night, but sweet sleep evaded
Zeus, for he debated in his mind how to honor
Achilles and slay many beside the Achaean ships.
He soon concluded that the best plan was to send
a terrible dream to Atreus’ son, Agamemnon,
so he called to Dream with his winged words:
“Go quickly, destructive Dream, to the swift ships
of the Achaean, and there you will enter the tent
of Agamemnon and whisper to him this message:
tell him to quickly arm the long-haired Achaeans,
for the time has come to seize Troy’s wide streets.
The gods with homes on Olympus are no longer
divided, for Hera has bent their minds to her will,
and Troy has been fated for sorrow and death.”

So he spoke, and when Dream heard these words
he quickly set off for the Achaean swift ships.
When he reached Agamemnon’s tent, he found
the son of Atreus fast asleep in ambrosial slumber.
He stood over him in the form of Nestor, son
of Neleus, whom Agamemnon honors above all
others. In this guise divine Dream addressed him:
“Why do you sleep, son of Atreus, tamer of horses?
It is unwise to spend all night at rest when leading
an army and making so many difficult decisions.
Now listen, for I bring word from Zeus, who,
while far away, still cares for you and pities you.
You must quickly arm the long-haired Achaeans,
for the time has come to seize Troy’s wide streets.
The gods with homes on Olympus are no longer
divided, for Hera has bent their minds to her will,
and Troy has been fated for sorrow and death
by Zeus’ order. Remember these words; do not let
them escape when you wake from sleep slumber.”

Dream finished and departed, leaving the king
to consider in his heart things that were never
to be. He foolishly wished to attack Priam’s city
on this day, unaware that Zeus already had a plan
to inflict great pain and suffering on both Trojans
and Danaans by bringing them into violent conflict.
He awoke from sleep with the divine voice pooling
in his ears. He sat up straight, donned his soft,
newly-made tunic, covered it with his large cloak,
laced a pair of sandals to his shining feet, and hung
his silver-studded sword over his shoulders. Then he
seized his father’s imperishable scepter and carried
it over to the ships of the bronze-clad Achaeans.

When Dawn rose on high Olympus, declaring
daylight’s arrival to Zeus and the other immortals,
Agamemnon ordered the clear-voiced herald
to summon the long-haired Achaeans to assembly.
The cry went out, and the army quickly gathered.

First, he called for the council of elders to sit
beside the ship of Nestor, the king born in Pylos.
When all had assembled, he revealed his plan:
“Listen, friends. Last night while I slept, a dream
from the gods came to me in a form that looked
like noble Nestor in features and stature and build.
It stood over my head and spoke these words:
‘Why do you sleep, son of Atreus, tamer of horses?
It is unwise to spend all night at rest when leading
an army and making so many difficult decisions.
Now listen, for I bring word from Zeus, who,
while far away, still cares for you and pities you.
You must quickly arm the long-haired Achaeans,
for the time has come to seize Troy’s wide streets.
The gods with homes on Olympus are no longer
divided, for Hera has bent their minds to her will,
and Troy has been fated for sorrow and death
by Zeus’ order. Remember these words.’ When
finished, Dream left, and I awoke from sweet
sleep. So let us go now and arm Achaea’s sons,
but first I will test their mettle, as is tradition,
and order them to take their ships and flee
while the rest of you order them to hold back.”

When he finished, he returned to his seat,
and Nestor, king of sandy Pylos, stood to address
the assembly with the best of intentions, saying:
“Friends, leaders, and rulers of the Argives,
if any other Achaean had told us this dream,
we would call it a lie and turn our backs on it.
But he who claims to be the greatest Achaean
saw it, so let us go and arm the Achaean sons.”

He finished and led the way out of the council.
The scepter-bearing kings obediently followed
their leader, and the soldiers hurried after them.
In the same way that thick swarms of bees burst
out of hollow rocks in ever-renewing waves
and then fly in grape-like bunches over the spring
flowers, some going this way, others going that
way, so too did the troops march in formation
from the ships and huts by the shore of the sea
to the place of assembly. With them was
Rumor, messenger of Zeus, inciting them like
a blazing fire. The assembly was a riot of noise,
the earth groaning under the men as they sat,
and nine heralds trying to halt the men’s cries
so the Zeus-blessed king’s words could be heard.
The men eventually took their seats, and the noise
dropped until all fell silent. Then Agamemnon
stood and held the scepter forged by Hephaestus.
Hephaestus had given it to lord Zeus, Cronos’ son,
who gave it to the swift appearing messenger;
then Hermes gave it to Pelops, driver of chariots,
and Pelops gave it to Atreus, shepherd of men.
When Atreus died, it was given to Thyestes, rich
in flocks, and Thyestes left it for Agamemnon
to carry as he ruled many islands and all of Argos.

He leaned on the scepter and addressed the Argives:
“Friends, heroes of Danaan, comrades of Ares,
great Zeus, son of Cronos, has ensnared me
in folly, for he promised me with a nod of assent
that I would sack great Ilios before going home,
but that was a foul trick, and now I must return
to Argos in shame, having lost many men. Such
are the pleasures of all-powerful Zeus, who has
razed many cities and will destroy many more,
for his strength is greatest of all. Those living
in the days to come will learn of our shame,
how a vast and brave Achaean army fought
a fruitless battle against an outnumbered
enemy in a war with no end in sight. If all
Achaeans and Trojans were willing to swear
oath-offerings and number both sides, and if
all Trojans were counted, and if all Achaeans
were arranged into troops of ten, and if each
troop took a Trojan to pour our wine, then many
companies would be without a cup bearer.
I tell you, this is how far the Achaeans outnumber
the Trojans who live in the city. But they have
spear-wielding allies from many foreign cities
who fight me off, beat me back, and prevent
me from sacking and pillaging crowded Ilios.
Now nine years have passed for mighty Zeus.
The timber on our ships decays, our cables rot,
and our wives and children all sit in the great halls
waiting for our return. Still, the task that brought
us to this place still has not been accomplished.
So this is my commandment for all to obey:
let us sail back home to our beloved fatherlands,
for we shall never capture Troy’s wide streets.”

So he spoke, stirring the souls of those not
privy to the council’s plans. And the assembly
moved like the long waves of the Icarian sea,
kindled by East and South Winds that swoop
down from the clouds of Father Zeus. Just as
the West Wind moves with a blustering rage
over the deep standing corn, flattening the stalks,
so also moved the assembly. As the men raced
to their ships, their trampling feet lifted clouds
of dust high into the air while calls rang out
to fasten the ships and draw them into the sea.
And as slipways were cleared and props removed,
the cries for home reached up to the heavens.

And the Argives would have returned home before
their fated time had Hera not said to Athena:
“Alas, child of aegis-bearing Zeus, tireless one!
Is this the way the Argives plan to flee over
the broad back of the sea to their fatherlands?
Are they leaving Priam and the Trojans to claim
as triumph Argive Helen, for whom so many
Achaeans have perished in Troy, far from home?
Go quickly through the Achaean army and use
your soothing voice to hold back each man
and to stop them from dragging their ships to the sea.”

So saying, gleaming-eyed Athena obeyed,
quickly rushing down from the Olympian peaks
to the nimble Achaean ships. There she found
Odysseus, Zeus’ equal in counsel, standing
at rest. He had not yet fastened his benched
ships for his heart and soul were in pain.
Bright-eyed Athena stood near him and said:
“Son of Laertes, sprung from Zeus, wily Odysseus,
is this how you plan to return to your fatherland,
jumping into your well-benched ships and fleeing?
Are you leaving Priam and the Trojans to claim
as triumph Argive Helen, for whom so many
Achaeans have perished in Troy, far from home?
Go quickly through the Achaean army and use
your soothing voice to hold back each man
and to stop them from dragging their ships to the sea.”

Odysseus recognized Athena’s voice and set off
quickly, discarding his cloak, which was collected
by his attendant, the herald of Ithaca, Eurybates.
Going straight to Agamemnon, son of Atreus,
he took from him his father’s imperishable scepter
and headed for the bronze-clad Achaean ships.

When he came upon a king or distinguished man,
he spoke to him with gentle words of restraint:
“It is wrong to threaten you like a frightened fool,
but sit down and make your men sit as well;
you do not yet know the mind of Atreus’ son.
He tests us now, but soon he will start to punish.
Did we not hear all he said during council?
May his anger not cause harm to Achaea’s sons.
The wrath of kings is great, for their honor comes
from Zeus, and counsellor Zeus cherishes them.”

When he saw a commoner who was shouting,
he struck the man with his staff and exclaimed:
“Sit down, keep still, and listen to the words
of braver men than you, for you are a worthless
coward, useless both in combat and in council.
It is impossible for every Achaean to rule as king;
too many lords is a disaster. Let us have one leader,
one king, to whom the son of Cronos has granted
the scepter and the right to rule his people justly.”

So he expertly brought the army under control
and they hurried noisily back to the place
of assembly like a thundering wave that crashes
onto a vast beach as deep waters rage below.

All sat down in their seats except for Thersites,
the blowhard whose disordered mind was filled
with foul words, whose speech was a rambling,
reckless roar against kings, and whose only goal
was to win a laugh from the Argives. He was
the ugliest of all who came to Ilios: bow-legged,
lame in one foot, shoulders bent, body hunched
over, and a sugar-loaf head sparsely covered
with clumps of thin, wooly hair. He hated Achilles
and Odysseus and often quarreled with them,
but now Agamemnon was the focus of his shrill
shouts; and with him the Achaeans also held
violent anger and resentment in their hearts.
With a great cry, he confronted Agamemnon:
“Son of Atreus, what is wrong? What do you
crave? Your tents are filled with bronze and many
captured women, for we Achaeans grant you
first choice whenever we sack a city. Or do you
desire gold, which some Trojan will bring
out of Ilios to pay the ransom for a son who I
or another Achaean bound and carried away?
Or do you desire a young girl for your bed, one
you can hide away from others? It is a disgrace
for a lord to lead his troops into danger. So, all
you weak, despicable Achaean women, let us
head home in our ships, and leave this man
here so he can enjoy his prized toys in Troy.
Then he will learn if he really does need our help,
for he dishonored Achilles, a greater man than he,
by seizing the man’s prize and taking it away.
Lucky for you Achilles’ heart is not filled with bile;
otherwise, that insult would have been your last.”[1]

So Thersites spoke his abuse to lord Agamemnon,
but godlike Odysseus quickly pounced on the man,
glaring at him harshly and scolding him, saying:
“You may be a clever speaker, Thersites,
but only a fool quarrels with a king by himself.
I think you are the basest, most pathetic of all
who came with the sons of Atreus to Ilios.
So keep your mouth shut, say no more about
kings, and quit looking for an easy way home.
We do not know how this business will end,
if the Achaean sons will win or lose, live or die.
But here you sit, showering this leader of men,
Agamemnon, with insults and abuse simply
because the Danaans have granted him prizes.
But let me tell you what is going to happen now.
If I discover you acting like a fool one more time,
then may my head be ripped from my shoulders
and let no man call me father of Telemachus
if I do not grab you and strip off your clothes—
cloak, tunic, and all—and leave you naked
and ashamed; then I will beat you and kick you
out of camp until you run crying to the swift ships.”

So saying, he took the golden scepter and beat
Thersites until a swollen, bloody bruise covered
his back and shoulders. Tears poured down
as he doubled over in pain and fell, terrified,
to the ground, trying in vain to dry his tears.
Though troubled by the scene, the Achaeans
still laughed and turned to each other, saying:
“Amazing! Odysseus has performed countless
good deeds, as a counselor and a strategist,
but this is by far his greatest gift to the Argives,
putting this worthless, babbling fool in his place.
To be sure, he and his oversized ego are not likely
to be back to challenge kings with violent words.”

So they said. Then Odysseus, sacker of cities,
stood, scepter in hand, next to bright-eyed Athena
who, in the guise of a herald, ordered the Achaeans,
from those nearby to those far away, to be silent
and to listen to his words and consider his advice.
With noble intent he addressed the assembly:
“Son of Atreus, my king, the Achaeans seem
ready to make you the most despicable man
in the world and to break the promise made
before our journey from Argos, land of horses:
that we not return home until we raze the walls
and sack the city of Ilios. They act like children
or old widows, whining to each other about
going home. True, our troubles would make
anyone wish for home, and anyone away
from his wife for just a month is vexed, especially
when wintry winds and stormy seas hold him
back. But we have been here for nine years
already, and we are still here. I do not blame
any Achaean for being impatient, but to remain
so long and return home empty-handed would
be a shame. So be patient, friends, and wait
until we find out if Calchas’ prophecies are
true or not. We know the truth in our hearts,
for we all witnessed it, those that death has not
taken. It seems like only yesterday when we
gathered at Aulis, preparing to bring death
to Priam and Troy. We were standing around
a spring, preparing to offer a perfect hecatomb
to the gods on a sacred altar near a plane-tree
and a shining stream, when an omen appeared:
a terrifying blood-red serpent, sent to the light
of day by Zeus himself, that quickly darted
away from the altar and towards the plane-tree.
There, on a branch at the top of the tree,
we saw eight baby sparrows hiding in the leaves,
and the mother who gave them life was the ninth.
Then the serpent ate the pitiful creatures, and as
the mother flew around mourning her little ones,
he grabbed her by the wings and ate her as she
cried. But once the creature had eaten the baby
sparrows and their mother, wily counselor
Zeus turned him to stone, and we stood there,
struck dumb by these terrible omens. But Calchas
was quick to divine their meaning, saying to us:
‘Why are long-haired Achaeans so silent? Great
counselor Zeus has given us a glimpse of the future
that will be long in coming but never forgotten.
Just as the serpent devoured the sparrow’s babies,
eight in all, along with the mother, the ninth,
so we shall wage war in Troy for that many years;
then, in the tenth, we will capture the city’s streets.’
And just as Calchas said, now this has come to be.
So come, hold fast, all you well-greaved Achaeans,
for soon enough we will capture the city of Priam.”

So he spoke, and the Achaeans cheered heartily,
the noise echoing all around the ships as they
celebrated the words of godlike Odysseus.
Then Nestor, horseman of Gerenia, spoke:
“Look now, you are all debating like little
children who care nothing for the work of war.
What happened to our compacts and our oaths?
Why not throw in the fire our counsels, plans,
wine-sealed vows, and handshakes sealed with trust?
We have been too long arguing with useless words,
but we are still unable to find any solutions. Son
of Atreus, do not alter course. Hold to your will
and maintain command of the Achaeans
in battle. As for those few who disagree with us—
let them waste away. Their plan will amount
to nothing, and they will leave for Argos before
learning if the vow made by aegis-bearing Zeus
is a lie or not. For I say on the day the Argives
boarded swift ships with weapons of destruction
for Troy, Cronos’ son nodded his head, sending
lightning on our right and showing us favorable
signs. Therefore no one should be eager to return
home until each man has slept with a Trojan’s
wife as payment for our fighting over Helen.
But if anyone desires to return home, then let him
try to take a well-benched black ship so he may
meet his death before the whole army. You, king,
should listen and follow my counsel, for the advice
I offer will be difficult to dismiss: divide the men
into tribes and clans, Agamemnon, so clans aid
other clans and tribes other tribes. Should you do
this and should the Achaeans obey, you will know
which leaders and men are cowardly and which
are brave, for each clan will fight for itself, and you
will know if it is heaven’s will that you not sack
the city or the cowardice and folly of your men.”

When he finished, Agamemnon, lord of men, replied:
“Again, old man, your words outshine all others.
If father Zeus, Athena, and Apollo granted me ten
counselors like Nestor from among the Achaeans,
then we would soon bend Priam’s city to our will,
seize it with our hands, and raze it to the ground.
Instead, aegis-bearing Zeus has given me sorrow,
fruitless feuds, and futile arguments. Now Achilles
and I are exchanging violent words over some
young girl, and I was the first to become angry.
But if we ever united in purpose, then we would
send death to Troy without delay. Now let each
man go to his meal and then prepare for battle.
Sharpen your spear, polish your shield, feed
your swift-footed horses, examine your chariot
on both sides, and get ready for a long, dreadful
day of battle against a fierce foe. But be warned:
no rest will come until darkness falls. Your chest
will be bathed in sweat from the large shield strap,
your hands will grow heavy holding your spear,
and your horse will be foaming as it strains
from the pull of your well-crafted chariot.
But if any man chooses to loiter by the curved
ships, far from the fighting, then his fate is sealed:
he will become a feast for dogs and crows.”

So he spoke, and the Argives roared like a wave
crashing against a cliff when the south wind blows,
a jutting crag shaped by countless surges formed
by untold winds coming from all directions.
They stood and scattered to the ships, built fires
by their tents, and ate their meals. Each man
made a sacrifice to his tribe’s immortal god,
and all prayed for death to pass them over in battle.
But lord Agamemnon offered a fat, five-year-old
bull as sacrifice to the mighty son of Cronos
and summoned all the noble Achaean leaders.
Nestor was the first, followed by Idomeneus,
the two Ajaxes[2], the son of Tydeus, and finally
Odysseus, Zeus’ equal in counsel. War-crier
Menelaus came on his own accord for he knew
what troubled his brother’s heart. They took up
barley grains and surrounded the bull as lord
Agamemnon stood among them and prayed:
“Great and glorious Zeus, lord of the black clouds,
do not let the sun fall and darkness descend
until I reduce Priam’s palace to a smoldering
ruin, burn his gates to the ground, rip Hector’s
tunic from his body, drive a sword through
his chest, and make his many comrades fall
head-first into the earth and bite the dust.”

But Zeus did not answer his prayer right away;
he accepted the sacrifices but intensified the war.

Once prayers had been said and barley thrown,
they drew back the head, slaughtered and skinned
the bull, cut out the thighs, enclosed them in fat,
and finally placed raw meat upon them. They
burned these over leafless billets, the entrails
skewered on a spit and held over a blazing fire.
When the thighs were burnt, they tasted the entrails.
Then the rest was cut into pieces, put on spits,
roasted carefully, and taken out of the fire.
When the meal was ready, they feasted, and all
were satisfied in equal measure. After every
man’s desire for food and drink was sated,
Nestor, horseman of Gerenia, was first to speak:
“Son of Atreus, Agamemnon, noblest of kings,
the time for talking is over, for the task that Zeus
has put into our hands can be delayed no longer.
So let the heralds summon the bronze-clad
Achaean soldiers to gather by the ships, and let
us go as a group through the wide Achaean camp
so we can quickly rouse the fierce god of war.”

Agamemnon, ruler of men, heeded Nestor’s
advice and ordered the clear-voiced heralds
to summon the long-haired Achaeans to battle;
the men, hearing the call, gathered quickly.
The kings near the Zeus-blessed son of Atreus
marshaled their troops, and golden-eyed Athena
followed them holding the eternal aegis, covered
with a hundred tightly-woven tassels, each one
made of gold and worth a hundred oxen. She
rushed through the Achaean army urging them
forward, and within each man’s heart she placed
the might and vigor for a long and bitter battle.
Soon blood-lust replaced their desire to go back
to the hollowed ships and go home to their families.

Just as a baneful fire burning up a boundless
woods on a mountain peak is visible from afar,
so the shine from the marching sea of bronze soldiers
was so bright it could be seen from the heavens.

And just as flocks of winged birds, geese, cranes,
and long-necked swans fly here and there across
the meadows of Asia beside the river Cayster,
delighting in the power of their wings and uttering
cries as they move from one perch to the next,
so the many tribes streamed from the ships and camps
to the plains of the Scamander as the earth shook
in terror from the trampling feet and hooves.
They stood in the Scamander meadows in numbers
as countless as the leaves and flowers of spring.

And just as many swarms of flittering flies buzz
about the shepherds’ pens in springtime when
the buckets are overflowing with milk, so the hordes
of long-haired Achaeans stood in the plain before
the Trojans, waiting anxiously to destroy them.

And just as goat-herders easily separate scattered
goats when mingled together in the pasture,
so the leaders marshaled their forces into formation
for the coming battle, including lord Agamemnon,
his eyes and head like Zeus who hurls thunderbolts,
his waist like Ares, and his chest like Poseidon.
And just as a bull stands out among a herd of oxen
when all are gathered together, so on this day
did Zeus ensure that the son of Atreus
would shine brighter than all other warriors.

Speak to me now, Muses who dwell on Olympus,
for you goddesses know and see all while we
mortals know nothing and hear only rumors:
who were the lords and the leaders of the Danaans?
For I could not speak their numbers or names,
not even if I possessed ten tongues or ten mouths
or a tireless voice or a heart made of bronze,
unless the Olympian Muses, daughters of Zeus,
send to my mind all those who gathered in Ilios.
Now I will describe the many ships and their leaders.

The Boeotians were led by Peneleos and Leitus,
along with Arcesilaus, Prothoenor, and Clonius.
These men came from Hyria, rocky Aulis,
Schoenus, Scolus, mountainous Eteonus, Thespeia,
Graea, and the wide spaces of Mycalessus;
they dwelt in Harma, Eilesium, Erythrae,
Eleon, Hyle, Peteon, Ocalea, the well-built
citadel at Medeon, Copae, Eutresis, and Thisbe,
refuge for wild doves; they ruled Coroneia
and the grasses of Haliartus; they made
homes in the lands of Plataea, Glisas, the well-
built citadel of lower Thebes, and holy
Onchestus, the splendid grove of Poseidon;
and they lived in Arne of the rich vines, Mideia,
sacred Nisa, and Anthedon by the sea shore.
In all, they set sail with fifty ships, each holding
one hundred and twenty young Boeotians.

Those from Aspledon and Orchomenus
of the Minyan were led by Ascalaphus and Ialmenus,
sons of Ares. The revered maiden Astyoche
bore him in secret for the god of war when she
retreated to her chambers in the palace of Actor,
son of Azeus. With them were thirty hollow ships.

The leaders of the Phocians were Schedius
and Epistrophus, sons of Iphitus, great-hearted
son of Naubolus. They ruled over Cyparissus,
rocky Pytho, divine Crisa, Daulis, and Panopeus;
they called Anemoreia and Hyampolis home
and lived along the heavenly river Cephisus,
where they held Lilaea beside the river’s springs.
They followed in a fleet of forty black ships,
and they were marshaled into column formation
and positioned to the left of the Boeotians.

The Locrians were led by Little Ajax, swift son
of Oïleus, who was smaller than Telamonian Ajax,
wore a tight tunic of linen, and was the greatest
spearman among all Panhellenes and Achaeans.
He led the men from Cynus, Opoeis, Calliarus,
Bessa, Scarphe, the lovely Augeiae, Tarphe,
and Thronium on either side of the Boagrius river.
Little Ajax led forty black ships full of Locrians,
who lived across the straits from holy Euboia.

The fire breathing Abantes occupied Euboia,
Calchis, Eretria, vine-rich Histiaea, Cerinthus
by the sea, and the steep-walled city of Dion;
they also lived in Carystus and held Styra.
Elephenor was their leader, companion of Ares,
son of Chalcodon, and lord of the great-hearted
Abantes. Following him were the swift Abantes,
wearing their hair long in the back and wielding
ashen spears able to shatter enemy breastplates.
In all, Elephenor commanded forty black ships.

Those who dwelt in Athens—the well-built citadel
and home of great-hearted Erechtheus, who
was born of the grain-giving earth but nurtured
by Athena, daughter of Zeus, in her own rich
temple in Athens, where each year young men
sought to win his favor through the sacrifice
of a bull or ram—were led by Menestheus, son
of Peteos, who had no equal in commanding
chariots and shield-bearing warriors. Only
Nestor challenged him in this, being his elder.
The Athenians followed their leader in fifty ships.

Ajax led twelve ships from Salamis, who were
stationed with the Athenian battalions in battle.

And those who held Argos, high-walled Tiryns,
Hermione, Asine that occupies a deep bay,
Troezen, Eionae, vine-rich Epidarus, and the sons
of the Achaeans who held Aegina and Mases
were led by the skilled battle-crier Diomedes
and Sthenelus, prized son of famed Capaneus.
A third came with them: Euryalus, godlike son
of King Mecisteus, who was the son of Talaus.
But the leader was the skilled battle-crier
Diomedes, who led a fleet of eighty black ships.

Those who held the well-built citadel at Mycenae,
wealthy Corinth, and the well-built Cleonae;
and those who lived in Orneae, pleasant Araethyrea
and Sicyon, where Adrastus was first made king;
and those with homes in Hyperesia, Gonoessa
on a steep cliff, and Pellene; and those around
Aegium, Aegialus, and wide Helice were led
by the son of Atreus, Agamemnon, who
commanded one hundred ships and the largest
army with the bravest soldiers and proudly wore
gleaming gold, for he distinguished himself above
all other warriors both in nobility and in leadership.

Those who held hollow, rifted Lacedaemon,
Pharis, Sparta, and Messe, the haunt of doves;
and those from Bryseae and lovely Augeiae;
and those from Amyclae and Helos, citadel
by the sea, Laas, and Oetylus were led by great
war-crier Menelaus, who commanded sixty
ships, arming them apart from the others.
He went among them with great confidence,
urging them to battle, for he was most anxious
to avenge all of Helen’s fighting and groaning

Then came those who inhabited Pylos, fair Arene,
Thryum, the ford of Alpheius, well-built Aepy,
Cyparisseis, Amphigeneia, Pteleos, Helos,
and Dorium, where the Muses met the Thracian
Thamyris and stopped his singing as he traveled
from the house of Eurytus in Oechalia for he
boasted of winning the daughter of Zeus even
if the Muses themselves sang against him.
In their anger, they maimed him, silencing his sweet
voice and preventing him from playing the lyre.
They were led by horseman Nestor of Gerenia,
and with him were ninety ships lined up in rows.

Those holding Arcadia under steep Mount Cyllene,
by the barrow of Aerytus, where warriors fight
hand-to-hand; and those from Pheneos, sheep-rich
Orchomenus, Rhipe, Stratia, and windy Enispe;
and those in Tegea, charming Mantineia,
Stymphalus, and Parrhasia were led by the son
of Ancaeus, King Agapenor, with sixty ships,
each one filled with many Arcadian warriors,
all highly skilled in combat. As they had no
interest in seafaring, Agamemnon, son of Atreus
and king of men, provided them well-benched
ships so they could cross the wine-dark sea.

And those who dwelt in Buprasium and famed
Elis, from the lands of Hyrmine and Myrsinus
by the sea to the rock of Olen and Alesium,
had four leaders. Each leader was followed by ten
ships, and each ship was filled with Epeian fighters.
Two were led by Amphimachus and Thalpius:
one the son of Cteatus, the other of Eurytus;
another was led by Diores, son of Amarynceus;
and the fourth was led by Polyxeinus, son
of King Agasthenes and grandson of Augeias.

Then those from Dulichium and the holy islands
of the Echinae, who dwell across the sea from Elis,
were led into battle by Meges, equal to Ares
and son of the horseman Phyleus, dear to Zeus,
who long before, enraged at his father, went to live
in Dulichium. With Meges followed forty black ships.

And Odysseus led the great-hearted Cephallenians
who dwelt in Ithaca and windy-wooded Neritum,
along with those who lived in Crocyleia and rugged
Aegilips, those holding Zacynthus and the area
near Samos, and those on the mainland opposite
the isles. They were led by Odysseus, equal
to Zeus in counsel, on twelve ships with red prows.

And the Aetolians who lived in Pleuron, Olenus,
Pylene, Chalcis by the sea, and rocky Calydon
were led by Thoas, son of Andraemon, for the sons
of great-hearted Oeneus were gone, as was the king
himself, and yellow-haired Meleager was also dead.
Thus, the burden of rule over all Aetolians passed
to him. He led a contingent of forty black ships.

Idomeneus, the great spearman, led the Cretans,
who dwelt in Cnossos, Gortyn with its high walls,
Lyctus, Miletus, the white cliffs of Lycastus,
the cheerful cities of Phaistos and Rhytium, and all
others who lived among the thousand cities of Crete.
Their leaders were Idomeneus, expert spearman,
and Meriones, equal of Enyalius, slayer of men.
Together, they led eighty black ships to Troy.

Tlepolemus, son of Heracles, a large and lanky
man, led nine ships out of Rhodes, all filled
with lordly Rhodians who divided into three
groups: Lindos, Ialysus, and Cameirus with its
white cliffs. Spear-famed Tlepolemus was born
to mighty Heracles by Astyocheia. Heracles
took her out of Ephyra by the Selleïs river
after sacking the city and slaying many warriors.
When Tlepolemus came of age in his father’s
palace, he killed Licymnius, his father’s beloved
uncle a child of Ares who had already grown old;
he quickly built ships, gathered a large band,
and escaped across the sea, for mighty Heracles’
sons and grandsons had threatened him. After
much weary wandering, he arrived at Rhodes
where his people settled into three distinct tribes.
Zeus, master of men, favored them, and he
rained a river of riches down upon them.

Nireus led three balanced ships out of Syme.
The son of Aglaïa and King Charopus, Nireus
was the second most handsome man among
the Danaans after the noble son of Peleus.
But he was powerless, and few men followed him.

Those who dwelt in Nisyrus, Carpathus, Casus,
Cos, Eurypylus, and the Calydnian islands
were led by Pheidippus and Antiphus,
sons of King Thessalus, son of Heracles.
With them there sailed thirty hollowed ships.

And all those who dwelt in Pelasgian Argos,
Alus, Alope, Trachis, Phthia, and Hellas,
land of fair women, and who were called
Myrmidons and Hellenes and Achaeans,
were commanded by Achilles, who led fifty ships.
But they were not concerned with waging war,
since there was no one to lead them into the ranks.
Swift-footed Achilles was idling by his ships,
enraged because of the fair-haired girl Briseïs,
whom he won after the sacking of Lyrnessus
and the Theban walls, and after striking down
the spear-fighters Mynes and Epistrophus, sons
of King Evenus, who was the son of Selepus. He
was idle in grief for her, but soon he would rise up.

And those who dwelt in Phylace, flowery Pyraus,
the sacred fields of Demeter, mother of sheep
Iton, Antron by the sea, and the grassy banks
of Pteleos were once led by warlike Protesilaus,
but the black earth had long since covered him.
He left a grieving wife in Phylace and a house
half-finished when he was killed by a Dardanian
after being the first Achaean to leap from the ships.
Though the men missed their leader, they were not
leaderless. Podarces, scion of Ares, took charge,
the son of Iphiclus Phylacus, and the younger,
full-blood brother of great-hearted Protesilaus.
Still, warlike Protesilaus was older than his brother
and a better warrior. Thus, while the men had
a leader, they mourned the great man they lost.
And with Podarces there sailed forty black ships.

The eleven ships of those who lived in Pherae
beside Boebeïs lake and in Boebe, Glaphyrae,
and well-built Iolcus were led by the beloved
son of Admetus, Eumelus, born to Admetus
by Alcestis, Pelias’ most beautiful daughter.

And those who lived in Methone, Thaumacia,
Meliboea, and rocky Olizon were led
by the famed archer Philoctetes. On each
of their seven ships were fifty rowers, and each
rower was an expert archer in battle. However,
Philoctetes lay in overwhelming pain on the holy
island of Lemnos, where the Achaean sons left
him in great grief after a bad bite from a deadly
water snake. But the Argives would soon
remember King Philoctetes. Though the men
missed their king, they were not without a leader,
for Medon marshaled them, the bastard son
of Oïleus, whom Rhene bore to the pillager.

And those who held Tricca, craggy Ithome,
and Oechalia, the city of Oechalian Eurytus,
were led by the two sons of Asclepius,
the skilled healers Podaleirius and Machaon.
Along with them sailed thirty hollowed ships.

And those who held Ormenium, the springs
of Hypereia, Asterium, and the white peaks
of Titanus were led by Eurypylus, dear son
of Euaemon. With him sailed forty black ships.

And those who held Argissa and Gyrtone,
Orthe, Elone, and Oloösson, the city of white,
were led by Polypoetes, staunch in the fight,
the son of Peirithous, son of Zeus. Glorious
Hippodameia conceived him to Peirithous
on the day he exacted revenge from the hairy
centaurs, forcing them out of Pelion and driving
them to Aethices. He led with Leonteus, scion
of Ares, son of great-hearted Coronus who was
Caeneus’ son. With them sailed forty black ships.

And Gouneus led twenty two ships from Cyphus,
filled with the Enienes and the Peraebi, staunch
fighters who built their homes in wintry Dodona
and in the fields around charming Titaressus,
the sweet stream that pours into the Peneius
but never merges with those crystal-clear waters;
instead, it floats over them like olive oil, for it is
a branch of the Styx, the terrible river of oaths.

And speedy Prothous, son of Tenthredon,
was the leader of the Magnetes, who dwelt
around Peneius and leaf-covered Pelion.
With Prothous there followed forty black ships.

These were the leaders and kings of the Danaans.
But tell me, Muse, who were the best warriors
and the best horses among the sons of Atreus?

The best horses were those driven by Eumelus,
grandson of Pheres: swift as birds, matching
in color, and equal in age and in height. Apollo
of the silver bow reared them in Pereia, a pair
of mares fueled by the fierce panic of war.
The bravest warrior was Telamonian Ajax—
so long as Achilles raged, for Peleus’ noble son
and the horses that drove him were by far the best.
But he sat among his crooked, sea-cleaving
ships, enraged at Agamemnon, son of Atreus.
His men by the sea shore amused themselves
with the discus, the javelin, and the bow;
their horses stood idle, eating cloves and celery
from the marshy ground; and the chariots
were covered in the tents of their masters.
The men, longing for their Ares-blessed leader,
wandered around the camp but did not fight.

So they advanced as if the earth was consumed
in fire, and the land groaned as when Zeus, hurler
of thunder, lashes out in anger at the land around
Typhoeus in Arimoi, where the creature sleeps.
And the earth roared beneath their feet as they
marched along, moving quickly over the plain.

Wind-swift Iris, messenger for aegis-bearing Zeus,
came to the Trojans with a grievous message.
A general assembly of Trojans, both young
and old, had gathered at Priam’s gate. Swift Iris
stood nearby and addressed them, disguising
her voice to sound like Polites, the son of Priam
who was Troy’s trusted lookout, posted atop
the barrow of old Aesyetes where he watched
for the Achaeans to move from their ships.
In his guise, swift-footed Iris said to them:
“Old man, you always enjoy endless debate,
but now endless war has sprung up. I have
engaged in countless battles between warriors,
but I have never before seen an army this size:
as many feet charging over the plains to the city
as there are leaves or grains of sand on a shore.
Hector, there are many allies all over Priam’s
city, but they speak different tongues and come
from different lands, so let each chief order
the men from his tribe to assemble and then
lead them out of the city and into battle.”

Hector heeded the goddess’ words and quickly
dismissed the assembly to take up arms. Then
the gates were opened, and with a rumbling
roar the army marched out, on foot and on horse.

In front of the city, there is a steep hill far off
in the distance with a clear space all around it.
The men call this hill Batieia, but the gods call
it the grave-mound of Myrine, the leaper; this is
where the Trojans and their allies marshaled forces.

The Trojan leader was gleaming-helmed Hector,
son of Priam; his army was by far the largest
and the best, each man eager to wield the sword.

The Dardanians were led by brave Aeneas, son
of Anchises, whom Aphrodite conceived when
she lay with the mortal at the spur of mount Ida.
He was aided by Antenor’s two sons, Archelochus
and Acamas, both skilled in all manner of fighting.

The Troes, who dwelt in Zeleia at the lowest foot
of Ida, were wealthy men who drank the dark water
of Aesepus and were led by the son of Lycaon,
Pandarus, who was given a bow by Apollo himself.

Those holding Adrasteia and the land of Apaesus,
and those in Pityeia and steep Mount Tereia
were led by Adrastus and Amphius who wore
a tight tunic made of linen, sons of the soothsayer
Merops of Percote who would not allow his sons
to join in war’s destruction, but they did not obey
him, for the black god of death drove their minds.

And those living around Percote and Practius
and those who held Sestus, Abydus, and rich
Arisbe were led by Hyrtacus’ son Asius, ruler
of men, who came from Arisbe and the river
Selleïs, borne by his massive, chestnut horses.

And the eager spearmen of the Pelasgi tribes,
who dwelt in fertile Larisa, were led by Hippothous
and his brother Pylaeus, child of Ares, sons
of Pelasgian Lethus, the son of Teutamus.

Acamas and the hero Peirous led the Thracians
who lived near the strong waters of the Hellespont.

And Euphemus, son Troezenus, cherished
by Zeus, led the Ciconian spearmen.

Pyraechmes led the Paeonians of the curved bows,
from far off Amydon by the wide-flowing Axius
whose waters were the most beautiful on earth.

The Paphlagonians were led by brave-hearted
Pylaemenes from Eneti, land of wild mules.
They held Cytorus, the area around Sesamus,
and the grand homes by the Parthenius river
in Cromna, Aegialus, and lofty Erythini.

Odius and Epistrophus led the Halizones
from far off Alybe, the birthplace of silver.

And the leaders of the Mysians were Chromis
and Ennomus, the soothsayer, who could not
prevent his black fate: to be killed in the river
by swift-footed Achilles, along with other Trojans.

And the Phrygians from far off Ascania were led
by the battle-ready Phorcys and godlike Ascanius.

The Maeonians from the foot of mount Tmolus
were led by Mesthles and Antiphus, sons
of Talaemenes and the nymph of the Gygaean lake.

And Nastes led the barbarous tongued Carians,
who held Miletus, the densely forested mountains
of Phthires, the rivers of Maeander, and the high
peaks of Mycale. Their leaders were Amphimachus
and Nastes, the glorious sons of Nomion. Foolish
Nastes came to the battle dressed all in gold like
a little girl, but it could not protect him from death,
for he was killed in the river at the hands of swift-
footed Achilles, and Achilles claimed the gold.

And Sarpedon and noble Glaucus led the Lycians
from far off Lycia, by the whirling river Xanthos.

In this passage, Thersites makes a very reasonable case for ending the war. However, Homer goes to great lengths to describe Thersites as ugly, arrogant, and obscene before he even utters a single word, and once he does speak, his words are immediately dismissed and he is punished. After reading this passage, the philosopher Hegel coined the term “Thersitism” to describe situations where an author purposely puts an otherwise rational argument in the mouth of a contemptuous character so as to minimize its impact (47). ↵

Greater Ajax (or Telamonian Ajax) and Ajax the Lesser. ↵

Book 3

When the leaders had assembled their troops,
the Trojans advanced with a loud clamor,
like the cries of cranes that fill the skies as
they set out over the streams of Oceanus,
fleeing winter storms and terrifying rains,
carrying death and destruction to the Pygmies,
and waging wicked war in the early morning
hours. But the fire-breathing Achaeans moved
silently, eager and ready to protect one another.

Just as the South Wind pours fog over a mountain—
a foe to shepherds but a better friend for thieves
than night—and a man can see only as far as
he can throw a stone, so a dense dust cloud rose
from the feet that advanced quickly over the plain.

As the armies closed on one another, godlike
Alexander emerged out of the Trojan ranks.
With a panther skin on his shoulders, a bent bow
on his back, a sword at his side, and two bronze
spears in his hands, he challenged any Argive
to fight him man-to-man in grim combat.

Menelaus, dear to Ares, recognized the man
who came strutting out of the throng. Just as
a hungry lion rejoices when he finds a horned
deer or wild goat carcass and eagerly devours
it though swift dogs and mighty hunters draw
ever closer, so Menelaus rejoiced when
he saw Alexander, for he knew his time
for vengeance had arrived. He sprang, fully
armed, from his chariot and hit the ground.

Seeing him standing before the battle line,
Alexander’s heart shook with deathly horror,
and he withdrew into the ranks. Just as a man
recoils at the sight of a serpent in a forest
glen, his limbs trembling uncontrollably
and a paleness filling his cheeks as he runs
away, so godlike Alexander, fearing Menelaus,
retreated back into the Trojan throng.

Seeing this, a disgusted Hector said to him:
“Wretched Paris, beautiful deceiver of women,
if only you had never been born or had died
unwed—either would be better than these
shameful acts that make you a joke to others.
The long-haired Achaeans howl with laughter,
saying our champion was chosen for his looks,
not his strength or spirit. Was this how you
gathered your comrades, sailed over the seas
in your sturdy ship, mingled with foreigners,
and brought back a beautiful woman, sister
of skilled spearmen, and a great misery
to your father, city, and people? You bring
joy to your enemies and disgrace to yourself.
Will you not face Menelaus and learn the kind
of man he is whose wife you stole? Aphrodite’s
gifts, your lyre, your locks, and your looks will
be no help when you hit the dust. The Trojans
are the timid ones; otherwise they would have
stoned you to death for your wicked deeds.”

In reply, godlike Alexander said to him:
“Hector, your reproach is proper and fair.
Your heart is forever like a sharp axe driven
into a tree by a skilled shipbuilder, the blade
making each cut that much stronger; so also
does your sharp spirit intensify your mind’s
resolve. But do not scorn golden Aphrodite
or dismiss the gods’ glorious gifts, for it is
their will, not ours, that grants them. But if
you wish me to fight, then I will. Have all
Trojans and Achaeans sit, but set Menelaus
and I in the middle, and we will fight for Helen
and her riches. Whoever proves himself
the strongest and wins will take the woman
and all the wealth and go home, while the rest
swear oaths of friendship and trust, and you will
live in fertile Troy while they return to Argos’
pastures and the fair women of Achaea.”

His words pleased Hector, who went straight
to the Trojan front line, held the battalions back
with his spear, and ordered them to sit. Seeing
Hector, the long-haired Achaeans prepared
to shoot him with arrows and strike him with stones,
but Agamemnon, leader of men, loudly shouted:
“Hold, Argives, and cease your fire, Achaean youth.
Flashing-helmed Hector is preparing to speak.”

Hearing this, they ceased fighting and quickly
quieted. Then Hector addressed both armies:
“Listen to me, Trojans and well-greaved Achaeans,
for Alexander, the source of our strife, has an offer.
He urges the other Trojans and all Achaeans
to put their fine armor down on the fertile earth
and let Paris and the warrior Menelaus fight
one-on-one for Helen and her riches. Whoever
proves himself the strongest and wins will take
the woman and all the wealth and go home,
while the rest swear oaths of friendship and trust.”

So he spoke, and the soldiers all fell silent;
then the great war-crier Menelaus said to them:
“Listen to me, for the pain in my heart is by far
the greatest. I want the Argives and Trojans
to part ways because my quarrel with Alexander,
the aggressor, has caused far too much suffering.
Whoever is fated to die today, let him die
so the rest can quickly part ways. Now bring
two different lambs, one white and one black,
for earth and sun, and bring another for Zeus;[1]
then send for mighty Priam, so he himself can
swear an oath, for his sons are untrustworthy,
and any wrongdoing would violate Zeus’ oath.
Young men’s hearts are always blown by passions,
but an older man sees both the past and the future
and can find a solution that is best for both sides.”

At once, the Achaeans and Trojans rejoiced,
hoping this would bring the bitter war to an end.
They lined up their chariots, dismounted, stripped
off their armor, and set it on the ground in tight
rows that left little free space. Then Hector sent
two heralds hurrying to the city to summon
King Priam and to retrieve two lambs while
Agamemnon told Talthybius to head back
to the hollow ships and retrieve another lamb,
and he did not disobey godlike Agamemnon.

But messenger Iris came to white-armed Helen
disguised as her sister-in-law, Laodice, wife
of Antenor’s son Helicaon, sister to Paris
and Hector, and most beautiful of Priam’s
daughters. She found her in the palace weaving
a purple folded cloak adorned with battle scenes
between the horse-tamer Trojans and bronze-
clad Achaeans—all for her sake. Standing
beside Helen, swift-footed Iris said to her:
“Come, dear maiden, and witness the horse-
tamer Trojans and bronze-clad Achaeans.
Where once their battles brought countless
tears to the deadly plains, now the fighting
has ceased and they sit in silence, leaning
on their shields, their long spears fixed
to the earth. For Alexander and Menelaus
will fight in single combat—all for you!
He who wins will call you his beloved wife.”

The goddess’ words brought to Helen’s soul
sweet longing for her former husband, her city,
and her parents. With round tears in her eyes,
she covered herself with a white cloth and raced
from her chambers, followed by two handmaids:
Aethra, daughter of Pittheus, and ox-eyed
Clymene. Soon they arrived at the Scaean gates.[2]

Priam sat by the Scaean gates with his council
of elders: Panthous, Thymoetes, Lampus,
Clytius, Hicetaon, son of Ares, and the shrewd
strategists Ucalegon and Antenor. Old age
prevented them from fighting, but they were
fine orators, like cicadas that sit in a forest
tree and let loose their lily-like voices—these
were the Trojan elders who sat on the tower.
When they noticed the approaching Helen,
they quietly spoke to one another, saying:
“The Trojans and Achaeans cannot be faulted
for suffering so much for so long for such a woman:
to look at her is to see a goddess in the flesh.
All the same, she should go home in the long ships
and spare us and our children further misery.”

So they spoke, but Priam said to Helen:
“Come, dear child, and sit beside me so you
can see your former husband, your kinsmen,
and your people, for it was not you but the gods
who started this woeful war with the Achaeans.
Now tell me, who is this powerful Achaean
warrior, so brave and tall? There are certainly
others who are taller in stature, but I
have not set eyes on one so well-favored
and so majestic. Clearly this man is a king.”

And Helen, noblest of women, replied to him:
“Beloved father-in-law, whom I both revere and fear,
if only foul death had taken me when I followed
your son here and left my marriage bed, my kin,
my lovely daughter, and my childhood companions.
But that was not to be, so I pine away in tears.
But you asked about this man, so let me answer:
he is Agamemnon, son of Atreus, lord of many lands,
a worthy king, a mighty warrior, and brother-in-law
to my dog-eyed soul, unless that was but a dream.”

So she said, and the old man, in wonder, told her:
“The son of Atreus is a child of fortune whom
the gods bless and many Achaean youths obey.
Long ago I journeyed to Phrygia, rich in vines,
where I saw countless warriors and their nimble
steeds, the men of Otreus and godlike Mygdon,
encamped beside the Sangarius river. I was
among their allies on the day the Amazons,
a match for men, came. But not even they
could match the quick-glancing Achaeans.”

Next, upon seeing Odysseus, the old man asked:
“Now tell me, dear child, who is this other
man? He is a head shorter than Agamemnon
but looks broader in the shoulders and chest.
His battle armor lies upon the fertile earth,
but he seems to go around inspecting the lines
of soldiers like a thick-fleeced bellwether ram
as it passes through a large flock of white ewes.”

Then Helen, born of Zeus, answered him:
“That is the son of Laertes, cunning Odysseus,
who was raised in the rugged land of Ithaca
and knows all kinds of tricks and shrewd schemes.”

In reply, wise and sensible Antenor said to her:
“Yes, all the things you say, young lady, are true,
for King Odysseus and Menelaus, dear to Ares,
came to us once as part of an embassy. I hosted
the guests and entertained them in my halls,
and I got to know both men’s stature and cunning.
When they stood before the Trojan assembly,
Menelaus towered over him with his wide shoulders,
but when they sat Odysseus was more dignified.
When they began to weave their web of words,
Menelaus spoke clearly, without stumbling,
but said little, since he was a man of few words
and not one to ramble, though he was younger.
But when Odysseus sprang up, he stood stock
still, his eyes fixed to the ground, his scepter
held stiff to the floor, moving neither forwards
or backwards like a man of ignorance; you
would have thought him a surly, senseless fool.
But when his great voice burst from his chest,
his words falling like snowflakes in a winter storm,
then no mortal man could challenge Odysseus.
After that, Odysseus’ appearance was forgotten.”

Seeing a third man, Ajax, the old king asked:
“Who is that third Achaean, strong and wide,
standing head and shoulders above the Argives?”

And fair Helen, in her flowing robes, replied:
“That is mighty Ajax, defender of the Achaeans,
and godlike Idomeneus stands on the other side
among the other Cretan leaders. Menelaus
would often entertain him when he journeyed
to our home from Crete. Now I see the other
quick-glancing Achaeans, and I remember them
well and can tell you their names, but there
are two leaders missing: horse-tamer Castor
and great fighter Polydeuces, my brothers,
born from the same mother. Either they did
not follow from lovely Lacedaemon, or they
sailed here in their sea-faring ships but did not
wish to join with the soldiers in battle for fear
of the insults and abuse heaped upon me.”

So she said, but they were in Lacedaemon,
their father’s land, buried in the life-giving earth.

Now heralds carried across the city offerings
to the gods: two lambs and a goatskin bag filled
with earth-grown, heart-warming wine. Idaeus,
carrying a shining bowl and a golden goblet,
stood by the old king and called upon him:
“Come, son of Laomedon, for the horse-taming
Trojans and bronze-clad Achaeans summon
you to the plain to swear solemn oaths of trust,
for Alexander and Menelaus are to fight each
other with long spears for the sake of Helen.
The victor will win the woman and her wealth
while the rest swear oaths of friendship and trust.
We will return to the fertile soil of Troy, and they
to horse-rich Argos and Achaea’s fair women.”

Hearing this, the king shuddered but ordered
men to yoke his horses, and they quickly obeyed.
Priam mounted his chariot and drew back
the reins, and with him was Antenor. Then they
drove the swift horses out of the Scaean gates.

When they reached the Trojans and Achaean
armies, they stepped down from their chariots
and walked between the armies. Agamemnon
and wily Odysseus then rose, and the noble
heralds brought the offerings for the gods,
mixed the wines into the bowl, and poured
water over the hands of the kings. Atreus’ son
took into his hand a dagger he always held
in the sheath beside his sword and cut wool
from the heads of the lambs, which the heralds
offered to the Trojan and Achaean leaders.
Then Agamemnon lifted his hands and prayed:
“Great and glorious Father Zeus who rules
from Ida, and Helios who sees and hears all,
and the rivers and earth and those who dwell
below and punish men who swear falsely—be
witnesses and guard the sanctity of sacred oaths.
If Alexander kills Menelaus, then let him have
Helen and all of her possessions while we return
to our ships and sail across the sea to our homes.
But if fair-haired Menelaus kills Alexander,
then let Troy give up Helen and all her wealth
and pay the Argives a fitting recompense, one
that will be remembered by future generations.
But if Alexander falls and Priam and Priam’s
sons are unwilling to pay the price, then I
will remain and fight for my blood-ransom,
and I will not stop fighting until the war is over.”

Then he cut the lambs’ throats with his ruthless
blade and placed them on the ground gasping
for breath, for the knife had seized their souls.
Then the two kings drew wine out of the bowl
with goblets and poured it out, and Achaeans
and Trojans alike prayed to the eternal gods:
“Great and glorious Zeus and all other immortals,
should any defy these solemn oaths, let their brains
and their children’s brains be poured onto the ground
like this wine and let their wives be taken by others.”

So they prayed, but Cronos’ son did not answer.
Then Priam, son of Dardanus, said to them:
“Listen, Trojans and well-greaved Achaeans,
I am returning home to wind-blown Ilios,
for I could not endure seeing with my own eyes
my dear son battling Menelaus, dear to Ares.
Only Zeus and the other immortal gods know
which of the two is destined by fate to die today.”

So saying, the godlike man had the lambs
placed in his well-wrought chariot, which he
then mounted. Once Antenor was beside him,
Priam drew back the reins and returned to Ilios.
Then Priam’s son Hector and godlike Odysseus
measured out a space and together cast lots
in a helmet tipped with bronze to decide who
would be the first to throw his bronze spear.
And all Achaeans and Trojans raised their hands
to the gods and offered their prayers, saying:
“Father Zeus, ruler of Ida, glorious and great,
whoever caused these troubles for both sides,
may he die and head to the house of Hades,
and may the rest of us swear oaths of friendship.”

As they prayed, gleaming-helmed Hector shook
the lots, looking away, and the lot for Paris
leapt out. Then the soldiers sat down in rows,
each beside his horse and well-wrought armor.
Godlike Alexander, fair Helen’s husband, put
his splendid armor on his shoulders, wrapped
the greaves around his legs, and fastened them
to his ankles with a silver buckle. Next he
covered his chest with his brother Lycaon’s
breastplate, which fit him well, and slung over
his shoulder his silver-studded bronze sword
and great and sturdy shield. On his head he
put a sturdy horse-hair crest helmet topped
with a fierce, nodding plume, and he took up
a stout spear that fit his hand perfectly.
And Menelaus geared for battle in the same way.

Once armed, the men stood between the two
armies, glaring harshly at one another,
and wonder seized the onlookers, the horse-
taming Trojans and well-greaved Achaeans.
The two stood near the marked-off space,
each brandishing a spear and boiling with rage.
Alexander shot first, and his long-shadowed spear
struck the well-balanced shield of Atreus’ son
but did not pierce it; instead, the sturdy shield
bent the spearhead. Then, as Menelaus readied
to launch his lance, he prayed to father Zeus:
“Lord Zeus, grant me revenge on Alexander,
who wronged me, and let my hands slay him
so generations to come may recoil at the thought
of harming a host who offers friendship.”

So saying, he hurled the long-shadowed spear
and struck Paris’ well-balanced shield, piercing
the shield and the richly-adorned breastplate,
tearing into his tunic, and reaching his flank—
but Paris turned to one side and escaped death’s
darkness. Then Menelaus drew his silver-
studded sword and struck the ridge of Paris’
helmet, but the sword broke into three or four
pieces and fell from his hand. Groaning, the son
of Atreus looked to the heavens and cried:
“Father Zeus, no other god is as dangerous as you.
I thought I had revenge for Alexander’s wrongs,
but I lost my sword when it shattered and my spear
when it flew from my hand and missed its target.”

Menelaus then lunged at his helmet’s horse-hair
crest and, with a spin, dragged him to the Achaean
line. The well-stitched strap holding the helmet
in place stretched Paris’ chin, choking his tender
throat, and Menelaus would have dragged him
away and gained eternal glory had Aphrodite,
daughter of Zeus, not broken the helmet’s ox-hide
strap, leaving Menelaus holding an empty helmet.
He turned and threw the helmet at the Achaeans,
and his comrades picked it up. Then he turned
back, intent on attacking Paris with his bronze
spear, but Aphrodite, with the ease of a goddess,
grabbed Paris, covered him in a mist, and sent
him back to his sweet-scented bedroom. Then she
went to summon Helen, who was on the high wall
ringed by a throng of Trojan women. The goddess
put her hand on Helen’s fragrant robe, shook it,
and then spoke to her in the guise of an old
woman, a wool dresser from Lacedaemon who
was known to Helen and was especially loved.
In this guise, heavenly Aphrodite addressed her:
“Go now, for Alexander calls you home. He is
in the bed chamber, on the bed with inlaid
rings, his body and clothes shining, and looking
not like a man who just faced a foe but a man
heading to a dance or just come from a dance.”

So she said, stirring the heart in Helen’s breast.
Seeing the beautiful neck, lovely chest,
and sparkling eyes of the goddess, she was
filled with awe, and she addressed her, saying:
“Strange goddess, why this deception? Do you
plan to lead me further into shame, to send
me to cities like Phrygia or pleasant Maeonia
where another mortal man you favor awaits,
since Menelaus has defeated godlike Alexander
and wants to lead woeful me back to his home?
Is this why you have come to me with trickery?
Sit by his side yourself, quit the way of the gods,
never turn around and return to Olympus
but be forever anxious for him and protect him
until he makes you his wife—or perhaps his slave.
But I will not go there, for it would be a disgrace
to share his bed. All Trojan women would blame
me hereafter, and my heart has enough grief.”

With violent rage, Aphrodite replied to her:
“Do not anger me, stubborn woman, or I will
hate you more deeply than I now love you
and brew bitter hatred for you by both the Trojans
and the Danaans, ensuring you a dreadful death.”

Her words terrified Helen, daughter of Zeus,
who covered herself in a white robe and snuck
silently past the Trojan women, led by the goddess.

When they arrived at Alexander’s majestic house,
Helen’s handmaids went quickly about their work
while she went to the high-roofed bedchamber.
The goddess, ever-smiling Aphrodite, took a chair
and set it down across from Alexander. Helen,
daughter of aegis-bearing Zeus, sat down, looked
away from her husband, and scolded him:
“You came back from war, but I wish you had
died there, slain by a mighty man, my former
husband. You once claimed to be greater than
Menelaus, dear to Ares, with your hands
and spear. Well then, go back and challenge
him to another fight, man-to-man. But no,
I urge you not to fight fair-haired Menelaus
in single combat or in any other reckless way,
for you could very well die under his spear.”

Paris quickly responded to her words, saying:
“Do not taunt me with abusive words, woman.
Yes, Menelaus beat me today, with Athena’s
help, but I will win next time, for we have gods
as well. But let us go to bed and make love,
for I have never felt such desire for you, not even
when I first took you from fair Lacedaemon
and sailed with you on my seafaring ships
and made love to you on the island of Cranae.
Now more than ever does sweet love control me.”

Then he led the way to bed, and his wife followed.

While they retired to their inlaid bed, the son
of Atreus roamed up and down the battlefield
like a wild beast in search of godlike Alexander.
But the Trojans and their famed allies could not
point out Alexander to Menelaus, dear to Ares.
Had they seen him, they would not have tried
to hide him, for they hated him like black death.
So Agamemnon, ruler of men, addressed them:
“Hear me, Trojans and Dardanians and allies:
victory clearly belongs to Menelaus, dear to Ares,
so surrender the Argive Helen and her possessions,
and pay to us a fair and just recompense, one that
will be remembered by future generations.”

So said the son of Atreus, and all Achaeans agreed.

The white lamb is a sacrifice for Helios (Ἥλιος), the black for Gaia (Γαῖα). Since the Achaeans are strangers in this land, they add another sacrifice for Zeus, the patron of hospitality and guests (Xenia, ξενία). ↵

Troy’s western gate and the one closest to the fighting. ↵

Book 4

So the gods sat beside Zeus and held assembly
on the golden floor, and as divine Hebe went
among them pouring nectar into their golden
goblets, they looked down on Troy and toasted
one another. Then the son of Cronos, wishing
to provoke Hera, spoke to her maliciously:
“There are two goddesses helping Menelaus,
Argive Hera and Alalcomenean Athena.
But while they seem satisfied to sit and watch
the scene from afar, ever-smiling Aphrodite
stands beside Paris and wards off the fates.
In fact, she just now saved him from certain
death. Still, Menelaus is the clear victor,
so let us consider these matters. Should we
again ignite the bitter battles of war, or should
we inspire friendship on both sides? If this
sweet outcome is somehow welcomed by all,
then lord Priam’s city would remain inhabited
and Menelaus would take back Argive Helen.”

So he said, and Athena and Hera whispered
to each other, plotting more pain for the Trojans.
Still, Athena stayed silent, though her father’s
words filled her with fury. But Hera could
not contain her anger, and she said to him:
“Dreaded son of Cronos, what are you saying?
Do you wish to render my work worthless?
I toiled in sweat—my horses, too—gathering
armies to bring pain to Priam and his sons.
So do it, but do not expect all gods to agree.”

Greatly troubled, cloud-gathering Zeus replied:
“Crazy woman, what did Priam and his sons do
to incite the endless rage that fuels your deep
desire to destroy the well-built citadel of Ilios?
If you went through the city gates and high walls
and ate Priam, his sons, and all other Trojans
raw, then perhaps your rage would be sated.
Do what you wish, but do not allow this quarrel
to be the cause of any future strife between us.
But I will say one more thing, and take it to heart:
in the future, should I be bent on destroying a city
whose inhabitants have become dear to you,
do not seek to thwart my anger, but let me be,
for I give you this freely, though it breaks my heart.
Of all the cities under the sun and starry skies
where men have built their homes upon the earth,
the one that my heart holds most dear is the Ilios
of Priam and Priam’s men of the ashen spear,
for never has my altar lacked offerings of wine
and burnt flesh, those gifts that are rightly ours.”

Then ox-eyed queen Hera answered him, saying:
“Indeed, three cities are very dear to me: Argos,
Sparta, and the wide streets of Mycenae. If ever
these cities grow hateful to your heart, sack them,
and I will not stand in your way or resent you for it.
Besides, even if I sought to stop your slaughter,
it would accomplish little for you are far stronger.
Still it is not right to render my work worthless,
for I too am a god, from the same stock as you.
I am the eldest-born daughter of wily Cronos
and am doubly-blessed to be both the first-born
and the wife of he who rules all immortals.
But clearly we must yield to each other on this,
you to me and I to you; then the other gods
will follow our lead. Now quickly order Athena
to go at once to the field of battle and arrange
for the Trojans to be first to break the sacred
oath and attack the illustrious Achaeans.”

She spoke, and the father of gods and men agreed
and quickly addressed Athena with winged words:
“Go at once to the field of battle and arrange
for the Trojans to be first to break the sacred
oath and attack the illustrious Achaeans.”

His words roused an already eager Athena.
Just as the son of crooked counselor Cronos
sends a star as a sign for sailors or soldiers,
a bright light shooting sparks in all directions,
so Pallas Athena dashed down the peaks
of Olympus and landed between the armies,
amazing all who saw her, horse-taming
Trojans and well-greaved Achaeans alike;
and men looked at one another and declared:
“Either wicked war and dreaded battle-cries
have returned or Zeus, who controls men’s wars,
has brought both armies together for peace.”

So spoke both the Achaeans and the Trojans.
Athena entered the Trojan troops disguised as
the skilled spearman Laodocus, son of Antenor,
and she went in search of godlike Pandarus.
She found the strong and noble son of Lycaon
standing among the shield-bearing soldiers
who followed him from the river Aesepus.
She went to him and spoke with winged words:
“Listen to me, skilled son of Lycaon. If you
dare to take a speedy shot at Menelaus,
then you will gain the gratitude and glory
of all Trojans—noble Alexander most of all.
For if he saw warlike Menelaus, son of Atreus,
felled by your arrow and laid on a pyre,
then he would grant you many brilliant gifts.
So shoot your arrow at glorious Menelaus,
and swear to wolf-born Apollo, the great archer,
that you will offer a sacrifice of first-born lambs
when you return home to the city of Zeleia.”

Athena’s words persuaded the foolish man
to take his polished bow made from the horn
of a wild ibex he himself had killed, waiting
in ambush for it to emerge, shooting it
in the chest, and driving it onto a cleft rock.
The ibex’s horns were sixteen hands in length,
and an artisan bound the horns together,
polished the bow, and topped it with a gold tip.
He set down the bow, bent it, and strung it,
and his comrades hid him behind their shields
so Achaea’s sons could not spring up before
warlike Menelaus, son of Atreus, was struck.
He opened the lid of his quiver, removed
a fresh, feathered arrow loaded with black pain,
fitted the piercing arrow into the bowstring,
and swore to wolf-born Apollo, the great archer,
that he would offer a sacrifice of first-born
lambs when he returned home to Zeleia.
He then drew the notched arrow to his chest
until the bow string met the iron arrowhead,
and when he stretched the great bow into a curve,
the bow sang, the bowstring cried, and the sharp-
pointed arrow flew eagerly through the throng.

But the blessed gods did not forget you,
Menelaus. First, Athena, driver of spoils,
stood before you and blocked the sharp arrow,
sweeping it away from your flesh like a mother
swatting a fly from her sweetly sleeping child.
She directed it down to where the golden
belt buckle and double breastplate overlapped.
The sharp arrow struck the finely-made buckle,
passed through the warrior’s elaborate belt,
forced its way into the well-wrought breastplate,
and tore into his greatest defense, the metal
band that protected the skin against spears.
So the tip of the arrow cut into the man’s skin,
and black blood began oozing from his wound.

Just as Maeonian and Carian women stain ivory
with dark red dye when making a cheekpiece
for horses—which many desire but cannot use
for it is stored away for the king’s delight alone,
to ornament his horse and glorify its driver—
so too was Menelaus stained in black blood
from thighs to shapely legs to ankles below.

Then Agamemnon, ruler of men, shuddered
in fear at the sight of black blood flowing
from the wound. Menelaus also shuddered,
but when he saw that the arrow’s barbs were
outside the flesh, his heart returned to his chest.
As the men moaned, lord Agamemnon gave
a heavy sigh, held Menelaus’ hand, and said:
“Brother, my oath has brought your death,
for I sent you alone to fight the Trojans for us,
and their strike has violated our sacred pact.
But no oath is worthless. We sacrificed sheep,
poured unmixed wine, and clasped right hands.
And even if the Olympian does not act at once,
he will eventually, and they will pay heavily
with their heads and the heads of their wives
and children. For I know this well in my mind
and heart: one day holy Ilios will be destroyed,
as well as Priam and those under his ashen spear.
Zeus, son of Cronos, on his throne in heaven,
will shake his dark aegis over them in anger
at their deceit; these things will come to be.
But my grief for you will be great, Menelaus,
if you die and use up your measure of life.
I would return to dry Argos in utter disgrace,
for the Achaeans would immediately look
to home, and Priam and the Trojans would
boast of Argive Helen. Your bones would rot
in a Trojan field with a task left unfinished,
and some arrogant Trojan will leap upon
the barrow of glorious Menelaus and say:
‘This is the result of Agamemnon’s rage:
he led his Achaean army here for nothing
and returned in empty ships to his dear
fatherland, leaving noble Menelaus behind.’
On that day, may the earth consume me.”

Cheering him, fair-haired Menelaus said:
“Take heart and do not frighten the Achaean
army, for my shining belt and the band under
it, made carefully for me by smiths, stopped
the sharp arrow before it hit a fatal spot.”

Lord Agamemnon answered him, saying:
“I hope that this is so, my dear Menelaus.
But the healer should examine the wound
and apply a drug to stop your dark pain.”

Then he told the herald, godlike Talthybius:
“Talthybius, quickly call Machaon, son
of Asclepius, the noble healer, to come here
and see warlike Menelaus, son of Atreus,
for some Trojan or Lycian bowman seeking
glory shot him with an arrow, to our dismay.”

So he said, and the herald heard and obeyed.
He roamed the bronze-clad Achaean army
for the hero Machaon and found him standing
with the mighty shield-bearing warriors who
followed him from the horselands of Tricca.
Talthybius stood beside him and said:
“Rise, son of Asclepius. Lord Agamemnon
calls you to warlike Menelaus, Achaean leader.
Some Trojan or Lycian bowman seeking
glory shot him with an arrow, to our dismay.”

So he said, stirring the heart of Machaon.
They raced through the wide Achaean army
to the spot where fair-haired Menelaus was
hit to find him surrounded by many leaders.
The healer, a godlike man, stood among them
and quickly pulled the arrow from his belt;
as he did this, the sharp barbs were broken
backwards. He then loosened the shining belt
and the band beneath it, made carefully for him
by smiths. When he saw the sharp arrow wound,
he sucked the blood out and sprinkled on it
a soothing drug Chiron once gave to his father.

As the great war-crier Menelaus was treated,
lines of shield-bearing Trojans approached,
and the Achaeans readied themselves for war.

You would not see noble Agamemnon sleeping
or cowering in fear or running from the fight,
for he was eager for battle and glory. He left
his snarling horses and well-wrought chariot
and ordered his attendant Eurymedon, son
of Ptolemaeus, who was the son of Piraeus,
to keep hold of them in case fatigue seized
his limbs while he commanded the army.
Then he went on foot through the regiments,
and when he saw Danaans on fleet horses eager
for battle, he would encourage them, saying:
“Fight on, fearless Argives—no holding back,
for father Zeus gives no aid to oath-breakers.
And those who first defy their oath and fight
shall surely get their soft flesh eaten by vultures,
and we will carry off on our ships their beloved
wives and children once we capture the city.”

But when he saw men holding back from war,
he showered them with harsh abuse, saying:
“Argive bowmen, have you no shame or honor?
Why are you standing there, neither moving
nor fighting? You look like helpless fawns who,
exhausted after racing across a wide plain,
stay still, their hearts stripped of all spirit.
Are you waiting for the Trojans to come near
the sterns of the ships beached by the grey sea,
hoping the hands of Zeus will protect you?”

While barking orders and reviewing the ranks
of soldiers, he came upon the Cretan warriors
as they readied for battle beside Idomeneus,
who led the front lines like a spirited wild boar
while Meriones urged on the lines in the rear.
Seeing them, king of men Agamemnon rejoiced,
and spoke to Idomeneus with calming words:
“Idomeneus, above all the Danaans with swift
horses do I honor you in war, in other work,
or at the feast where the Argive leaders mix
in a bowl the sparkling wine of the elders.
For although other long-haired Achaeans drink
their share, your cup remains full, like my own,
for you drink only when it suits you. So go
and prove your claims of great fighting true.”

Then Idomeneus, the Cretan chief, replied:
“Son of Atreus, I will be your most worthy
comrade, just as I promised you so long ago.
But stir up the other long-haired Achaeans
so we can finally begin the battle against
the oath-breaking Trojans, who shall suffer
death and grief for violating their sacred word.”

He spoke, and a pleased son of Atreus moved on,
passing many men before seeing both Ajaxes
gearing for war, a cloud of infantry behind them.
Think of a goatherd who sees a cloud passing
over the sea, pushed by the roaring West Wind.
From far off, the cloud appears pitch black;
knowing this heralds a great storm, the goatherd
shudders and drives his flock into a cave.
So it was that a thick phalanx of Zeus-blessed
youths moved behind the two Ajaxes, bound
for deadly war and brandishing spears and shields.
Seeing this sight, lord Agamemnon rejoiced,
and spoke to them with winged words, saying:
“Ajaxes, leaders of the bronze-clad Argives,
you need no urging, so I give you no orders;
for you push your men to fight with great force.
Father Zeus and Athena and Apollo, if all
my people’s souls possessed such courage,
then lord Priam’s city would quickly be bent
beneath our hands, utterly sacked and seized.”

So saying, he left them there and moved on
and soon found Nestor, the clear-toned Pylian
orator, who was urging his men to prepare
for battle, flanked by great Pelagon, Alastor,
Chromius, lord Haemon, and Bias, shepherd
of men. He put the charioteers and their horses
in front, set his best foot soldiers at the rear as
a bulwark, and drove the cowards to the middle,
forcing them to fight out of necessity. Nestor
spoke first to the charioteers, ordering them
to keep their horses away from the battle throng:
“Do not trust your horsemanship or valor and try
to fight the Trojans alone before help arrives,
and do not fall back or you will weaken the line.
If a charioteer reaches the chariot of a foe,
then it is better to lunge at him with your lance.
This is how men of old, men with strong
minds and valiant hearts, sacked walls and cities.”

So the old man inspired them with his battle
wisdom. Seeing him, lord Agamemnon rejoiced
and addressed him with winged words, saying:
“Old man, I wish that your knees and your vigor
were a match for the passion within your heart.
But old age has worn you down; if only others
had your many years, and you had their youth.”

Then Nestor, horseman of Gerenia, answered him:
“Son of Atreus, I too greatly wish I could again
be the man who once slew godlike Ereuthalion.
But the gods never grant men their every wish.
I was just a youth then but am now an old man,
but I will be with the charioteers, urging them
on with words of advice, for that is the gift of age.
Shooting spears is not for me but for younger men
who have confidence in their youthful strength.”

His words cheered the son of Atreus, who moved
on and soon came to the horseman Menestheus,
son of Peteos, standing with the war-crying
Athenians. Nearby, wily Odysseus stood,
and with him stood the relentless Cephallenians.
These men had not yet heard the battle cry,
for the lines of the horse-taming Trojans
and the Achaeans had just begun to move;
so they stood there, waiting for Achaean lines
to move upon the Trojans and start the battle.
Seeing them, the lord of men Agamemnon
became angry, telling them with winged words:
“Son of Peteos, Zeus-nourished king, and you,
Odysseus of the cunning tricks for greedy
gain, why do you two cower in fear, waiting
for others? You should be standing on the front
lines and charging into the blazing battle,
for you are always the first to hear my call
when the Achaeans ready a feast for the elders,
and you always love eating roasted meat
and drinking goblets of honey-sweet wine.
But now you happily watch as ten Achaean
troops fight the pitiless enemy in front of you.”

With a scowling look, wise Odysseus replied:
“Son of Atreus, what sort of words are these?
How can you say we hide from battle whenever
the Achaeans fight the horse-taming Trojans?
Should you bother to look, you will soon see
dear Telemachus’ father fighting the Trojans.
Thus your words are empty like the wind.”

When he saw his anger, lord Agamemnon
smiled and took back his words, telling him:
“Zeus-born son of Laertes, wily Odysseus,
I neither unduly reproach you nor order you,
for I know you think as I do, and the heart
in your chest beats in sync with my own.
So go, and if any wicked words were spoken
between us, then let the gods render them void.”

He finished and left them to go and see others.
Soon he found the son of Tydeus, Diomedes,
standing with his horse and well-built chariot,
and nearby was Sthenelus, son of Capaneus.
Seeing him, lord Agamemnon chastised him
and addressed him with winged words, saying:
“Alas, son of skilled horse-tamer Tydeus, why
do you cower while gazing at the battle lines?
Tydeus was never one to cower in this way
but would fight foes far ahead of his comrades—
according to those who saw him toil in battle,
for I myself never saw this greatest of men.
He once came to Mycenae, not as enemy
but as friend, to raise an army with godlike
Polynices for their fight against sacred Thebes,
begging that we may offer our service as allies.
We greatly desired to heed their call, but Zeus
sent ill omens to change our minds. So they
departed, headed up the road, and when
they came to the grassy banks of the Asopus,
the Achaeans sent Tydeus on a mission
to the sons of Cadmus. He left and soon found
them feasting in the house of mighty Eteocles.
And horseman Tydeus, though a stranger
alone among many Cadmeians, felt no
fear but challenged them to trials of strength,
and defeated them easily with Athena’s help.
This angered the skilled horsemen of Cadmus,
so as he headed back, they shrewdly set
an ambush of fifty men, including two leaders,
Maeon, son of Haemon, equal to the gods,
and stout Polyphontes, son of Autophonus.
But Tydeus sent them all to a dreadful end,
killing them and allowing only Maeon to return
home, obeying the will of the gods. This was
Tydeus of Aetolia, but his son is not his equal
in battle, though he is a better speaker.”

So he spoke, but Diomedes said nothing,
fearing the rebuke of the respected king.
So the noble son of Capaneus answered:
“Son of Atreus, do not lie, for you know
the truth. We are better than our fathers.
We took the seven-gated citadel of Thebes
with a smaller army beneath a stronger wall,
obeying the gods’ signs and aided by Zeus.
But our fathers were destroyed by their own folly
and do not deserve our well-earned honor.”[1]

With a scowl, mighty Diomedes said to him:
“Silence, my friend, and do as I say. I am
not angry at Agamemnon, shepherd of men,
for rousing the well-greaved Achaeans to battle.
Great glory shall follow if the Achaeans
slaughter the Trojans and seize Ilios, but great
grief will come if the Achaeans are slain.
For now, let us focus on war’s fierce fury.”

So saying, he leapt fully-armed from his chariot,
and the king’s bronze chest rattled with each
step, frightening even the stoutest of hearts.

Just as roaring waves, driven by the West Wind,
crash against the sea shore, the sea first rising
into a crest, then breaking with a great roar
onto dry land, crashing against arched peaks,
and spitting salt foam into the sky, so also did
the relentless Danaan battalions move as one
into the fight. Each leader ordered his men,
and each man followed behind in silence as if
he possessed no voice of his own, and all were
adorned with shining, well-wrought armor.
But the Trojans were like countless ewes
in the pens of wealthy men, waiting to be
milked and bleating incessantly when they
hear the voices of lambs. So stirred the war-
cries of the wide Trojan army, for they shared
no common language, came from many lands,
and spoke many tongues. The Trojans were
urged on by Ares, the Danaans by gleaming-
eyed Athena, and both were moved by Terror,
Fear, and Strife, sister of Ares, slayer of men:
small when first roused, but soon her head is high
in heaven and her feet are fixed on the earth.
She moved over the battle-throng hurling hatred
in all directions, intensifying the agony of men.

When both armies converged on one another,
the shields and spears of bronze-chested warriors
collided, their bossed shields pressed together,
and the many noises of battle filled the air.
Then came wailing and shouting by slayers
and slain, and rivers of blood covered the earth.
Just as winter storms bring torrents pouring down
mountains onto valley glens below, the waters
meeting and plunging into a hollow gorge,
and far off a mountain shepherd hears the roar,
so the cries and furies of war mingled as one.

Antilochus was the first to kill a Trojan warrior,
the skilled fighter Echepolus, son of Thalysius.
He struck him first on his helmet’s horsehair crest,
driving the spear into his forehead, and the copper
point bore into bone. His eyes then drew dark
and he toppled like a tower in the ferocious fight.
As he dropped, lord Elphenor, son of Chalcodon
and leader of the Abantes, caught him by the feet
and tried to drag him away from the missiles
so he could quickly strip the armor. But he did not
get far before great-hearted Agenor spotted him.
Seeing the man’s ribs exposed when he stooped,
he thrust his spear into his side, and his limbs
went limp, and his soul left him. Over his body,
the battle raged, Trojans and Achaeans leaping
at each other like wolves, man against man.

Then Telamonian Ajax struck Anthemion’s son,
the young, vigorous Simoeisius, whose mother
bore him by the river Simoïs while descending
down Mount Ida after visiting her family’s flocks.
Thus, he was called Simoeisius, but he would
never repay his parents for raising him, for his life
was cut short by the spear of great-hearted Ajax.
First the bronze spear struck on the right side
of his chest by the nipple, going straight
into his shoulder. He hit the ground like a poplar
tree growing at the bottom of a great marsh,
its trimmed trunk topped by many branches;
a chariot-maker cuts it down with a blazing axe
and uses it to fashion beautiful chariot wheels,
and now it lies drying on the banks of the river.
Thus did Zeus-born Ajax kill Anthemion’s son,
Simoeisius. Then the son of Priam, Antiphus,
threw a sharp spear at Ajax through the throng.
It missed him but hit Odysseus’ friend Leucus
in the groin as he was dragging the body away;
the corpse slipped from his hands and he fell.
Enraged by his death, Odysseus approached
the front lines, gleaming in his bronze armor.
He drew near them, glanced round, and threw
his shining spear. The Trojans drew back
from the warrior’s throw, but the shot did not
miss, striking Priam’s bastard son Democoon,
who came from Abydus, land of swift horses.
Odysseus, furious for his friend, shot the bronze
spear into his forehead, and it bore straight
through to the other side; his eyes drew dark,
and he fell with a thud, his armor rattling
his chest. Then the front ranks and great Hector
withdrew, and the Argives cried, took the bodies
away, and pressed on. Apollo, atop Pergamus,
watched with disgust, and shouted at the Trojans:
“Up, horse-taming Trojans. Do not give ground
to the Achaeans. Their skin is neither stone
nor iron, impervious to bronze. And Achilles,
son of the fair-haired Thetis, does not fight,
for he is on his ship nursing his hateful heart.”

So spoke the dreaded god, but the Achaeans
were urged on by noble Tritogeneia,[2] daughter
of Zeus, whenever she saw them giving ground.

Then Diores, son of Amarynceus, met his fate,
for a jagged boulder struck his right ankle,
thrown by the leader of the Thracians, Peirous,
son of Imbrasus, who had come from Ainos.
The reckless stone completely crushed both
tendons and bones, and he fell into the dust
backwards, his hand reaching for his comrades,
his breath fading. Then Peirous ran up to him
and speared him in the gut, and his bowels
gushed onto the ground, and his eyes drew dark.

As Peirous moved away, Thoas of Aetolia
speared him in the chest above the nipple,
and the bronze pierced his lungs. Then Thoas
took the mighty spear out of his chest, pulled
out his sharp sword, and stabbed him in the gut,
taking his life. But he could not strip the armor,
for he was surrounded by the Thracian’s long-
speared comrades, and though Thoas was brave,
mighty, and noble, they forced him back, and he
staggered away. So these two were left in the dust
beside one another, the Thracian and the bronze-
clad Aetolian, surrounded by the other dead.

No man could make light of the battle any longer,
even those unstruck and uninjured by the whirl
of sharp bronze or protected from the onrush
of missiles by the guiding hand of Pallas Athena,
for on this day many Trojans and Achaeans
lay beside each other, their faces in the dust.

Sthenelus here is referring to the second Theban war, also called the Epigoni (for “offspring”), where the sons of the Seven Against Thebes (including Diomedes and Sthenelus) avenged the deaths of their fathers and retook Thebes. ↵

This is one of Athena’s titles, but its origin and meaning is still unclear. It could suggest “Triton-born,” but that would make Athena the daughter of Triton, messenger of the sea. More probably, it refers to the area around the river Triton in Boeotia, which was home to an Athenian cult. ↵

Book 5

Then Pallas Athena gave Tydeus’ son Diomedes
the courage and confidence to distinguish
himself among all Achaeans and to win glory.[1]
She lit his helmet and shield ablaze with endless
fire, like a harvest-time star that shines brightest
of all when bathing in the ocean stream.
She set this blaze upon his head and shoulders
and sent him where the fighting was fiercest.

Now Dares, a rich and honorable Trojan
and a priest of Hephaestus, had two sons,
Phegeus and Idaeus, both skilled in fighting.
These two split from the army and attacked
Diomedes, they in chariots and he on foot.
When they drew closer to one another,
Phegeus hurled his far-shadowing spear,
but it sailed over Diomedes’ left shoulder,
missing him. Then Tydeus’ son sent his spear
flying from his hand, hit Phegeus in the chest,
and knocked him from his chariot. Idaeus
leaped off his chariot but lacked the courage
to defend his brother’s body. And he would
have met that same black fate had Hephaestus
not concealed him in darkness, saving him
and sparing his aged father from further grief.
But great-hearted Diomedes claimed the horses,
and his men drove them to the hollow ships.
When the great-hearted Trojans saw the two
sons of Dares, one in flight and the other slain,
their hearts broke; but gleaming-eyed Athena
seized Ares by the hands and said to him:
“Ares, Ares, blood-stained destroyer of men,
let us leave the Trojans and Achaeans to fight,
so father Zeus may grant glory as he sees fit,
while we retire and avoid his wrath.”

She then made furious Ares leave the battle,
sit by the river Scamander’s banks, and watch
as the Trojans retreated and the Danaan
leaders slew their men. First Agamemnon threw
from his chariot a fleeing Odius, the Halizones
leader, fixing his spear into his back between
the shoulders and thrusting it through his chest.
And Odius fell with a thud, his armor clanging.

Then spear-famed Idomeneus slew Phaistos,
son of Borus the Maeonian, who came
from fertile Tarne; he was struck on his right
shoulder while mounting his horses and fell
from his chariot as dread death took him.

As Idomeneus’ men stripped Phaestus’ armor,
Menelaus, son of Atreus, used his sharp spear
to slay Strophius’ son, Scamandrius, a skilled
hunter whom Artemis herself taught to shoot all
kinds of wild beasts that grow in the mountain
forest. But Artemis, shedder of arrows, could not
help him, nor could his superior archery skill;
for, as he ran away, famed spearman Menelaus,
son of Atreus, thrust his spear into his back
between the shoulders and drove it into his chest;
and he fell face-first, his armor clanging.

And Meriones slew Phereclus, son of Harmon
the smith; beloved by Pallas Athena, his hands
made many fine items—including Alexander’s
stellar ships, the seeds of mischief that brought
misery to all Troy and to Phereclus himself,
who did not know the decree of the gods.
Meriones chased him, caught him, and speared
him in the right buttocks, the spear-point going
straight past the bone and into his bladder.
He fell to his knees and cried as death covered him.

And Meges slew Pedaeus, Antenor’s bastard son,
reared with care by Theano like her own dear
children so as to please her husband. Phyleus’
spear-famed son came near, pierced the base
of his neck with his sharp spear, and then drove
the spear straight into the teeth, slicing his tongue.
He fell to the dust, his teeth biting cold bronze.

And Eurypylus, Euaemon’s son, slew noble
Hypsenor, son of great-hearted Dolopion,
the Scamander priest who was honored like
a god by the people. Famed Eurypylus pursued
Hypsenor as he fled from him, striking his sword
in his shoulder and severing his heavy arm.
The blood-red stump dropped to the ground as
dark death and unrelenting fate fell over his eyes.

As they toiled away in fierce combat,
you could not tell whether Diomedes
fought for the Trojan army or the Achaean,
for he ran across the plain like a winter storm
from Zeus that swells a river until its waters
suddenly burst beyond the embankment
and scatter unchecked over the fortified walls
of a flourishing vineyard, thus destroying
the many beautiful works made by men.
In this way the dense Trojan ranks were driven
to disorder and despair by the son of Tydeus.

But when Lycaon’s[2] noble son saw him run
about, sending the battle lines into chaos,
he quickly bent his bow and struck a charging
Diomedes on the right shoulder. The sharpened
arrow pierced the corselet’s front plate and flew
clean through, spattering the armor with blood.
And Pandarus, noble Lycaon’s son, cried out:
“Rise up, great-hearted Trojan horsemen!
The best of the Achaeans has been hit, and he
will not endure that arrow for long, if Apollo,
son of Zeus, truly sent me here from Lycia.”

So he said in triumph, but the missile did not
kill Diomedes, who drew back and stood before
his chariot and said to Sthenelus, son of Capaneus:
“Come, dear Sthenelus, leap from your chariot
and pull this sharp arrow from my shoulder.”

At once Sthenelus leapt from his chariot, stood
beside him, and pushed the arrow clean through
his shoulder as blood burst through the loose tunic.
Then great war-crier Diomedes offered a prayer:
“Hear me, Atrytone,[3] child of aegis-bearing Zeus.
If you ever kindly came to the aid of my father
in deadly battle, then honor me now, Athena.
Grant this man to come within range of my spear
so I may slay him, this man who blindsided me
and brags that I am not long to see the sun’s light.”

So he prayed, and Pallas Athena heard him
and lightened his limbs, feet, and hands above.
Then she came and stood beside him and said:
“Have courage, Diomedes, as you fight
the Trojans. I have put in your chest the might
of your father, fearless Tydeus, horseman
of the great shield, and I have lifted the mist
from your eyes so you can clearly distinguish god
from man. Do not fight face-to-face against any
immortal god who might try to test you, but if
the daughter of Zeus, Aphrodite, enters the fray,
then you may stab her with your sharp bronze.”

So gleaming-eyed Athena said and departed,
and the son of Tydeus returned to the front
ranks. He had fought the Trojans eagerly before,
but now three times more fury took hold, as when
a shepherd protecting his flock injures a fence-
jumping lion; rather than killing him, the wound
increases his strength, forcing the shepherd
to retreat into the farmhouse while the sheep are
routed, their bloodied bodies heaped into piles,
after which the lion leaps back over the fence.
Thus did Diomedes bring fury to the Trojans.

Then he slew Astynous and Hyperion, herder
of men: one with his bronze spear above the nipple,
the other with his great sword on the collarbone,
severing his shoulder from the neck to the back.
He left them to pursue Abas and Polyidus,
sons of the elderly dream diviner Eurydamas;
the old man could no longer read their dreams,
for mighty Diomedes had slain them. Then he
went after Xanthus and Thoön, beloved sons
of Phaenops, who was worn with woe in his old age,
for he sired no other sons to inherit his property.
Diomedes killed them, stripping them of their souls,
and Phaenops wailed in grief over his wretched loss,
since he could not welcome them home from war
and distant kin would inherit his possessions.

Then he killed Dardanian Priam’s two sons,
Echemmon and Chromius, both in the same chariot.
Like a lion leaping onto a herd and breaking
the neck of a calf or cow as it grazes in a pasture,
so the son of Tydeus harshly forced them
from their chariot, stripped their armor, and gave
their horses to his men to drive to the ships.

Aeneas saw Diomedes decimating the ranks
and set out into the chaos of soldiers and spears
in hopes of finding godlike Pandarus.
Finding the brave and bold son of Lycaon,
he came and stood before him and said to him:
“Pandarus, where are your bow, your winged
arrows, and your unmatched skill that cannot
be equaled in this land or in Lycia? Come,
lift your hands in prayer and shoot an arrow
at this mighty man who has harmed the Trojans
by breaking many great men at the knees—
unless he is a wrathful god angry at the Trojans
over some sacrifice, for a god’s wrath is deadly.”

Then the shining son of Lycaon replied:
“Aeneas, bronze-clad counselor of the Trojans,
the man resembles the skilled son of Tydeus
for he has his shield, his helmet’s hollowed eyes,
and his horses; still, I cannot say if he is man
or god. But if he is the skilled warrior Diomedes,
then some immortal god with shoulders wrapped
in clouds must be beside him, deflecting
my speedy arrow just as it was to strike him.
Just now I shot my missile into his right shoulder,
and it drove straight through his hollow armor;
I said that I would send him to Aïdoneus,[4]
but it did not end him; and now a god is furious.
Neither horses nor chariot are available to me,
but there are eleven beautiful chariots in Lycaon’s
great halls, all newly-made and covered in cloth;
and beside each one stands a pair of yoked
horses feeding on light barley and oats.
In fact, as I was leaving our stately home,
the old warrior Lycaon gave me stern orders:
that I should mount the horses and chariot
and lead the Trojans into the fury of battle,
but I did not obey, as would have been best.
I feared the horses would suffer in the crunch
of men, for they were used to eating their fill.
I left them behind and came to Ilios on foot,
trusting in my bow—but it was no help. I have
already shot at two great leaders, the sons
of Tydeus and Atreus, hitting both and drawing
blood, but this only angered them. Thus it
was a dreadful day when I took my curved
bow from its peg and led my Trojans to lovely
Ilios as a favor to noble Hector. If I ever return
home and set my eyes upon my father’s land,
my wife, and my high-roofed home, then let
some stranger sever my head from my neck
if I do not break my bow in half with my hands
and toss it in a blazing fire, for it is useless to me.”

The Trojan leader Aeneas then replied to him:
“Do not speak in this way; things will not improve
until we secure horses and chariots and fight
this man face-to-face, weapon against weapon.
Instead, mount my chariot, so you may see
what the Trojan horses are like as they dash
back and forth across the plain, either charging
or fleeing. They will bring us safely to the city,
should Zeus again grant favor to Diomedes,
son of Tydeus. So take the whip and glistening
reins and I will dismount from the horses to fight;
or you fight this man, and I will take the horses.”

Then the noble son of Lycaon answered him:
“Aeneas, you hold the reins and drive the horses
for they are used to your driving of the curved
chariot, and if we need to flee from Diomedes
and the horses do not hear your voice, they may
run wild with fear and forget to carry us from battle;
then the great-hearted son of Tydeus will rush us,
kill us, and drive off the single-footed horses.
But if you drive your chariot and your horses,
then I will meet his attack with my sharp spear.”

So they mounted the well-made chariot
and drove the swift horses against the son
of Tydeus. Seeing them, Sthenelus, noble
son of Capaneus, quickly said to Diomedes:
“Son of Tydeus, Diomedes, dear to my heart,
I see two mighty men with unmeasured strength
eager to fight you. One is the skilled bowman
Pandarus who boasts of being Lycaon’s son;
the other is Aeneas who boasts that his father
is noble Anchises and his mother Aphrodite.
Come, let us draw back in our chariot and not
rush to the front—or you may lose your life.”

With a scowling glance, Diomedes replied:
“You will never persuade me to flee, for it is
not in my nature to shirk from a fight or cower
in fear, and my might is unimpaired. I will
not mount the chariot but will face them
as I am, for Pallas Athena will not let me flee.
But the swift horses of these men will not carry
them away from us, even if one escapes. And I
will tell you another thing, and take it to heart:
if Athena of many counsels grants me the honor
of killing them both, you must hold our swift
horses here, tether the reins to the chariot’s rail,
make a rush for Aeneas’ horses, and drive them
from the Trojans to the well-greaved Achaeans,
for they are from the stock given to Troy
by Zeus in payment for his son Ganymede:
the finest of all horses under the sun. King
of men Anchises stole them and bred them
with his mares without Laomedon’s knowledge.
Six of this fine breed were born to his house;
he kept four, rearing them in his manger,
and gave these two devisers of doom to Aeneas.
If we take them, we will win great glory.”

While they were speaking to one another,
the Trojans drove their swift horses ever closer,
and the shining son of Lycaon said to Diomedes:
“Son of noble Tydeus, stout-hearted and fierce,
my bitter arrow did not defeat you before,
so now I will see if my spear can hit its mark.”

He hurled his long-shadowed spear and struck
the shield of Tydeus’ son, and the bronze point
cut through the shield and hit the breastplate.
And the glorious son of Lycaon cried out:
“You are hit clean through the flank and will not
last long, I think; but you have given me glory.”

Mighty Diomedes was unafraid, saying to him:
“You missed me, but you two will not escape
until one of you has fallen and steady-shielded
warrior Ares has taken his fill of your blood.”

He then threw, and Athena directed the spear
at Pandarus’ nose and eye, and the sturdy bronze
shattered his white teeth and cut off his tongue.
The point came out at the base of his chin,
and he fell from the chariot, his flashing armor
rattling. The frightened horses quickly jolted
aside as his soul and strength abandoned him.

Aeneas darted down with his shield and long spear,
fearing the Achaeans would drag the body away.
Like a proud, powerful lion, he stood over him,
holding out his spear and well-balanced shield,
waiting to kill any who came near, and uttering
a terrible cry. But Tydeus’ son grabbed a large
boulder no two mortal men of today could lift,
though he easily lifted it by himself. He hurled
this and hit Aeneas on the hip where the thigh
meets the hip joint, a place men call the cup.
The jagged stone smashed the cup, severing both
tendons and cutting away the skin, and the hero fell
to his knees and stayed there, leaning on the dirt
with his strong hands as darkness covered his eyes.

And Aeneas, lord of men, would have died
but for the keen eyes of his mother, Aphrodite,
Zeus’ daughter, who bore him to Anchises, the ox-
herder; she threw her white arms around her dear
son and put a fold of her shining robe in front
of him as a shield should any mounted Danaan
try to spear him in the chest and take his soul.

She removed her beloved son from the battle,
but Capaneus’ son did not forget his promise
to great-shouter Diomedes. He took his single-
hoofed horses from the chaos and tethered
their reins to the chariot rail; then he went
after Aeneas’ flowing-maned horses, drove
them from the Trojans to the well-greaved
Achaeans, and gave them to his dear friend
Deïpylos, whose heart he prized above all
others, and he drove them to the hollow ships.
Then Sthenelus mounted his chariot, took
the reins, and drove his strong-hoofed horse
in pursuit of Tydeus’ son, who was chasing
the lady of Kypros[5] with his ruthless bronze,
for he knew her to be a weak goddess, not one
to dominate in battle like Athena or Enyo,
sacker of cities. When he caught up to her
in the battle throng, great-hearted Diomedes
thrust his sharp spear at her, and the bronze
tip tore into the ambrosial cloth made for her
by the Graces themselves, cutting her skin
on the palm of her gentle hand; out flowed
ichor, the blood of the gods, for they do not
eat food or drink sparkling wine and so are
bloodless and are called immortals. She cried
out in pain and dropped her son, but Phoebus
Apollo saved him in his arms, hiding him
in a dark mist so the swift-horse Danaans
could not spear his chest and end his life.
But war-crier Diomedes shouted at her:
“Give up this war and chaos, daughter of Zeus.
Is deceiving weak women not enough for you?
If you join the battle regularly, you will dread
the word war even when spoken from afar.”

He spoke, and she left in agony; wind-swift
Iris led her from the battle, consumed by pain,
her beautiful skin blackened. Soon she found
furious Ares sitting to the left of the battle,
his spear leaning on a cloud near two swift
horses; she fell to one knee and begged her dear
brother for his horses with golden frontlets:
“Save me, dear brother. Give me your horses,
so I can go to Olympus, the home of the gods.
I am in pain, wounded by a mortal, the son
of Tydeus, who now could challenge even Zeus.”

So Ares gave her the horses with golden frontlets,
and she took her grieving heart and boarded
the chariot. Iris followed her, took the reins,
whipped the horses into a gallop, and soon
arrived at their home on steep Olympus.
Quick-footed Iris tethered and unyoked
the horses and fed them ambrosial fodder,
and Aphrodite fell to the knees of Dione,
her mother, who held her daughter in her arms
and caressed her with her hands, asking:
“Dear child, which of the gods has harmed you,
as if you were doing wicked deeds before all?”

And ever-smiling Aphrodite answered her:
“Tydeus’ son, arrogant Diomedes, wounded me,
for I was carrying away from battle my dear son
Aeneas, whom I love more than any other mortal.
This is no longer a bitter battle between Trojans
and Achaeans, for the Danaans fight like gods.”

Then glorious goddess Dione said to her:
“My child, be strong and endure your suffering,
for many who dwell on Olympus have suffered
at men’s hands when we inflict pain on one
another. Ares suffered when Aloeus’ sons, Otos
and mighty Ephialtes, chained him in powerful
bonds and encased him in a bronze jar for thirteen
months; and Ares, unbeatable in war, might
have died had his stepmother, the fair Eëriboia,
not brought word to Hermes, who rescued Ares,
now greatly weakened by the powerful bonds.
Hera also suffered when Amphitryon’s mighty
son shot her in the right breast with a three-
barbed arrow, bringing her unbearable pain.
Hades, too, suffered a swift arrow when this
same man, son of aegis-bearing Zeus, shot him
among the dead of Pylos, bringing him agony.
Still, he went to Zeus’ house on high Olympus,
his heart pierced with untold pain and his soul
distressed, for the arrow was driven into his stout
shoulder. But Paean applied an herb that eased
his pain and healed him, for he was not of mortal
stock. Hard-hearted and unafraid of unseemly
violence, Herakles hurt the Olympian gods
with his arrows. Bright-eyed Athena set Tydeus’
son upon you, but his foolish mind does not know
that no man lives long fighting with the gods,
nor do his children come and sit at his knees
after he returns from fighting a dreaded war.
The son of Tydeus may be very strong, but he
must watch out lest he fight one stronger than
you, or Aegialeia, wise daughter of Adrastus
and fair wife of horse-taming Diomedes,
will awaken her dear servants with cries
for her husband, the best of the Achaeans.”

With both hands, she wiped Aphrodite’s arms
of ichor, healing her and stemming the pain.
But Athena and Hera looked on and mocked
Zeus, son of Cronos, hoping to provoke him,
and gleaming-eyed Athena was first to speak:
“Father Zeus, would you be angry if I spoke?
It seems that the lady of Kypros is urging some
Achaean women to follow her much-beloved
Trojans, and as she caressed these women’s fair
robes, she tore her hand on a golden brooch.”

Hearing this, the father of gods and men smiled
and called to golden Aphrodite, saying to her:
“You, my child, are not meant to wage war
but to attend to the delights of marriage,
so leave warcraft to swift Ares and Athena.”

As these gods were talking to one another,
war-crier Diomedes attacked Aeneas. Though
he knew Apollo’s hands protected him, he was
too eager to kill Aeneas and strip off his fine
armor to stand in awe of the great god. Three
times he attempted to attack and kill him,
and three times Apollo fended off his shining
shield. But as he made his fourth godlike attack,
Apollo called out to him with a terrible cry:
“Take thought and give up, son of Tydeus.
You are not a god, and men who walk the earth
can never equal the race of immortals.”

So he said, and Diomedes stepped back
slightly to avoid far-shooter Apollo’s wrath.
Then Apollo took Aeneas out of the throng
and sent him to his temple in sacred Pergamus.
Here, Leto and Artemis, shedder of arrows,
healed his wounds in the grand sanctuary.
But silver-bowed Apollo fashioned a phantom
in the likeness of Aeneas, armor and all.
Around this, Trojans and noble Achaeans
hacked at one another and at their round, ox-
hide shields and at their light, fluttering bucklers.
Then Phoebus Apollo called to furious Ares:
“Ares, Ares, destroyer of men and blood-stained
stormer of walls, can you not hold back Tydeus’
son, who would now fight father Zeus himself?
He first wounded Kypros on the hand, near
the wrist, and then went after me like a god.”

He spoke and seated himself atop Pergamus
while cruel Ares joined the Trojan ranks
disguised as swift Acamas, the Thracian leader,
and stirred the noble sons of Priam, saying:
“Sons of noble King Priam, for how long
will you allow the Achaeans to kill your men?
Will it be until they reach our well-built gates?
Lying dead is one we honored like noble Hector:
Aeneas, son of great-hearted Anchises. Come,
let us retrieve our comrade from the battlefield.”

His words stirred each man’s strength and spirit.
Then Sarpedon strongly scolded noble Hector:
“Hector, where has your once mighty rage gone?
You once said you could hold the city without
allies, just your brothers and sister’s husbands.
But I see none of them here now, for they are
off cowering in fear like dogs around lions
while we mere allies do all of the fighting.
For I am an ally who comes from afar,
from distant Lycia by the eddying Xanthos.
There I left my beloved wife, my infant son,
and my riches—things all men desire.
Still, I urge on the Lycians and am anxious
myself to fight my foe, though I have nothing
for the Achaeans to carry away as spoils.
But you stand there and do not even urge
your men to remain and defend their wives.
Watch out or you will all be caught in the mesh
of a net and become spoils for our enemy
who will then quickly sack your strong city.
Concern yourself with all this day and night
and beg the leaders of your famed allies
to hold their ground and silence this rebuke.”

Sarpedon’s words hit Hector in the heart;
at once, he lept to the ground from his chariot
wielding two spears and ran through the army
urging all to fight and waking the din of war.
His men whirled about to face the Achaeans,
but the Argives fearlessly stood their ground.
Just as wind carries chaff over holy threshing
floors where men winnow, and fair Demeter
sends bursts of wind to separate grain from chaff
until the chaff becomes white, so the Achaean
faces became white under clouds of dust stirred
to the brazen heavens by their horses’ hooves
as charioteers spun around to rejoin the fighting.
Strong hands drove them forward, and furious
Ares was everywhere, shrouding the battle
in night to aid the Trojans, fulfilling the charge
of Phoebus Apollo of the golden sword, who
ordered him to rouse the Trojans when he saw
Pallas Athena depart, for she aided the Danaans.
Then Apollo sent Aeneas away from the rich
sanctuary and filled his breast with vigor.
Aeneas joined his comrades, and they rejoiced
to see him alive, safe and sound and full
of vigor; but they did not question him, too
occupied by the toil brought by the silver bow,
by murderous Ares, and by ceaseless Strife.

Then both Ajaxes, Odysseus, and Diomedes
all pressed the Danaans to fight, since they
themselves feared neither the Trojan might
nor their attacks. Like unmoving clouds placed
atop lofty mountains by Cronos’ son when
the North Wind and other furious winds sleep,
winds that blow whistling cries over shadowy
clouds and scatter them, so the Danaans stood
firm and unflinching against the Trojans.
And Atreus’ son went among them, calling out:
“Be men, my friends. Take your fill of courage
and respect each other in the fierce fighting.
When men show respect, more are saved than slain,
and no glory comes from fleeing, nor any defense.”

So he said and quickly hurled a spear, striking
great-hearted Aeneas’ comrade, Deïcoön, son
of Pergasus, honored by the Trojans like a son
of Priam for his readiness to fight on the front
lines. Lord Agamemnon threw his spear at him,
and the bronze spear tip hit his shield and drove
straight through his belt and into his lower belly,
and he crashed to the ground, his armor clanging.

Then Aeneas slew two great Danaan warriors,
the sons of Diocles, Crethon and Orsilochus.
Diocles lived a wealthy life in well-built Pheres,
and was descended from the river Alpheius,
whose streams flow wide through Pylian lands.
Alpheius was the father of Orsilochus, ruler
of men, and Orsilochus fathered great-hearted
Diocles, to whom were born twin sons, Crethon
and Orsilochus, skilled warriors both. When
they came of age, they joined the Argive black
ships headed to Ilios, land of horses, seeking
recompense for Agamemnon and Menelaus,
the sons of Atreus; but death intervened.
In the same way that two mountain lions,
raised by their mother in a deep, dark woods,
will prey upon cattle and well-grown sheep
and will lay waste to the homes of herders
until they are killed by men with sharp swords,
so too were these two bested by the hands
of Aeneas, and so they fell like tall fir trees.

But warlike Menelaus pitied the slain and strode
past the front lines armed in gleaming bronze,
carrying a spear, and stirred on by Ares, who
hoped he might be killed by Aeneas’ hands.
But Antilochus, great-hearted Nestor’s son,
saw him and followed, fearing the shepherd
of men might be harmed, thereby frustrating
all of their efforts. As the men faced each other,
their sharp spears extended and ready for battle,
Antilochus came and stood beside Menelaus.
Aeneas, though a swift fighter, did not remain
when he saw two men standing firm before him.
So these two pulled the dead to the Achaean
army, left the unlucky men in their comrades’
hands, and then returned to the front lines.

These two then slew Ares-blessed Pylaemenes,
the great-hearted Paphlagonian warrior chief.
He stood his ground, but Menelaus, Atreus’ son,
shot his famed spear straight into his collar-bone.
Then Antilochus hurled a stone at his charioteer,
Mydon, noble son of Atymnius, who was turning
his horses. It hit his elbow, and the ivory reins
fell from his hands and dropped to the dust.
Antilochus then charged and drove his sword
into his temple; Mydon gasped and tumbled
from the chariot, landed headfirst in deep sand,
and stayed there until his horses’ hooves trampled
him into the dust. Then Antilochus whipped
the horses and drove them to the Achaean army.

Hector saw them across the ranks and rushed
after them, crying out, and the mighty Trojan
battalions followed. Ares and queen Enyo led
them: she carried the shameless chaos of war
while he held a monstrous spear in his hands,
moving first ahead of Hector, then behind.

Seeing him, war-crier Diomedes shuddered.
Just as a man crossing a plain stops helplessly
before a swift-running river flowing to the sea,
watches it roar and foam, and steps back,
so Tydeus’ son drew back, telling his men:
“My friends, we all marvel at godlike Hector’s
skill with the spear and his boldness in battle,
but a god is always nearby, protecting him.
Now it is Ares disguised as a mortal man,
so keep facing the Trojans as you give
ground, and do not seek battle with the gods.”

So he said as the Trojans closed in on them.
Then Hector killed Menesthes and Anchialus,
two skilled fighters riding in the same chariot.
As they fell, great Telamonian Ajax felt pity;
standing close by, he hurled his shining spear,
hitting Amphius, son of Selagus, a rich man
from Paesus who owned many cornfields,
but fate led him to ally with Priam and his sons.
Ajax hit the man below his belt, the long-
shadowed spear stuck into his lower belly,
and he fell with a thud. As shining Ajax rushed
to strip his armor, the Trojans showered him
with sharp spears, but his shield caught many.
He put his foot on the corpse and pulled out
the bronze spear, but the rain of missiles
prevented him from stripping the fine armor.
He feared the powerful defense of the brave,
spear-wielding Trojan lords who faced him,
and though he was strong, noble, and brave,
they forced him back, and he retreated, stumbling.

As the two armies continued their struggle,
Tlepolemus, son of Heracles, mighty and tall,
was roused by resistless fate against godlike
Sarpedon. When the two drew closer—one
a son, the other a grandson of cloud-gatherer
Zeus—Tlepolemus spoke first, saying to him:
“Sarpedon, advisor to the Lycians, why are
you here, cowering in fear? You cannot fight.
Those calling you the progeny of aegis-bearing
Zeus must be lying, for you are nothing like
those men sprung from the gods in days of old.
Such a man, they say, was mighty Herakles,
my father, bold of spirit and lion-hearted,
who once came here for Laomedon’s horses
with just six ships and a few men, but still he
sacked Ilios and desolated the city’s streets.
But you are a coward, and your men perish;
your coming here from Lycia could never aid
Troy, no matter your strength, for I will defeat
you and send you through the gates of Hades.”

In reply, Sarpedon, the Lycian leader, said:
“Tlepolemus, Herakles did destroy sacred Ilios
thanks to the recklessness of lordly Laomedon
who rewarded his noble deeds with insults
and withheld the horses he came so far to get.
But your only reward from me today will be
black death by my hands, and you will honor
me as my spear sends your soul to Hades.”

So said Sarpedon as the other raised his ashen
spear, and at the same time, both men hurled
their long spears. Sarpedon hit Tlepolemus
square in the neck; the pont sliced clean through,
and black night enveloped his eyes like a shroud.
And Tlepolemus’ long spear hit Sarpedon’s
left thigh; the point passed through and grazed
the bone, but his father kept death at bay.

Then godlike Sarpedon’s noble comrades carried
him out of the battle, the heavy spear dragging
behind him. In their haste, they did not think
to draw the ashen spear from his thigh so he could
stand—such was the difficulty of handling him.

On the other side, well-greaved Achaeans carried
Tlepolemus from battle as noble, stout-hearted
Odysseus watched, his soul burning with rage.
He pondered in his mind and heart whether
to chase after the son of loud-thundering
Zeus or to take more Lycians lives. But fate did
not decree for great-hearted Odysseus to slay
the noble son of Zeus with his sharp spear,
so Athena turned his mind to the Lycian forces,
and he killed Coeranus, Alastor, Chromius,
Alcandrus, Halius, Noëmon, and Prytanis.
And Odysseus would have killed more Lycians
had gleaming-helmed Hector not spotted him.
He tore through the front lines, terrifying
the Danaans, but Sarpedon, son of Zeus,
rejoiced at his approach, and said to him:
“Son of Priam, do not let the Danaans prey
upon me—protect me! Should I die, let it be
in your city, for I am not fated to return
to my home in my beloved fatherland
to comfort my dear wife and infant son.”

So he said, but Hector of the gleaming helm
hurried past without reply, for he was intent
on driving the Argives back and taking many
lives. But godlike Sarpedon’s comrades sat him
under a sacred oak of aegis-bearing Zeus,
and mighty Pelagon, his dear friend, pushed
the ashen spear through and out of his thigh.
A mist fell over his eyes and he breathed his last,
but then a North Wind gust blew over him,
returning the spirit he had so painfully lost.

But the Argives, pressed by Ares and bronze-clad
Hector, did not turn and flee to the black ships
or stand and fight but drew ever backwards,
for they knew Ares was with the Trojans.

Who was the first and who was last to be slain
by Priam’s son Hector and brazen Ares?
Godlike Teuthras was first, followed by horse-
driver Orestes, the Aetolian warrior Trechus,
Oenomaus, Oenops’ son Helenus, and Oresbius
of the glancing guard, who lived in Hyle by lake
Cephisian, worried for his wealth; and near
him other Boeotians lived in rich, fertile lands.

When golden-haired goddess Hera noticed
them killing the Argives in fierce battle,
she quickly spoke winged-words to Athena:
“Well, child of aegis-bearing Zeus, Atrytone,
our pledge to Menelaus—that he return home
after sacking well-walled Ilios—will be in vain
if we allow deadly Ares to rage in this way.
Come, let us focus on our own fighting fury.”

She spoke, and gleaming-eyed Athena obeyed.
Goddess Hera, eldest daughter of Cronos,
harnessed the gold-filleted horses, and Hebe
quickly put the bronze chariot’s curved, eight-
spoked wheels onto the iron axle. The felloes
were made of imperishable gold and fitted
with bronze tires, a wonder to look upon,
and silver naves spun round on both sides.
The cart was plated with silver and gold
straps with two rails circling it. The chariot’s
pole was silver, and on its end Hebe bound
the fine gold yoke and fastened the golden
harness; and beneath the yoke, Hera led
the swift-footed horses, eager for battle.

But Athena, daughter of aegis-bearing Zeus,
let fall on her father’s floor her ornamented
robe, which she herself had made, donned
the tunic of cloud-gathering Zeus, and armed
herself for the miseries of war. She threw
about her shoulder the tasseled, terrible aegis,
crowned by Panic, Strife, Strength, and cold
Pursuit, and in the center was the head
of the Gorgon, terrible and dire, a portent
of aegis-bearing Zeus. On her head she set
a helmet with two horns and four gold plates
embossed with soldiers from a hundred cities.
Then she stepped onto the fiery chariot
and seized the heavy, strong spear used to rout
the ranks of men who anger a mighty sire’s
daughter. Hera lashed the horses with her whip,
and heaven’s gates groaned open by order
of the Hours, who control whether the thick
clouds of Olympus are opened or closed.
They held their horses steady through the gates
and found the son of Cronos sitting alone
on the topmost peak of rocky Olympus.
White-armed goddess Hera held her horses
and spoke to Zeus, Cronos’ son, asking him:
“Father Zeus, are you not angered by Ares
senselessly slaughtering so many Achaeans
just to spite me, while Kypros and Apollo
of the silver bow sit back and delight in inciting
this foolish maniac with no sense of justice?
Father Zeus, would it anger you if I strike
Ares painfully and drive him from battle?”

Then cloud-gatherer Zeus answered, saying:
“Go and send Athena, driver of spoils, against
him, for she is best able to bring him pain.”

So he said, and white-armed Hera did not
disobey but whipped her horses, who eagerly
flew between the earth and the starry skies.
As far as a man on a mountain can see while
gazing into the haze over the wine-dark sea,
so far do the roaring horses of the gods leap
in a single bound. When they came to Troy,
where the Simoïs and Scamander rivers join,
white-armed goddess Hera stayed her horses,
unyoked them, and covered them in a thick mist;
and Simoïs made ambrosia for them to graze on.

Though eager to protect the Achaean warriors,
the goddesses stepped forward like timid doves
until they came to the place where the bravest
and best men were gathered around mighty
horse-tamer Diomedes like ravenous lions
or wild boars whose strength never waivers.
White-armed goddess Hera stood there, disguised
as great-hearted, brazen Stentor whose voice
was as great as fifty men, and she cried out:
“Argives, fair to behold but disgraceful in deed!
When noble Achilles fought in battle, the Trojans
could not get past the Dardanian gates, so afraid
were they of the man’s mighty spear; but now
they fight at the hollow ships, far from the city.”

Her words stirred each man’s strength and spirit.
But gleaming-eyed Athena rushed to Diomedes
and found the king beside his horses and chariot
cooling the arrow wound given him by Pandarus.
The sweat under the broad strap of his rounded
shield troubled him and his arm was weary, so he
lifted the strap and wiped away the black blood.
The goddess seized the horses’ yoke and said:
“Diomedes, you are not much like your father.
Tydeus was small in size but a true fighter.
Once he left the Achaeans and went alone
to Thebes as an envoy among the Cadmeians.
I ordered him to feast at ease in their halls
and not to fight or distinguish himself,
but his stout heart challenged the Cadmeian
youth and easily defeated them all—thanks
to the help I provided him. Now I also stand
beside you, protect you, and urge you to fight
earnestly against the Trojans, for either fighting
has made your limbs fall weak or terror has
drained your spirit. Truly, you are no child
of Tydeus, the son of wise Oeneus.”

In reply to her, mighty Diomedes said:
“I know you, daughter of aegis-bearing Zeus,
and so will speak honestly and hide nothing.
Neither lifeless terror nor hesitance hold me;
rather, I obey your order not to fight face-
to-face with the blessed gods unless Aphrodite,
daughter of Zeus, joins the battle, in which
case I can pierce her with my sharp bronze.
This is why I have drawn back and have
ordered the Argives to gather beside me here;
for I know that it is Ares who leads the fight.”

Then gleaming-eyed goddess Athena replied:
“Diomedes, son of Tydeus, dear to my heart,
you do not need to fear Ares or any other
immortal, for I am here to defend you.
So drive your single-hoofed horse at furious
Ares, strike him in close combat, and do
not fear that baneful, two-faced liar who
recently promised Hera and me that he
would fight the Trojans and aid the Argives.
Now he cares nothing for us and aids Troy.”

So saying, she pulled Sthenelus off the chariot,
and he fell to the ground and ran off; then
the battle-ready goddess boarded the chariot
with noble Diomedes, the axle creaking under
the weight of the terrible goddess and the great
man. Pallas Athena took the reins and drove
the single-hoofed horses quickly against Ares.
Blood-stained Ares was stripping the armor
from monstrous Periphas, best of the Aetolians
and noble son of Ochesius, but Athena donned
the wolf’s cap of Hades[6] so Ares would not see her.

But when destroyer of men Ares saw noble
Diomedes, he left great Periphas where
he had first struck him and taken his life
and made straight for horse-tamer Diomedes.
As they drew near to one another, Ares
thrust his bronze spear over his horses’ yoke
and reins, intent on taking the other’s life;
but grey-eyed Athena used her hands to deflect
the spear away from the chariot and its target.
Then great war-crier Diomedes rushed him
with his bronze spear, and Pallas Athena thrust
it into Ares’ flank where his belt girded him,
drove it deep into his fair flesh, and pulled
it out again. Brazen Ares uttered a cry as great
as the cries of nine or ten thousand soldiers
when they fight with the fury of the war god.
Achaeans and Trojans alike trembled in terror
at the powerful cry of battle-mad Ares.

Just as a dark mist appears from clouds
stirred by a violent whirlwind on a hot day,
so to Diomedes did bold Ares appear
as he retreated to the clouds in wide heaven.
When he came to Olympus, home of the gods,
he sat in grief beside Zeus, son of Cronos,
pointed to the immortal blood flowing
from his wound, and cried to him in despair:
“Father Zeus, are you not enraged by these
violent acts? We gods always bring suffering
to one another when we give favor to men.
You started this war by bearing this foolish,
accursed maid who cares only for evil deeds.
All other gods on Olympus are obedient
and submissive to you, yet you say and do
nothing to restrain her; instead, you urge
her on, for she is your own child. Now she
has urged reckless Diomedes, Tydeus’ son,
to direct his fury at the immortals. First, he
wounded Kypros on the wrist near her hand;
then he rushed at me like a god. My quick
feet bore me from danger or else I would
long be lying in misery among the dead
or living powerless because of the spear strikes.”

Then cloud-gatherer Zeus scowled and said,
“Do not sit by me and whine, two-faced liar.
To me, you are the most hateful of all Olympian
gods for you relish strife, war, and fighting.
You have the rebellious spirit of your mother,
Hera; even I cannot control her with words,
and I suspect she is behind your suffering.
But I will not allow you to suffer any longer,
for you are my child, born to me by your mother.
Had you hurt other gods in this way, then long
ago you would have fallen below the Titans.”

So he said, and ordered Paean to heal him,
and Paean sprinkled herbs to soothe the pain
and mend him, for he was not of mortal stock.
Just as fig juice added to white milk quickly
thickens and curdles the liquid as it is stirred,[7]
so too did he quickly heal furious Ares.
Hebe bathed him, clad him in fine clothes,
and sat him beside Zeus to rejoice in his glory.

Then Argive Hera and Alalcomenean Athena
returned to the halls of Zeus after stopping
the slaughter brought by Ares, plague of men.

Aristeia (ἀριστεία) is a scene in epic poetry where the hero in battle has his finest moment. Other instances of aristeia in the Iliad include Hector in book 8, Agamemnon in book 11, Patroclus in book 16 (while wearing Achilles’ armor), and Achilles himself in book 21. ↵

Pandarus ↵

Athena ↵

Hades ↵

Another name for Aphrodite, since Cyprus was seen as her birthplace ↵

A helmet that, when worn, renders the wearer invisible to both mortals and immortals. ↵

According Paul MacSweeney, “this…may be a reference to the rennet coagulation of milk by ficin, a thiol proteinase present in fig latex.” ↵

Book 6

So the dread battle between Trojans and Achaeans
was left to itself, and combat swayed this way
and that over the plain as men with bronze spears
clashed between the Simoïs and Xanthos rivers.

Ajax, son of Telamon, Achaean defender, was
first to break the Trojan ranks, clearing a path
for his men by slaying Acamas, son of Eussorus,
powerful and tall and best of the Thracians.
He struck the horsehair plume on his helmet
and drove the bronze point through his forehead
and into bone as darkness covered his eyes.

Then war-crier Diomedes struck down Axylus,
son of Teuthras, who lived in well-built Arisbe,
a wealthy man beloved of all, for he treated
visitors to his house by the road with kindness.
But on this day there were none to stand before
him and ward off wretched ruin, for Diomedes
took the lives of both he and his charioteer
Calesius, and they both went into the earth.

Euryalus next killed Dresus and Opheltes
and went after Aesepus and Pedasus, sons
of the nymph Abarbarea and blameless Bucolion.
Bucolion was noble Laomedon’s eldest-born,
but his mother bore him out of wedlock.
He bedded the nymph while tending his sheep,
and she conceived and bore him twin sons.
But Euryalus broke their strong, glorious limbs
and stripped the armor from their dead shoulders.

Stout Polypoetes also struck down Astyalus,
Odysseus and his bronze spear slew Pidytes
of Percote, and Teucer slew noble Aretaon.
Nestor’s son Antilochus used his shining spear
to kill Ablerus, and lord Agamemnon slew Elatus
who dwelt in high Pedasus beside the fair river
Satnioeis. And the warrior Leitus killed a fleeing
Phylacus while Eurypylus took out Melanthius.

Then war-crier Menelaus took Adrestus alive
after his two panic-stricken horses got tangled
in a tamarisk and took flight over the plain,
breaking the curved chariot at the pole
and running back to the city, terrifying many.
He fell and landed face-first by the chariot
wheel, his mouth filled with dust, and Menelaus
came near holding his long-shadowed spear.
Adrestus grabbed his knees and begged him:
“Spare me, son of Atreus, and receive a suitable
prize. In my father’s house there are great
treasures: gold, bronze, and well-worked iron.
My father would grant you countless ransoms
if he learns I am alive by the Achaean ships.”

His words persuaded Menelaus in his heart,
who started to give the man to his aide to be
taken to the Achaean ships; but Agamemnon
ran over to him and spoke words of rebuke:
“Dear Menelaus, why do you care so much
for these men? How did the Trojans treat you
in your home? Let none escape their dreaded
fates by our hands; even the unborn boy
in his mother’s womb should not escape. Let
all of Ilios perish, unmourned and forgotten.”

This call for justice changed Menelaus’ mind.
He pushed Adrastus away and Agamemnon,
lord of men, speared his flank, and he fell
backwards. Then the son of Atreus set his foot
on his chest and pulled out his ashen spear.

Nestor shouted and called out to the Achaeans:
“My friends, heroes of Danaan, servants of Ares,
do not hold back now in search of spoils, hoping
to carry the largest hoard back to the ships.
First, kill the men; then return later to strip away
the armor from the corpses across the plain.”

His words stirred each man’s strength and spirit.
And the overpowered Trojans would have been
forced by the warlike Achaeans to go back to Ilios
had not the great augur Helenus, son of Priam,
gone up to Aeneas and Hector and said:
“Aeneas and Hector, since the burden of battle
is heaviest on you among Trojans and Lycians,
for you are best both in fighting and advising,
stand your ground and go around to the men
and make them stay outside the gates and not flee
into their wives’ arms—to your enemy’s delight.
When all ranks have been roused into action,
the rest of us will hold here and fight the Danaans
no matter our weariness, for it is necessary.
But you, Hector, must return to the city and tell
our mother to assemble the older women
at grey-eyed Athena’s shrine high in the citadel,
bringing with her a robe that seems the largest,
most beautiful, and most precious in the palace;
she should then go into the sacred temple, lay
the robe upon fair-haired Athena’s knees
and vow to sacrifice in her shrine twelve young
heifers, ungoaded, so the goddess may take
pity on Troy and its women and children
and keep away from Ilios the son of Tydeus,
the savage spearman and master of terror
who I say is the mightiest of the Achaeans.
Not even Achilles, leader of men and son
of a goddess, was feared as much as this
man who is unrivaled in rage and might.”

So he said, and Hector obeyed his brother.
He leapt fully-armed from the chariot wielding
two sharp spears and roamed through the army
urging all to fight and rousing the din of war.
So they turned to face the Achaeans, who
recoiled and ceased their slaughter, thinking
an immortal had flown down from heaven
to protect the rallying Trojans. Then Hector
lifted his voice and cried out to the Trojans:
“Great-hearted Trojans and famed allies,
be men, friends, and remember your raging
spirit while I go back to Ilios and tell
the elder counselors and our wives to pray
to the gods and offer them hecatombs.”

So bright-helmed Hector said and departed,
and the black-hide edges of his embossed
shield struck against both his ankles and neck.

Then Glaucus, son of Hippolochus, and the son
of Tydeus went to the space between the armies,
eager for a fight. When they closed on one
another, war-crier Diomedes spoke first:
“My friend, who among mortal men are you?
I have never before seen you on the battlefield
of glory, but now you have boldly pushed
past all others to face my long spear, though
those whose sons face my might despair.
But if you are an immortal who has come
down from heaven, then I will not fight you.
Not even Lycurgus, stout son of Dryas, lived
long when he fought the gods of heaven.
He once drove the nurses of furious Dionysus
from sacred Nysa, dropping their wands
on the ground as murderous Lycurgus struck
them with an ox-whip and Dionysus, terrified
by the man’s shouts, fled beneath the waves
where Thetis received him into her bosom.
The easy-living gods were furious at Lycurgus,
and the son of Cronos blinded him, and soon
after he died, hated by the immortal gods.
This is why I would not fight the blessed gods.
But if you are mortal and eat the fruits of the soil,
then come closer so you may soon find death.”

The shining son of Hippolochus replied to him:
“Son of noble Tydeus, why ask of my lineage?
The generations of men are like those of leaves.
Just as the wind blows leaves to the ground
but the rich forest flourishes anew every spring,
so one generation of men rises as another
dies. But if you wish to learn my lineage,
then I will tell you, for many know it already.
The city of Corinth lies in a corner of horse-
grazing Argos, where lived the son of Aeolus,
crafty Sisyphus, who had a son called Glaucus,
who in turn sired blameless Bellerophon,
who was granted beauty and fair manliness
by the gods. But powerful Proetus, whom Zeus
made subject to his scepter, hated him
in his heart and drove him out of Argos.
The wife of Proetus, beautiful Anteia, madly
desired to lie with Bellerophon, but she could
not persuade him, for his mind was virtuous.
So she lied to King Proetus, telling him:
‘Kill yourself, Proetus, or kill Bellerophon,
for he desired to lie with me but I refused.’
Hearing her words, he became furious,
but his heart shrank from killing the man,
so he sent him to Lycia with many deadly
guest-tokens scratched onto a folded tablet,
which he was told to present to his wife’s father.
So he went to Lycia under escort of the gods.
When he came to Lycia and the river Xanthos,
the king of Lycia eagerly honored him, hosting
him for nine days and sacrificing nine oxen.
But on the tenth day, when rosy-fingered dawn
appeared, the king asked to see the tokens
that were sent from his son-in-law Proetus.
After receiving the tokens, he sent Bellerophon
away with orders to kill the great Chimera.
She was of divine origin, not mortal; her front
was lion, her back was serpent, her middle
was goat, and she breathed terrible fire.
He killed her, obeying the omens of the gods.
Then he fought the famous Solymoi, which he
said were the toughest warriors he ever fought.
Finally, he killed the Amazons, a match for men.
As he returned, the king devised a cunning trick:
he selected the best men in all Lycia and set
a trap. But they never returned to their homes,
for blameless Bellerophon killed them all.
When the king realized this man was a powerful
son of a god, he detained him and offered him
his daughter and half of his princely honor,
and the Lycians designated for him a beautiful
estate with fine orchards and plow lands.
His bride bore to skilled Bellerophon three
children: Isander, Hippolochus, and Laodamia.
Laodamia lay with counselor Zeus, and she
bore godlike Sarpedon, marshaller of spears.
After Bellerophon became hated by the gods,
he walked alone over the Aleion plain, eating
his heart out and avoiding the haunts of men.
His son Isander was slain by furious Ares
while fighting the famous Solymoi, and Artemis
of the golden reins killed his daughter in anger.
And Hippolochus beget me, and so I say he is
my father, and he sent me to Troy, charging
me to always be brave and noble and not
to bring shame on my forefathers, who were
the best in Corinth and in wide Lycia.
This, I declare, is my heritage and my blood.”

So he said, and war-crier Diomedes rejoiced,
fixing his spear in the grain-giving earth
and kindly addressing this shepherd of men:
“Then you are a friend of my father’s house!
Noble Oeneus once hosted blameless
Bellerophon in his great hall for twenty days,
and the men exchanged fine gifts of friendship.
Oeneus gave a bright red warrior’s belt,
and Bellerophon gave a two-handled cup of gold
which I left at home when I came here. But I
do not recall my father Tydeus, for I was a child
when he and the Achaean army died in Thebes.
So now I am your host when you are in Argos,
and you to me in Lycia when I visit the land.
Let us leave our spears, even in this throng;
there are other Trojans and their allies to slay,
either sent by the gods or overcome by foot,
and many Achaeans for you to slay, if you can.
And let us exchange armor, so others may know
we are guest-friends from our fathers’ days.”

Once finished, they dropped from their chariots,
took each other’s hands, and pledged friendship.
Then Zeus robbed Glaucus of his wits when he
exchanged his golden armor, worth a hecatomb,
for the bronze of Diomedes, worth nine oxen.

But as Hector reached the Scaean gates and oak
tree, Trojan wives and daughters ran to him
asking about their sons, brothers, fathers,
and friends; but he commanded them all to pray
to the gods, and sorrow hung over the crowd.

Then he arrived at Priam’s beautiful palace,
built with well-wrought colonnades and fifty
interconnected sleeping chambers made
of polished stone, and within these chambers
Priam’s sons slept with their wedded wives.
On the other side of the courtyard, there stood
twelve interconnected roofed chambers made
of polished stone, and within these chambers
Priam’s sons-in-law slept with their revered wives.
Hector was met by his generous mother
and by Laodice, the fairest of her daughters.
Clasping her hands to his, Hecuba said to him:
“Son, why did you leave the bitter battle and come
here? The hated Achaeans must be exhausting
you as they fight near the city, and you are here
to lift your hands to Zeus from atop the citadel.
But wait while I bring you honey-sweet wine
for a libation to Zeus and the other immortals,
and then you can also have a drink, if you wish.
Wine strengthens men grown weary from work,
and you are weary from defending your people.”

In reply, great Hector of the glancing helm said:
“Bring me no honey-hearted wine, lady mother,
lest you hobble me and take my strength and vigor.
Hands this dirty dare not offer bright wine to Zeus,
nor can a man so befouled with blood and gore
make prayer to the black-clouded son of Cronos.
Instead, gather the elder women and bring a burnt
offering to the temple of Athena, driver of spoils,
bringing with you a robe that seems the largest,
most beautiful, and most precious in the palace;
then lay the robe upon fair-haired Athena’s
knees and vow to sacrifice twelve young heifers,
ungoaded, so the goddess may take pity
on Troy and its women and children and keep
away from Ilios the son of Tydeus, the savage
spearman and master of terror. Now go
to Athena’s shrine, and I will seek out
Paris to summon him, if he will listen to me.
I wish the earth would swallow him whole,
for Zeus bred him to be a curse on the Trojans,
on great-hearted Priam, and on his sons.
If I could see him sink down to Hades,
then my heart would be free of painful misery.”

So Hecuba went into the house and called
her servants to assemble the city’s elder women,
and she went down to the fragrant storeroom
where her many-colored robes were kept, the work
of Sidonian women taken from Sidon
by godlike Alexander when he sailed the wide
sea and brought noble-born Helen to Troy.
Hecuba took as offering for Athena a robe
hidden under the others; it was the largest
and finest in design, and it shone like a star.
Then she left, and the elder women followed.

When they came to Athena’s shrine atop
the citadel, the door was opened for them
by fair-cheeked Theano, daughter of Cisses,
wife of Antenor, and Trojan priestess of Athena.
With a loud cry, they all raised up their hands
to Athena while fair-cheeked Theano took
the robe, laid it on the knees of fair-haired
Athena, and prayed to great Zeus’ daughter:
“Lady Athena, brightest of goddesses, protector
of the city, take pity on the city and on Trojan
wives and children. Shatter Diomedes’ spear
and grant him to fall face-first before the Scaean
gates, so we may immediately sacrifice twelve
yearling heifers, ungoaded, in your shrine.”

So she prayed, but Pallas Athena refused her.

As they prayed to the daughter of great Zeus,
Hector went to Alexander’s house—a fine
palace that had been built with the finest
craftsmen in fertile Troad; they made for him
a chamber, hall, and courtyard near Priam’s
and Hector’s houses in the citadel. So Hector,
dear to Zeus, entered, his hands holding
a spear of eleven cubits with a shaft tipped
with blazing bronze and a ferrule of gold.
Inside, he found Paris working on his beautiful
shield and breastplate and handling his bow
while Argive Helen sat with her servants
and supervised their elegant craftwork.
Hector, seeing Paris, reproached him, saying:
“You fool, it is no good hiding away with anger
in your heart, for men are perishing beyond
the city’s walls, and it is your fault the cries
of battle burn around us; you yourself would
upbraid anyone else who hung back from hated
war, so get up or soon the city will be on fire.”

In reply, godlike Alexander answered:
“Hector, you reproach me rightly and justly,
so I will tell you and hope you understand.
I did not sit in my room to spite or reproach
the Trojans but to wallow in my grief.
Just now my wife used soft words to urge me
back to battle, and this seems to me the best
choice, as well, for victory is always in flux.
So wait for me as I don my war gear, or go
now and I will follow and catch up to you.”

So he said, but bright-helmed Hector did not
reply; then Helen spoke gentle words to him:
“Brother-in-law of a hated, hurtful bitch,
I wish on the day my mother bore me that
a violent storm had hurled me into a mountain
or into the waves of a roaring sea, to be swept
away before all this came to pass. But since
the gods have ordained these woes, then I
wish I had been wife to a better man, one
who could feel the indignation of others.
His judgment is unbalanced, and it always
will be; this, I think, will be his undoing.
But come inside, brother, and take a seat,
for great toil fills your mind because
of my shamelessness and Alexander’s foolish
folly. Zeus has placed a wicked curse upon
us, to become songs for men not yet born.”

Then great Hector of the bright helm replied:
“Do not ask me to sit, dear Helen, for you
will not persuade me; my heart aches to aid
the Trojans, who are lost when I am away.
But rouse this man and hurry him along
so he can catch up to me before I leave the city.
First I will go home to see my servants, my dear
wife, and my infant son, for I do not know
if I will return to them again, or if the gods
will slay me with the hands of the Achaeans.”

So saying, bright-helmed Hector went away
and soon arrived at his own pleasant home,
but white-armed Andromache was not there
for she, her child, and a well-robed handmaid
were standing on the wall, weeping and wailing.
When Hector could not find his blameless wife,
he went to the door and asked the serving women:
“Tell me, handmaidens, where did white-armed
Andromache go when she left the hall? Did she
go to my sisters, to my brother’s well-robed wives,
or to Athena’s shrine with all the other Trojan
women praying to appease the dread goddess?”

Then a handmaid readily replied to him:
“Hector, since you order us to speak the truth,
she did not go to your sisters or your brother’s
wives or Athena’s shrine, where the well-dressed
Trojan women seek to appease the dread goddess;
rather, she went to the great wall of Ilios, having
heard of Trojan setbacks against the mighty
Achaeans. Thus she hurried to the wall in great
distress along with the nurse carrying her child.”

So spoke the housekeeper, and Hector went
away, hurrying back along the well-made streets
of the great city until he came to the Scaean
gates. As he was about to head onto the plain,
his bountiful bride came running to meet him,
Andromache, daughter of great-hearted Eëtion,
who lived under well-wooded mount Placus
in Hypoplakia and ruled the Cilicians;
his daughter was wife to bronze-clad Hector.
She came to him, accompanied by her nurse
who held to her breast a tender child,
Hector’s beloved son, as beautiful as a star.
Hector called him Scamandrius, but others
Astyanax, for Hector alone guarded Ilios.[1]
He smiled in silence as he glanced at the boy,
but Andromache wept as she approached
him, and taking her hand in his, she said:
“My dearest, your bravery will destroy you,
and you have no pity for your son or for me,
a soon-to-be widow, for soon all the Achaeans
will rise up and slay you. If I should lose you,
I would sink into the earth, for there will be
no comfort for me, only pain, once you have
met your fate. I have no father or mother,
for my father was slain by noble Achilles,
who ravaged the fair city of Cilicians Thebes
of the lofty gates. He slew Eëtion, but did not
strip his armor, a sign of respect, and instead
burnt the body in his armor and covered him
in a barrow circled by elm trees planted
by nymphs, daughters of aegis-bearing Zeus.
And my seven brothers in our great halls
all went down to Hades on the same day,
slain by swift-footed, noble Achilles beside
their shambling oxen and white-fleeced sheep.
My mother, queen under well-wooded Placus,
was brought here with the other prizes; Achilles
freed her after accepting ransoms, but she was
killed in her father’s halls by Artemis, shedder
of arrows.[2] Hector, you are now my father, my
mother, my brother, and my vigorous husband,
so pity me, stay on the wall, and do not make
your child an orphan and your wife a widow.
Station your men by the wild fig tree, where
the wall can be scaled and the city overrun.
Three times the best men came to attempt
an assault: both Ajaxes, glorious Idomeneus,
the sons of Atreus, and the stout son of Tydeus.
Either some skilled soothsayer told them
or their spirits stirred them to make the assault.”

Then bright-helmed Hector replied to her:
“Lady, I fear these things too, but I would feel
shame before the Trojans and Trojan wives
with trailing robes should I cowardly shirk battle;
nor will my heart allow it for I have learned
to excel in fighting on the Trojan front ranks,
winning great glory for my father and myself.
For I know in my mind and in my heart that
sacred Ilios will one day be laid waste, as will
Priam and all those under Priam’s ashen spear.
But I am troubled less by the woes to come
for the Trojans, for Hecuba, for King Priam,
and for my many noble brothers sure to fall
in the dust at the hands of hostile men,
and more by your tearful suffering on the day
some bronze-clad Achaean takes your freedom.
Then in Argos you will work another’s loom,
carry water from Messeïs or Hyperia against
your will, and heavy burdens will be laid on you.
And one day a man will see you crying and say:
‘This is Hector’s wife. When men fought
in Ilios, he was the best of all horse-taming
Trojans.’ But his words will renew your pain
at losing the man who kept you from slavery.
May I be dead and covered in earth before
I hear your cries as you are dragged away.”

So saying, Hector reached for his son, who
went crying into his nurse’s well-girdled
bosom, for he feared the sight of his dear
father’s bronze armor and the horse-hair crest
that nodded menacingly from atop his helmet.
His dear father and honored mother laughed,
and glorious Hector removed his gleaming
helmet and set it down upon the ground.
Then he kissed his son, held him in his arms,
and prayed to Zeus and the other immortals:
“Zeus and all other gods, grant this child to be,
like me, noble and strong among the Trojans
and a powerful leader of Ilios. And on return
from war, let men say, ‘He is better than
his father,’ for he kills his foe, bears his bloody
spoils, and gladdens his mother’s heart.”

So he said, and placed the child in his wife’s
arms; and she took him into her fragrant bosom,
smiling through her tears. Seeing this, Hector
took pity on her and stroked her, saying to her:
“Do not let your grief for me destroy you.
No man will send me to Hades unless it is fated,
and no man can escape his fate once he
is born, neither cowardly men nor nobles.
But go into the house and focus on your loom
and your distaff and order your handmaids
to their work as well; let war be the concern
for all men who live in Ilios, but especially me.”

So shining Hector picked up his horsehair
helmet while his loving wife returned home,
occasionally turning back and shedding tears.
Soon she was back at man-slaying Hector’s
fine palace where she found many handmaids
stirred by her arrival into lamentation.
Thus Hector’s house mourned him though
he himself lived, for none believed he would
return from war or escape Achaean fury.

And Paris did not loiter long in his lofty home,
for after donning his brilliant bronze armor
he ran through the city, trusting his swift feet.
Just as a well-fed horse confined to a manger
exults as he breaks his bonds and gallops over
the plain to a bathing spot on the fair-flowing
river, then holds his head high and tosses
his mane as he marvels at his beauty, and his legs
hurriedly take him to a pasture full of mares,
so went Paris, Priam’s son, shining in his armor
like the sun and laughing as his swift feet carried
him down from atop Pergamus. Soon he came
upon his brother, noble Hector, just as he was
about to turn after conversing with his wife.
And godlike Alexander was first to speak:
“Brother, I fear my long delay held you back
and kept you from making a quick departure.”

Then Hector of the bright helm answered him:
“Odd man, no right thinker would dishonor
your work in battle, since you have courage;
but you are lazy and unprepared, and it grieves
my heart to hear insults about you from the lips
of Trojans who suffer in battle because of you.
But let us go; we will atone later, should Zeus
and the immortal gods in heaven grant us to set
an offering for freedom in the large hall after
we drive the well-greaved Achaeans out of Troy.”

Astyanax means “high king” or overlord. This nickname connects Hector’s child to Hector’s own role as defender of the city and heir to the throne. ↵

Artemis and her twin brother Apollo were “death-bringing” deities; Apollo sent death to men, and Artemis sent death to women. ↵

Book 7

So saying, shining Hector and his brother
Alexander ran through the gates, both
eager in their hearts to fight and to battle.
Just as a god grants fair winds to supplicant
sailors whose limbs have become exhausted
from driving the sea with well-polished oars,
so the two appeared to the needy Trojans.

Then Paris slew the son of King Areithous,
Menesthius of Arne, born to club-bearer
Areithous and ox-eyed Phylomedusa;
and Hector struck his spear in the neck
of Eïoneus, under his helmet, and his limbs
collapsed. And Glaucus, son of Hippolochus
and Lycian leader, shot his spear at Iphinous,
son of Dexius, as he mounted his swift mares;
he fell from his chariot and his limbs went limp.

When bright-eyed goddess Athena saw
the Argives dying in the fierce fighting,
she shot down from the peaks of Olympus
to sacred Ilios, and Apollo, desiring victory
for Troy, raced from Pergamus to meet her.
They came together beside the oak tree,
and lord Apollo, son of Zeus, spoke first:
“Daughter of mighty Zeus, why has your strong
spirit brought you down here from Olympus?
Do you seek victory in battle for the Danaans?
Clearly, you care nothing for the Trojan dead.
But it would be better if you took my advice:
let us put an end to today’s war and strife.
Later they will fight until victory over Ilios
is achieved, since the hearts of you immortal
goddesses seem set on the city’s destruction.”

Bright-eyed goddess Athena replied to him:
“So be it, free worker. This is why I came down
from Olympus to the Trojans and Achaeans.
But how do you plan to stop these men fighting?”

Then lord Apollo, son of Zeus, answered her:
“Let us stir the anger of horse-tamer Hector
so he will challenge some Danaan to fight
him face-to-face in dreaded combat; then
the bronze-greaved Achaeans will grudgingly
send out one man to battle noble Hector.”

So he said, and gleaming-eyed Athena obeyed.
Helenus, Priam’s dear son, heard in his heart
the discussion of the gods and their agreement,
and he came up to Hector and said to him:
“Hector, son of Priam, equal to Zeus in counsel,
listen to my words now, for I am your brother:
make all the Trojans and Achaeans sit together
and challenge the best of the Achaeans
to fight you in single combat to the death;
for I heard the voice of the immortal gods say
that it is not your fate to meet your doom today.”

Hector was greatly pleased to hear these words,
and he went among the Trojans, using his spear
to restrain the front lines until all were seated.
Agamemnon made all the Achaeans sit as well,
and Athena and Apollo of the silver bow took
the form of vultures, sat atop the oak tree
sacred to their father, aegis-bearing Zeus,
and happily watched the huddled soldiers,
bristling with their shields, helmets, and spears.
Like a fresh West Wind spreading ripples over
the water and darkening the depths below,
so sat the lines of Achaeans and Trojans
on the plain as Hector spoke to both armies:
“Listen, Trojans and well-greaved Achaeans,
as I speak what is in my heart and in my soul:
Zeus, seated on high, failed to fulfill our oaths.
He has devised wicked plans for both sides
until you either come to sack well-walled Troy
or you are routed beside your seafaring ships.
You are all best among Achaeans, so let
the one whose heart urges him to fight me
now come here and challenge noble Hector.
So I declare, and let Zeus be our witness:
if he slays me with a sharp bronze spear, then
strip my armor and take it to the hollow ships,
but let my body be taken home so Trojan men
and wives may offer death rites by funeral pyre.
But if I slay him and Apollo grants me glory,
then I will strip his armor, take it to sacred
Ilios, and hang it on the shrine of far-shooter
Apollo, but his corpse may return to the well-
benched ships so the long-haired Achaeans
may bury him and build a barrow by the wide
Hellespont. And some future men, as he
sails his ships over the wine-dark sea, will say:
‘There lies the barrow of a man who was killed
long ago by brave and glorious Hector.’
So he will say and so my glory will never die.”

So he said, and all fell silent, ashamed
to refuse him but afraid to take the challenge.
Eventually, Menelaus stood. A deep groan
filled his heart as he reproached them, saying:
“You boastful women, not men, of Achaea.
Surely it will be a sore and sorry disgrace
if no Danaan goes against Hector today.
Let all of you become water and earth as
you sit there, spiritless and inglorious. I will
arm myself against this man, though victory
is in the hands of the immortal gods above.”

So saying, he began to don his fine armor,
and you, Menelaus, would have seen your life
come to an end under the superior hands
of Hector had the Achaean king, lord
Agamemnon, son of Atreus, not seized you
by the right hand, called you by name, and said:
“Menelaus, dear to Zeus, stop being a fool.
There is no reason to put yourself in danger
and fight a foe as powerful as Hector,
son of Priam, who others also fear. Even
Achilles shrinks from fighting him for honor,
and he is far better than you. So go and sit
among your comrades, and let the Achaeans
pick another champion, one who is fearless
and insatiable in battle and who will, I think,
gladly bend his knee if he can escape
this bitter battle and dreadful combat.”

So the hero said, his wise words winning over
his brother, who obeyed; and his attendants
gladly removed his armor from his shoulders.
Then Nestor rose to speak to the Argives:
“Great grief has come to the land of Achaea,
and old horse-tamer Peleus, wise Myrmidon
counselor and speaker, would groan in dismay.
Once, in his house, he rejoiced as I recalled
the lineage and legacy of the Argives. If he
could hear these men cowering before Hector,
then he would pray that the gods rip his breath
from his body and send him to Hades. O father
Zeus, Athena and Apollo, if only I were as
young as I was when the Pylians and Arcadians
met by the rushing Celadon and fought under
Pheia’s walls, beside the streams of the Iardanus.
Godlike Ereuthalion was their champion.
He wore on his shoulders the armor of King
Areithous, whom men and fair-girdled women
called club-bearer because he used not a bow
or long spear but an iron club when battling
and breaking battalions. Lycurgos killed him
not by might but by trickery, springing on him
in a narrow pass where his iron club could
not protect him, spearing him in the chest,
dropping him to the earth, and stripping away
his armor, a gift from brazen Ares. Thereafter
Lycurgos wore this armor in battle, but when
he was an old man in his great hall, he gave
the armor to his dear attendant Eruthalion.
Wearing this armor, he challenged the bravest
men, but they were too afraid to fight him.
But my unflinching heart boldly urged me
to fight him, though I was youngest of all.
So I fought him, and Athena gave me glory.
He was the tallest and strongest man I ever
killed; his huge sprawling body spread everywhere.
If I were younger and stronger, then glancing-
helmed Hector would find me fighting him.
But though you are all the finest of Achaeans,
none of you have the guts to fight Hector.”

After the old man’s reproach, nine men stood.
First to rise was Agamemnon, lord of men,
followed by Tydeus’ son, mighty Diomedes,
the two Ajaxes clothed in rushing courage,
and Idomeneus and his comrade Meriones,
equal to man-slaying Enyalius. Then came
Eurypylus, noble son of Euaemon, and Thoas,
Andraemon’s son, and finally noble Odysseus.
All were willing to battle noble Hector.
Then Nestor, horseman of Gerenia, spoke again:
“Now cast lots in turn to determine who wins,
for he will benefit both the well-greaved
Achaeans and his own heart, if he can escape
this bitter battle and dreadful combat.”

So saying, each man marked his lot and threw
it into Agamemnon’s helmet, and the army
lifted their hands to the gods and prayed,
each man looking to the heavens and saying:
“Father Zeus, let the lot fall on Ajax or the son
of Tydeus or the king of golden Mycenae.”

As they prayed, Nestor, horseman of Genenia,
shook the helmet, and Ajax’s lot popped out,
the one most desired. The herald carried it
through the throng, showing it to all Achaean
leaders, but none of them recognized the mark.
Then he carried it to the man whose mark it
was, glorious Ajax. As soon as the herald put
the lot in Ajax’s hand, Ajax’s heart rejoiced
for he saw that it was his. He threw the lot
on the ground beside his feet and cried out:
“My friends, the lot is mine, and my heart
rejoices, for I think I will defeat noble Hector.
But do this for me: while I don my battle
armor, pray to lord Zeus, son of Cronos,
either in silence to yourself so no Trojan can
hear you, or out loud since we fear no man
and no one can by force or by skill drive me
away against my will, for no man born
and raised in Salamis can be called a novice.”

So he said, and all gazed up to the heavens
and prayed to lord Zeus, son of Cronos, saying:
“Father Zeus, who rules from Ida, greatest
and noblest, grant victory and honor to Ajax;
or if you also love Hector and care for him,
then grant both equal power and glory.”

As they prayed, Ajax donned his bright armor,
and when his body was covered in bronze,
he ran off like monstrous Ares when he heads
to battle with men brought together by the son
of Cronos to fight in heart-devouring strife.
So also did monstrous Ajax, the Achaean wall,
dash off, his shaggy face smiling and his long-
shadowed spear shaking with each giant step.
The Argives looked upon him and rejoiced,
but each Trojan’s knees quivered with dread,
and even Hector’s heart started beating faster.
But he could not retire or retreat back behind
the ranks, for it was he who made the challenge.
Ajax drew near carrying a towering bronze shield
with seven layers of ox-hide, made by Tydeus
of Hyle, the finest of leather-workers, who made
him a gleaming shield using seven stout oxen
hides and an eighth layer of bronze, and this is
what Telamonian Ajax held against his chest as
he stood near Hector and threatened him, saying:
“Hector, now you will know clearly what kind
of great men there are among the Danaans
besides lion-hearted Achilles, breaker of ranks.
He may be lying by his curved seafaring
ships, enraged at Agamemnon, herder
of men, but we are here, we are many,
and we are ready for you. Now let us fight.”

And Hector of the flashing helm answered:
“Godlike Ajax, son of Telamon, lord of men,
do not try to frighten me like some feeble child
or woman who knows nothing of war. I know
all about war and the slaughter of men, and I
know how to move left and right with my ox-hide
shield, my bulwark in battle, and how to charge
into battle with my swift chariot, and how
to stand and dance the war dance to Ares.[1]
But I do not wish to deceive you and take you
unawares but to openly try to hit my mark.”

So saying, he aimed his long-shadowed spear,
threw it, and hit Ajax’s terrible shield with seven
layers of ox-hide and one of bronze. The spear
tore through six leather layers, but the seventh
held it back. Then Ajax, sprung from Zeus,
threw his long-shadowed spear and hit the well-
balanced shield of Priam’s son. The mighty
spear pierced his shining shield, forced its way
into his well-wrought breastplate, and cut
into his tunic beside his flank, but he turned
away in time and avoided black death. The two
men pulled the long spears out of their shields
and rushed each other like ravenous lions
or wild boars, whose powers are not feeble.
Hector struck his spear square in Ajax’s shield,
but the bronze held and the point bent back.
Then Ajax’s spear-point punctured Hector’s
shield and cut into his neck, forcing him back
as black blood oozed out. But shining-helmed
Hector did not quit; instead, he drew back
and, with his strong hands, seized a jagged black
stone lying on the plain. This he hurled square
onto the boss of Ajax’s terrible ox-hide shield,
making the bronze layer ring. Ajax then lifted
an even bigger stone, whirled around, threw it
with all his strength, and tore Hector’s shield
apart like a millstone. Hector’s knees gave out
and he fell on his back, close to the shield,
but Apollo lifted him up. Now a close
quarters sword battle would have begun had
the heralds, messengers of Zeus and men,
not arrived, a Trojan and an Achaean,
Talthybius and Idaeus, wise men both.
They separated the men with their staffs,
and Idaeus addressed them with wise words:
“No more fighting or battling, dear children.
Both of you are loved by cloud-gatherer Zeus,
and both are skilled fighters; we all know this.
Now Night is here, and we should obey her.”

Telamonian Ajax then answered them:
“Hector should speak these words, Idaeus,
for it was he who called our best to battle.
Let him begin, and I will obey what he says.”

Then Hector of the flashing helm replied:
“Ajax, since a god gave you strength, stature,
and wisdom, and since you are the best Achaean
spearman, we should stop fighting and battling
for today; later we will battle until the gods
decide to grant victory to one side or the other.
Now Night is here, and we should obey her,
so you can cheer all Achaeans by their ships,
especially your kinsmen and comrades; and I
shall gladden King Priam’s great city of Troy,
both the men and the women with flowing robes
who will offer the gods prayers of thanks for me.
But come, let us exchange gifts with each other,
so that Achaeans and Trojans alike will say:
‘though the two battled with relentless strife,
they formed an alliance and departed as friends.’”

So he spoke and gave to him his silver sword
along with its scabbard and well-made baldric;[2]
and Ajax gave to him his bright red warrior’s belt.
And so they separated, one to the Achaean army
and the other to the Trojan throng. The Trojans
cheered to see that Hector had escaped mighty
Ajax and his invincible hands, and they who
thought him doomed led him back to the city.
And Ajax rejoiced in victory as the well-greaved
Achaeans led him to noble Agamemnon.

When they came to the tents of Atreus’ son,
Agamemnon, lord of men, slew a five-year-old
bull as sacrifice to the mighty son of Cronos.
They flayed, dressed, and divided the victim,
and then skillfully sliced and spitted the meat,
roasted it carefully, and drew out each piece.
When the work was done and the meal ready,
they feasted, and all ate to their heart’s content.
And Ajax was honored with the prime cut
by the heroic son of Atreus, lord Agamemnon.
When they had taken their fill of food and drink,
aged Nestor, the best of all counselors,
began to weave his wise words of counsel;
with good intent, he addressed the assembly:
“Son of Atreus and the other Achaean leaders,
many long-haired Achaeans lie dead, their blood
shed around the far-flowing Scamander by eager
Ares, their souls descending to Hades. Thus we
must halt Achaean fighting at dawn, gather
the corpses, wheel them off with oxen and mules,
and burn them away from the ships so each man
may carry their bones back to their children
when we return home to our father’s land.
And near the pyre we will make a barrow out
on the plain, and around it we will quickly build
a high wall to defend the ships and ourselves.
In the wall we will add a well-fitted gate,
one large enough for a chariot to drive through;
and just outside we will dig a deep trench
able to hold back chariots and soldiers
should the Trojans bear down and attack us.”

So he spoke, and all the kings approved.
Meanwhile, the Trojans held a fierce and chaotic
assembly in Ilios’ citadel, beside Priam’s doors.
Thoughtful Antenor was the first to speak:
“Listen to me, Trojans and Dardanians and allies,
for I say what the heart in my chest commands.
Come, let us give Argive Helen and her treasures
to the sons of Atreus to carry off, for now we are
fighting after breaking solemn oaths. I expect
nothing positive to come if we do not do this.”

When finished speaking, he sat, and noble
Alexander, husband of fair-haired Helen,
rose and replied to him with winged words:
“Antenor, your words are not pleasing to me;
and you know better than to utter them.
But if you are truly speaking in earnest,
then the gods themselves have ruined your mind.
But I will declare this to all horse-taming
Trojans: though I will not give back my wife,
I will return all the treasure I took from Argos,
and I will add to it gifts from my own house.”

He finished speaking and sat, and up rose Priam,
son of Dardanus, equal to the gods in counsel,
who addressed them with well-meaning words:
“Listen to me, Trojans and Dardanians and allies,
for I say what the heart in my chest commands.
Take your evening meal across the city, as before,
and remember your guard duty, so all are watchful;
then, at dawn, Idaeus will go to the hollow ships
and tell Atreus’ sons, Agamemnon and Menelaus,
the words of Alexander, who started this strife.
And give them this shrewd suggestion in hopes
that they will pause this woeful war until our dead
are burned; later we will again fight until the gods
decide to grant victory to one side or the other.”

So he said, and all eagerly listened and obeyed;
Soldiers took their evening meals in their quarters,
and in the morning Idaeus went to the hollow ships.
He found the Ares-aided Danaans assembled beside
the stern of Agamemnon’s ship, and the herald
stood among them and spoke with a loud cry:
“Son of Atreus and other noble Achaean leaders,
Priam and the other noble Trojans have ordered
me to convey, in hopes that they meet your approval,
the words of Alexander, who started this strife.
All the treasure brought to Troy in hollow ships
by Alexander—would that he perished first—
will be returned along with gifts from his house.
But he will not give back the lawful wife of glorious
Menelaus, though all Troy asks him to do this.
They asked me also to add a request, in hopes that
you agree, to pause this woeful war until our dead
are burned; later we will again fight until the gods
decide to grant victory to one side or the other.”

So he spoke, and all assembled fell silent;
eventually, the great war-crier Diomedes spoke:
“Let no man take from Alexander either treasure
or Helen; even the most foolish man knows
that death’s cord has touched the Trojans.”

So he said, and all sons of Achaea shouted
cheers for the words of horse-taming Diomedes.
Then lord Agamemnon said to Idaeus:
“Idaeus, clearly you heard for yourself the answer
given by the Achaeans; and I agree with them.
As for burning corpses, I do not begrudge you,
for there is no time to waste in quickly setting
fire to the dead once the bodies have perished.
Let Zeus, Hera’s thundering lord, hear our oaths.”

Saying this, he lifted his staff to all the gods,
and Idaeus went back to sacred Ilios.
The Trojans, Dardanians, and other allies
sat in assembly, waiting for Idaeus to return;
and he came, stood among them, and delivered
his message. Then they made quick plans for some
to gather bodies and others to gather wood.
And the Argives ran from the well-built ships,
some to gather bodies, others to gather wood.

Helios was fresh on the fields, having risen
out of the deep, gentle waters of Oceanus
to climb the sky, when the two armies met.
It was hard to distinguish one man from another,
but with water they washed away the blood
and lifted them into wagons, shedding tears.
But great Priam forbade wailing, so they grieved
in silence as they heaped the corpses on the pyre,
burnt them to ash, and returned to sacred Ilios.
Similarly, the Achaeans grieved quietly as they
heaped corpses on the pyre, and when all
were burnt, they returned to the hollow ships.

When it was not yet dawn but night neared its end,
a chosen group of Achaeans came to the pyre
and formed atop it an endless barrow stretching
over the plain. Beside it they built a wall with high
ramparts to defend their ships and themselves;
in the walls they added well-formed gates
to provide a way for chariots to pass through;
and outside the wall they dug a deep trench,
great and wide, and then planted stakes in it.

As the long-haired Achaeans toiled, the gods
sat beside Zeus, lord of lightning, and looked
down on the bronze-clad Achaeans’ great work;
and earth-shaker Poseidon was first to speak:
“Father Zeus, is any man on this wide earth willing
to declare to the immortals his mind and plans?
Do you not see that the long-haired Achaeans have
built a wall and laid a trench to defend their ships
without offering the gods glorious hecatombs?
Surely its fame will spread as far as dawn itself,
and men will forget the wall Phoebus Apollo
and I struggled to build for the hero Laomedon.”

A vexed cloud-gatherer Zeus answered him:
“What a thing to say, mighty earth-shaker.
Other gods might fear such thoughts, ones
feebler than you in hand and might, but your
fame will surely spread as far as dawn itself.
However, once the long-haired Achaeans have
returned in their ships to their dear fatherlands,
you can smash the walls, sweep them out to sea,
and cover the wide beach with sand again,
thus destroying the great wall of the Achaeans.”

So the gods spoke to one another as the sun set.
When the Achaeans finished their work, they
slaughtered oxen and took their evening meal
by their tents. The ships from Lemnos brought
much wine, sent by Jason’s son, Euneus, whom
Hypsipyle bore to Jason, shepherd of men.
Euenos gifted a thousand measures of wine
to Atreus’ sons, Agamemnon and Menelaus,
but the rest of the long-haired Achaeans bought
wine: some for bronze or shining iron, others
for skins or live oxen, and still others for slaves;
and all prepared a splendid feast. All night
long the long-haired Achaeans feasted, as did
the Trojans and their allies in the city. But all
night long counselor Zeus terrified them
with wicked thunder. Seized with a pale green
fear, no one drank wine from their cups without
first pouring an offering to the mighty son
of Cronos. Then they lay down and fell asleep.

This is a reference to the war dances performed prior to battles or during festivals (including festivals to Ares, god of war). The Greek war dance was later called “Pyrrhichios” (πυρρίχη). ↵

A baldric is a type of belt worn over the shoulder that is used to carry a sword or other weapon. ↵

Book 8

As Dawn’s saffron robes spread over the earth,
thunder-making Zeus assembled the gods
on the highest peak of rocky Olympus
and addressed them, and all the gods listened:
“Hear me, all of you gods and goddesses,
as I say what the heart in my chest commands.
Let no immortal, man or woman, go against
my plans, but let all agree so I may bring
these matters to a speedy end. If any of you
attempt to aid the Trojans or Danaans,
you will be hit with lightning on return
to Olympus, or I shall take and hurl you
down to murky Tartarus, in the deepest
pit under the earth, with gates of iron
and a threshold of bronze, as far from Hades
as heaven is from earth. Then you will know
my power over all other gods. Come, gods,
and try it so you may know. If you hung
a golden chain from the heavens, and if all
you gods and goddesses took hold and pulled
with all of your might, you could never drag
the great counselor Zeus down to the ground.
But whenever I take it in my mind to pull,
I would drag you all up—and the earth and sea
as well—then bind the rope to a jutting peak
on Olympus, so you all hang in mid-air.
Such is my power over all gods and mortals.”

So he said, and all fell silent, struck with awe
at the power of his address. Eventually,
gleaming-eyed goddess Athena replied:
“Our father, son of Cronos, lord above all,
we well understand your unstoppable might;
but we have pity for the Danaan spearmen
who must fulfill a terrible destiny and die.
Still, we will obey you and refrain from battle;
but we will help the Argives with wise advice,
so your rage does not wholly consume them.”

Smiling, cloud-gatherer Zeus replied to her:
“Courage, Tritogeneia, dear child; I do not
speak in earnest, for I wish to be kind to you.”

So saying, he yoked his chariot to his bronze-
hoofed, swift-flying horses with manes of gold;
he then clothed himself in gold, took his finely-
made golden whip, boarded the chariot, lashed
the steeds, and set off; and they flew eagerly
between the land and starry skies. Soon he came
to Ida of many springs and to Gargaron, mother
of wild beasts, his holy home and smoky altar.
The father of gods and men then stopped,
unyoked, and spread a mist around his horses.
And he sat on the peak, rejoicing in his splendor
and watching the Trojan city and Achaean ships.

Now the long-haired Achaeans took their meals
speedily in their tents and armed themselves.
In the city, Trojans also donned their armor;
though fewer, they readied to fight a necessary
battle to protect their wives and children.
As the gates opened, a great noise rose up
as the army filed out on foot and in chariots.

When the armies came together in one
place, the bossed shields and spears clashed
against each other, the bronze-clad warriors
filled the field with the roars of triumph
and the cries of misery from the slayers
and slain alike, and the earth flowed with blood.

So long as it was morning on that sacred day,
missiles from both sides hit their targets and men
fell. But as Helios stood at heaven’s peak,
Zeus lifted his golden scales and placed in them
two deadly fates: one for the horse-taming
Trojans and one for the well-greaved Achaeans.
And the scales of doom sank on the Achaeans,
thus setting their fates upon the bountiful
earth and lifting Troy’s to the wide heavens.
From Ida, Zeus thundered loudly, sending
a fire onto the Achaean army, and the sight
terrified them and filled them with pale panic.

Idomeneus took flight, as did Agamemnon
and the two Ajaxes, but Nestor of Gerenia,
guardian of the Achaeans, could not flee,
for Alexander, Helen’s husband, had struck
Nestor’s horse with an arrow to the crown,
a deadly spot where hair first grows on a horse’s
skull. As the arrow sank into his brain,
the horse leapt in agony, throwing the team
into panic as he writhed against the bronze
point. As the old man quickly darted down
and cut the trace harness with his sword,
the swift horses of Hector charged, carrying
their bold charioteer, Hector. And Nestor
would have lost his life had war-crier Diomedes
not noticed him and called to Odysseus:
“Godlike son of Laertes, wily Odysseus, why
do you run, turning your back like a coward?
Do not let them spear you but stay and help
me protect Nestor from this wild warrior.”

So he said, but stout Odysseus did not hear as
he darted past on his way to the hollow Achaean
ships. But the son of Tydeus, battling the front
ranks alone, stood before the horses of the old
man, the son of Neleus, and addressed him:
“Old man, the young fighters are too much
for you; you are too old, your strength is spent,
your attendant weak, and your horses slow.
But come, board my chariot, and see the Trojan
horses I seized from Aeneas, deviser of doom,
and marvel at how they speed over the plain
either in pursuit or in retreat. Our attendants
will tend to your horses as we drive against
the horse-taming Trojans so Hector may know
if my spear rages in the palm of my hands.”

So he said, and Nestor, horseman of Gerenia,
obeyed. The attendants, strong Sthenelus
and kind Eurymedon, tended to Nestor’s mares
while Nestor boarded Diomedes’ chariot,
took the glittering reins in his hands, whipped
the horses, and closed quickly on Hector.
As they charged, Tydeus’ son shot his spear
at him but missed and hit his driver, Eniopeus,
son of great-hearted Thebaeus, as he was
driving, striking him in the chest by the nipple.
He fell from the chariot, the swift-footed
horses recoiled, and his strength and spirit
left him. Hector’s mind was awash in sorrow
for his driver, but though grieving, he left
him there and sought a new charioteer;
he soon found one, the son of Iphitus, bold
Archeptolemus, who quickly mounted behind
the horses and took the reins in his hands.

Then death and out of control fighting would
have penned them against Ilios like lambs,
but the father of gods and men was watching;
he thundered terribly and sent a bright bolt
that landed in front of Diomedes’ horses; a foul
fire arose, burning of sulphur and terrifying
the horses who jumped against the chariot.
Nestor’s hands slipped from the shining reins,
his heart full of fear as he called to Diomedes:
“Come, son of Tydeus, turn your single-hoofed
horses. Do you not know that you cannot defeat
Zeus? The son of Cronos gives glory to that man
today; tomorrow he will grant it to us, should
he wish it. No man can fight the mind of Zeus,
not even one so strong, for he is far stronger.”

Then great war-crier Diomedes answered him:
“Yes, old man, all you have said is proper,
but this is a great grief to my heart and soul,
for one day Hector will tell the Trojans:
‘The son of Tydeus fled from me to his ships.’
When he so boasts, may the earth consume me.”

And Nestor, horseman of Gerenia, replied:
“Alas, son of skilled Tydeus, what a thing to say.
Even if Hector calls you foul and feeble, neither
the Trojans nor the Dardanians will believe you,
nor will the wives of the great-hearted Trojan
warriors whose husbands you have turned to dust.”

So saying, he turned his horses and fled through
the throng while the Trojans and Hector made
a divine noise and showered them with missiles
laden with woe, and great-helmed Hector cried:
“Son of Tydeus, the swift-horsed Danaans gave
you the honored seat, rich flesh, and full cups;
now they dishonor you for acting like a woman.
Go away, weak puppet, for before I give way
and let you take our towers and drag our women
to your ships, I will send you to your doom.”

So he said, and the son of Tydeus considered
turning the horse around and fighting the enemy.
Three times his heart and mind considered this,
and three times counselor Zeus on Mount Ida
thundered, a sign that the battle turned for Troy,
and Hector cried out to the Trojans, saying:
“Trojans, Lycians and Dardanians fighting hand
to hand, be men and have courage. The son
of Cronos has granted victory and great
glory for me but misery for the Danaans.
The fools have also built a weak and worthless
wall that will not stop my might and have dug
a trench that my horses will easily hurdle.
But whenever I reach their hollowed ships,
then let some remember to bring blazing
fire so I may burn their ships and slay any
Argives who are panicking from the smoke.”

He finished and then shouted to his horses:
“Xanthus, Podargus, Aethon, and divine
Lampus, now repay Andromache, daughter
of great-hearted Eëtion, for giving you
constant care, honey-hearted wheat, and mixed
wine to drink to your heart’s content even
before she served me, her vigorous husband.
But hurry along so we can take Nestor’s
shield, whose fame reaches heaven and is solid
gold, cross-rods and shield alike; and also take
from horse-tamer Diomedes his breastplate,
finely-fashioned by Hephaestus. If we take
these, then perhaps the Achaeans will sail
away this very night on their swift ships.”

So he boasted, but noble Hera was furious
She started from her seat, making tall Olympus
quake, and she addressed mighty Poseidon:
“Alas, mighty earth-shaker, the heart in your
breast now has no pity for the dying Danaans.
But they bring to Helice and Aegae many fine
offerings, and you wished them victory. So if we
who favor the Danaans wished it, we could drive
back the Trojans and restrain far-seeing Zeus,
and he would sit alone grieving on Mount Ida.”

Greatly vexed, the mighty earth-shaker replied:
“Hera, reckless in speech, what are you saying?
I certainly do not want us all fighting Zeus,
son of Cronos, for he is by far the strongest.”

As they spoke to one another, the space between
the ships and the trench and wall that protected
them was filled with chariots and shield-bearing
soldiers, all penned in by Hector, Priam’s son,
equal to swift Ares and granted glory by Zeus.
And he would have destroyed their ships by fire
if honored Hera had not put into Agamemnon’s
mind to quickly go and rouse the Achaeans.
So he went past the tents and Achaean ships,
held his great purple cloak in his strong hands,
and stood near the huge black ships of Odysseus
in the camp’s center, so his voice could be heard
from Telamonian Ajax’s tents to those of Achilles,
for they had drawn their ships at either end,
trusting in their mettle and their powerful hands.
With a great shout, he addressed the Danaans:
“Shame on you Argives, you worthless soldiers!
What happened to our bragging, our idle boasts
of bravery that we made in Lemnos as we ate
plentiful meat from straight-horned oxen, drank
mixing bowls filled with wine, and said that each
man would stand in battle against one or two
hundred Trojans? Now we cannot fight one man,
Hector, who will soon engulf our ships in fire.
Father Zeus, what other mighty king have you
recklessly blinded and then deprived of honor?
As I journeyed here in my well-benched ships,
I never passed one of your fine altars without
offering sacrifices of burnt fat and thigh-bones
of oxen in my desire to sack well-walled Troy.
But Zeus, fulfill this wish for me today: grant
that we may run away and escape, and do not
let the Achaeans be conquered by the Trojans.”

So he said, and as his tears fell, Zeus felt pity
and nodded his head, thus sparing his men.
At once, he sent a sure sign: an eagle holding
in his talons a fawn, youngest of deers. It fell
beside the fine altar where Achaeans offered
sacrifices to Zeus, source of all omens. Seeing
that the bird was from Zeus, the men eagerly
leapt on the Trojans, their battle lust restored.

Though numerous, no other Danaan could
drive his swift horses ahead of Tydeus’ son
as he drove across the ditch and joined the battle;
he was the first to kill a Trojan warrior, Agelaus,
Phradmon’s son. As he turned to flee, Diomedes
stuck a spear in his back, between his shoulder
blades, and drove it through his chest; and he fell
from his chariot, his armor clanging around him.

Then came the sons of Atreus, Agamemnon
and Menelaus, followed by both Ajaxes, clothed
in swift fury. Next were Idomeneus and Meriones,
his comrade, equal to Enyalius, slayer of men,
along with Eurypylus, noble son of Euaemon.
And Teucer, his bow bent back, was the ninth
and stood behind Telamonian Ajax’s shield.
When Ajax moved his shield for him, the hero
peered out, spotted his target, and shot. Once
the victim fell, Teucer returned to hide behind
the shield like a child hiding behind his mother;
so Ajax covered him with his shining shield.

Which Trojan was first slain by noble Teucer?
First was Orsilochus, then Ormenus, Ophelestes,
Daetor, Chromius, godlike Lycophontes,
Polyaemon’s son Amopaon, and Melanippus—
one after the other they fell to the rich earth.
Seeing so many Trojan ranks felled by Teucer’s
mighty bow, lord of men Agamemnon rejoiced
and came to stand beside him, and said to him:
“Teucer, dear man, son of Telamon, lord of men,
your archery brings light to the Danaans
and glory to your father, who reared you
and cared for you in his home even though
you were a bastard, and now you honor him,
though he is far away. I say this to you now,
and it will come to pass: if aegis-bearing Zeus
and Athena grant me to sack well-walled Ilios,
the first prize of honor after mine will be
yours: a tripod, two horses and a chariot,
or a woman who will go into your bed.”

Then noble Teucer answered him, saying:
“Great son of Atreus, why hurry me when I am
already eager? Since we started driving them
back to Ilios, I have waited with my bow,
slaying men, never stopping or exhausting
myself. I shot eight arrows with long barbs,
and all have struck the flesh of swift-fighting
young men, but I still cannot hit this mad dog.”

He spoke, drew his bowstring, and sent another
arrow straight at Hector, determined to hit him;
but the arrow missed him and instead struck
the chest of blameless Gorgythion, Priam’s fair
son, born to a married mother from Aesyme,
beautiful Castianeira, as shapely as a goddess.
Just as a garden poppy hangs heavy with fruit
and the showers of spring, so too did his head
hang to one side, weighed down by his helmet.

Again Teucer drew his bowstring and shot
an arrow straight at Hector, determined to hit him;
but the arrow missed, pushed aside by Apollo,
and instead hit Archeptolemus, Hector’s bold
charioteer, in the chest near the nipple as he raced
into battle. He fell from the chariot as the swift-
footed horses recoiled, and his spirit and strength
left him. Hector’s mind clouded over with grief
for his driver, but he left him there and told
his brother Cebriones, who was nearby, to take
the reins, and his brother heard and obeyed.
With a terrible cry, Hector leapt from his shining
chariot, picked up a stone, and went straight
for Teucer, determined to strike him. Teucer
took a sharp arrow from his quiver and put it
on the bowstring, but as he drew the shaft back
to his collar-bone, between his neck and chest,
shining-helmed Hector threw a jagged stone
and hit him with deadly fury. The strike snapped
the bowstring and made his arm grow numb;
he fell to one knee and dropped the bow.
But Ajax did not fail to aid his fallen brother,
running and protecting him with his shield.
Then two dear friends, Mecisteus, Echius’
son, and noble Alastor, lifted a groaning
Teucer and carried him to the hollow ships.

Once again the Olympian fired the Trojans’
fury, and they forced the Achaeans back against
the deep trench, led by Hector, who exulted
in his might. Just as a swift-footed dog in pursuit
of a wild swine or lion seizes him from behind
at the hip joint or rump but watches carefully
as he tries to twist free, so Hector chased the long-
haired Achaeans, slaying the stragglers as they
took flight. After they had fled past the stakes
and trench, and after many had been slain
by Trojan hands, they stopped beside their ships
and called to each other and to all the gods,
lifting their hands and praying, while Hector
whirled around on his fair-maned horses,
his eyes like the Gorgon or destroyer Ares.

Seeing them, white-armed goddess Hera took
pity and quickly spoke winged words to Athena:
“Alas, child of aegis-bearing Zeus, are we not
to care one last time for the suffering Danaans?
Now they will fulfill a dreaded destiny
and fall due to the rage of one man, Hector,
son of Priam, who has done great damage.”

Gleaming-eyed goddess Athena answered her:
“Truly I wish the man would lose his soul,
killed in his father’s land by Argive hands;
but my father’s wicked and unyielding mind
is bent on rage and thwarts my desires.
He forgets that I often saved his son Heracles
when the tasks of Eurystheus weakened him.
Indeed, he would cry out to heaven, and Zeus
would send me down to aid him. If my wise
heart had known this when Heracles was sent
to Hades of the gate to lead the hated god’s
dog out of Erebus, then he would not have
escaped Styx’s high waters. Now Zeus slights
me by fulfilling the plans of Thetis, who kissed
his knees, cupped his chin, and begged him
to honor Achilles, sacker of cities. One day,
he will again call me his grey-eyed girl.
But now, make ready the single-hoofed horses
while I go to aegis-bearing Zeus’ home
and don my armor so I may see if Priam’s
son, shining-helmed Hector, will rejoice
to see us on the battlefield, or if the Trojans
will satisfy the dogs and birds when their fat
and flesh fall beside the Achaean ships.”

So she said, and white-armed Hera, Cronos’
daughter, did not disobey but harnessed
the horses with frontlets of gold. But Athena,
daughter of aegis-bearing Zeus, let fall
on her father’s floor her ornamented robe,
which she herself had made, donned the tunic
of cloud-gathering Zeus, and armed herself
for the miseries of war. She then boarded
the shining chariot and grabbed the large,
heavy, and sturdy spear she used to destroy
the ranks of soldiers who angered the mighty
sire’s daughter. Hera quickly whipped her horses,
and heaven’s gates groaned open by order
of the Hours, who control whether the thick
clouds of Olympus are opened or closed.
And through the gates sped the goaded horses.

When Zeus saw them from Ida, he grew angry
and sent golden-winged Iris to deliver a message:
“Go, swift Iris, turn them back, and do not let
them come here, since it would be unwise for us
to fight. For I say this and know it will come
to pass: I will cripple their swift horses, hurl
the goddesses from their seats, and smash
their chariot. And the wounds my thunderbolts
inflict on them will not be healed for ten years,
so Athena may know what it is to fight her father.
But I feel no great anger or indignation for Hera,
for she always tries to undermine my commands.”

So he said, and storm-footed Iris took his message
and left the mountains of Ida for high Olympus.
At the first gates of many-peaked Olympus,
she met them and relayed the words of Zeus:
“Where are you going? Why do your hearts rage?
Zeus forbids you from giving aid to the Achaeans.
Whatever Cronos’ child threatens shall come
to pass: he will cripple your swift horses, hurl
you from your seats, and smash your chariot.
And the wounds his thunderbolts inflict on you
will not be healed for ten years, so you, bright-
eyes, may know what it is to fight your father.
He feels no great anger or indignation for Hera,
for she always tries to undermine his commands.
But you, bold bitch, are truly unbearable if you
dare to raise your mighty spear against Zeus.”

So she said, and swift-footed goddess Iris
departed. Then Hera said to Athena:
“Well, child of aegis-bearing Zeus, I cannot
let us battle Zeus for the sake of mortal men.
Let one live and another die, as fate dictates;
and let him decide in his heart who shall
win, the Trojans or Danaans, as is his right.”

Saying this, she turned her single-hoofed horses
back, and the Hours unyoked their harnesses,
secured the fair horses in their fragrant mangers,
and set the chariot against the radiant inner
walls. The goddesses then sat on the golden
couches with the other gods, their spirits dashed.

Then Zeus drove his fine chariot and horses
from Ida to Olympus and reached the assembled
gods. The great earth-shaker freed his horses,
put his chariot on its stand and covered it
in cloth. Then far-seeing Zeus sat on his golden
throne, and beneath his feet great Olympus
shook. Athena and Hera sat apart from Zeus,
neither speaking to him nor questioning him,
but his mind knew all, and so he asked them:
“Why so troubled, Athena and Hera?
Surely you are not worn out from destroying
in glorious war the Trojans you despise.
My power and reach are now so invincible
that no Olympian gods could turn me back,
and trembling took hold of your limbs long
before you saw war and war’s gristly deeds.
For I say this and know it will come to pass:
once struck by my lightning, you would never
return to Olympus, home of the immortals.”

So he said as Athena and Hera murmured
to each other, devising death for the Trojans.
Still, though she was furious at her father
Zeus, Athena stayed silent and said nothing;
but Hera did not contain her rage, telling him:
“Dreadful son of Cronos, what are you saying?
We know that your strength is not feeble,
but we feel pity for all the Danaan warriors
whose deadly destinies will now be fulfilled.
We shall refrain from battle if you order it,
but we will aid the Argives with counsel
so they do not all perish due to your wrath.”

Cloud-gatherer Zeus replied to her, saying:
“At dawn, ox-eyed goddess Hera, you will see,
if you wish, Cronos’ mighty son lay waste
to a multitude of Achaean warriors, for mighty
Hector will keep fighting until the day Peleus’
swift-footed son is roused to join the dire battle
over Patroclus’ corpse in the narrow pass
by the ships’ sterns; so it shall be. But I do
not care for your anger, not even if you reach
the lowest levels of sea and land where Iapetus
and Cronos sit in deep Tartarus with neither
the rays of Helios Hyperion or the wind
to delight them. Even if you reach that
place, I will care nothing for your fury,
for there are none more reckless than you.”

So he said, but white-armed Hera did not reply.
Then the sun’s bright light sank into Oceanus,
bringing black night over the grain-giving earth.
Darkness came against the will of the Trojans,
but it was a sweet answer to Achaean prayers.

Then shining Hector assembled the Trojans
away from the ships, beside a whirling river,
in a clear space freed of any corpses. They
stepped from their chariots to the ground
to hear the words of Hector, dear to Zeus,
whose hands held a spear eleven cubits long,
with a tip of blazing bronze and a ring of gold.
Leaning on the spear, he addressed the Trojans:
“Listen to me, Trojans and Dardanian allies:
I wanted to destroy the Achaeans and all
their ships and return home to windy Ilios,
but darkness has come and has saved the Argives
and their ships along the shore of the sea. So let
us resign ourselves to black night and prepare
our meal. First, unyoke your fair-maned horses
from the chariots and feed them fodder. Then
from the city quickly fetch oxen and fat sheep
and from our homes procure honey-sweet wine
and bread. Finally, gather ample wood, so that
all through night until the early-born dawn we
can burn many fires, their light reaching heaven;
otherwise, the long-haired Achaeans may flee
during the night across the sea’s wide waves.
Do not let them board their ships with ease,
but fire arrows or sharp spears as they spring
to their ships, making them nurse their wounds
once home, so others may shrink from bringing
wrathful war upon the horse-taming Trojans.
Let the Zeus-loved heralds announce to the city
that young boys and grey-headed old men
should take their stations along the god-built
city walls, let each woman build a great fire
in her great hall, and let a vigilant watch
be kept so none may ambush the city while
the army is away. So let it be as I proclaim,
great-hearted Trojans; and let these orders
stand for now, but at dawn I will have more
to say. I pray in hope that Zeus and the other
gods will chase away these dogs born by doom,
which death carried here in their black ships.
Now, tonight we will maintain our positions,
but before dawn breaks, we will arm ourselves
and attack the hollow ships with fierce fury,
and I will know if mighty Diomedes forces
me back from the ships to the wall, or if I will
slay him with bronze and carry off his gory
spoils. Tomorrow, if he can face my spear,
he will know his valor, but I think he will be
among the first to be cut down, surrounded
by many allies, when the sun rises tomorrow.
If only I were immortal, ageless, and held
in honor like Athena or Apollo, then surely
the coming day brings death for the Argives.”

So Hector spoke, and the Trojans shouted
approval. They unyoked the sweating horses
and tethered them with reins to their chariots.
Then they quickly brought oxen and fat sheep
from the city, honey-sweet wine and bread
from their homes, and ample wood for fires.
Finally, they offered hecatombs to the immortals.
The wind carried the pleasant smell of burnt
flesh over the plain, but the gods did not
feast, for they truly hated sacred Ilios, Priam,
and the people of Priam of the ashen spear.[1]

All night long, these noble-hearted men sat
beside the battlefield, fires blazing all around.
Just as the stars and moon in heaven shine
clearly when the air is windless, revealing every
mountain peak and high bluff and deep dell,
and the aether[2] clears the sky so all the stars
are seen, delighting the shepherd’s heart,
so shone the Trojan fires blazing between
the ships and the river Xanthos, beside Ilios.
A thousand fires blazed across the plain,
each one warming the faces of fifty men.
And by the chariots, horses ate white barley
and oats, waiting for Dawn to take her seat.

These three lines were not in the original poem but added later in a pseudo-Platonic work called the Second Alcibiades from the 3rd or 2nd centuries BC and makes little sense considering that the Trojans have as many gods on their side as the Achaeans. ↵

In Hesiod’s Theogony, Aether was the son of Erebus (darkness) and Nyx (night) and brother of Hemera (Day). Aether embodies the “pure” air in the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere) that the gods breathe as opposed to the normal air (ἀήρ) that humans breathe. ↵

Book 9

While the Trojans held watch, it was fear’s
chilling cousin, panic, that held the Achaeans,
for their leaders were overwhelmed by grief.
Just as the twin winds Boreas and Zephyrus
emerge suddenly out of Thrace to stir
the fish-filled seas and raise a mass of black
waves that scatter seaweed along the shore,
so despair filled the hearts of all Achaeans.

But the son of Atreus, consumed with great
grief, ordered the clear-voiced heralds to join
him in quietly calling each man by name
to assemble. When the dispirited men had
all gathered, a grieving Agamemnon stood
before them, tears pouring from his face like
a river of black water falling from a steep cliff.
With a heavy groan, he said to the Argives:
“Friends, leaders, and advisors of the Argives,
great Zeus, son of Cronos, has ensnared me
in folly, for he promised me with a nod of assent
that I would sack great Ilios before going home,
but that was a foul trick, and now I must return
to Argos in shame, having lost many men.
Such are the pleasures of all-powerful Zeus,
who has razed many cities and will destroy
many more, for his strength is greatest of all.
So this is my commandment for all to obey:
let us sail back home to our beloved fatherlands,
for we shall never capture Troy’s wide streets.”

So he spoke, and all Achaean sons fell silent,
deeply troubled, and they stayed silent
until war-crier Diomedes addressed them:
“Son of Atreus, I will be first to protest this
foolishness, as is my right in assembly, so do
not be angry. I was the first Danaan you reviled
for lack of courage, calling me unwarlike
and cowardly; all Argives know this, old
and young. But Cronos’ wily son gave you only
half a gift: with the scepter, he granted you honor
above all, but he did not grant you the greater
gift, courage. Do you truly think the Achaean
sons are as unwarlike and cowardly as you claim?
If your heart is so keen to leave, then leave.
There is the road to the sea and to the many
ships you used to sail here from Mycenae.
But the other long-haired Achaean leaders
will stay until we sack Troy; and even if they
do sail back to their beloved fatherlands,
then Sthenelus and I will keep fighting
until Ilios is ours, for Zeus himself sent us here.”

So he said, and the Achaean sons cheered
in wonder at horse-tamer Diomedes’ words.
Then horseman Nestor stood and spoke:
“Son of Tydeus, you are mightiest in battle
and best of those your own age in council.
No Achaean will disparage or question
your words, but your speech is incomplete.
You are young enough to be my son,
and you provide wise counsel to the Argive
kings since you speak by right, but now, since
I am your elder, I will speak and declare all,
for no one will challenge my words, not even
lord Agamemnon. He who lusts for the terrors
of war among his own people is unworthy
of clan, laws, or home. But now let us accept
the blackness of night and prepare our meals,
and let guards stand watch in the trench
we dug beyond the wall. I give these orders
to the young men, but you, son of Atreus,
should lead, for you are the most royal.
Prepare a feast for the elders, as is right
and proper; your tents are filled with wine
brought from Thrace each day by Achaean
ships, so you should offer hospitality.
When all are gathered together, you will
take the wisest counsel. The Achaeans need
good and wise counsel, since foes burn watch
fires near our ships, and who rejoices at that?
This night will destroy our army or save it.”

So he spoke, and they eagerly heard and obeyed.
Guards in full armor gathered quickly around
Nestor’s son, Thrasymedes, shepherd of men,
and Ascalaphus and Ialmenus, sons of Ares,
and Meriones and Aphareus and Deïpyrus,
and the noble Lycomedes, son of Creon.
Each of these seven sentry leaders led one-
hundred young men, all wielding long spears.
Once in position between the trench and wall,
they kindled a fire and prepared their meals.

The son of Atreus led all the Achaean elders
to his tent and offered them an abundant feast.
They set their hands on the fine meal before
them, but after drinking and eating their fill,
the old man, Nestor, was first to weave his wise
counsel, for he always offered the best advice.
With good intent, he addressed the assembly:
“Son of Atreus, Agamemnon, great ruler
of men, I will begin and end with you, for you
rule over many men, and Zeus granted you
the scepter and the right to rule your people
justly. Therefore you must speak, listen,
and act on another’s advice when he speaks
for the good of all; but you have the final
word. Thus I will give to you my best advice.
No other man will devise a better plan than
the one I have had in mind for a long time now,
ever since that day, noble king, when you angrily
seized the girl Briseïs from the tent of Achilles
against our advice. I anxiously sought to dissuade
you, but you surrendered to your great heart
and dishonored this mighty man whom the gods
cherish by taking and keeping his prize; so now
we must arrange to make amends and persuade
him with soothing words and pleasing gifts.”

Agamemnon, lord of men, answered him:
“Old man, your recount of my folly is no lie;
I was reckless, and I do not deny it. Worth
many warriors is this man beloved by Zeus,
who honors him by hurting the Achaean army.
Since my actions were those of a blind fool,
I must make amends and offer countless gifts.
So before you all I shall name these gifts:
seven tripods untouched by fire, ten talents[1]
of gold, twenty gleaming kettles, and twelve
fit horses who are all race champions. A man
would not be without riches, nor would he be
without precious gold, if given the prizes won
for me by my single-hoofed horses. I will also
give him seven women of Lesbos, each skilled
in craftwork and unmatched in beauty, which
I chose on the day Achilles captured well-built
Lesbos. These I will give him, and among them
will be the girl Briseïs; and I will swear an oath
that I never went to her in bed or slept with her,
as is customary for men and women. All
these things shall be his at once; and should
the gods grant us to sack Priam’s great city,
let him come and fill his ship with an abundance
of gold and silver when we divide the spoils,
and let him select twenty Trojan women
who are the most beautiful after Argive Helen.
If we return to the rich lands of Achaean Argos,
then he will be my son, equal in honor to Orestes,
my beloved son who is being raised in luxury.
I have three daughters in my well-built palace,
Chrysothemis, Laodice, and Iphianassa;
let him take one of these without bride price[2]
to the house of Peleus; and I will add a dowry
bigger than any man ever gave with his daughter.
And seven prosperous cities will I give him:
Cardamyle, Enope, grass-clad Hire,
holy Pherae, Antheia with its deep meadows,
beautiful Aepeia, and vine-rich Pedasus.
Each is near the sea, at the edge of sandy Pylos,
and is home to men rich in cattle and flocks
who will honor him with gifts like a god
and will fulfill his commands under his scepter.
All this shall be his if he ceases his wrath.
Make him yield, for Hades is unyielding
and inflexible and hence the god most hated
by mortal men. And make him submit to me,
for I am a greater king and am his elder.”

Then Nestor, horseman of Gerenia, replied:
“Son of Atreus, Agamemnon, great ruler
of men, the gifts for lord Achilles are without
fault; but come, let us quickly send chosen men
to the tents of lord Achilles, son of Peleus.
Rather, whoever I select, let them obey.
First, Phoenix, dear to Zeus, shall take the lead,
and great Ajax and noble Odysseus will follow
along with the heralds Odius and Eurybates.
Bring water for our hands, and keep silent as we
pray to Zeus, son of Cronos, so he will pity us.”

So he said, and his words pleased all. At once,
heralds brought water and poured it over
their hands, and young men filled the mixing
bowls with drink and served all, pouring libations
first into goblets. After offerings had been made
and all had drunk their fill, they left Agamemnon’s
tents, and Nestor, horseman of Gerenia, gave them
detailed instruction, eyeing each man, especially
Odysseus, urging them to win over Peleus’ son.

As they went along the shore of the long-roaring
sea, they prayed often to earth-shaking Poseidon
in hopes of easily swaying Aeacus’ great-minded
grandson. They reached the Myrmidon tents
and ships and found him enjoying the clear notes
of the lyre, finely made with a cross-bar of silver,
taken from the spoils of the sacked city of Eëtion;
with it, he cheered his heart by singing songs
of great warriors. Patroclus sat silently across
from him, waiting for Achilles to finish singing.
Noble Odysseus led the way as they came
to stand before him; Achilles leapt up in surprise,
still clutching his lyre in his hands, and Patroclus
also sprang up when he noticed the men.
Then swift-footed Achilles greeted them, saying:
“You are welcome, my dearest Achaean friends,
but your needs must be great to have come here.”

So saying, godlike Achilles invited them inside,
asked them to sit on couches with purple coverings,
and quickly said to Patroclus, who was nearby:
“Son of Menoetius, bring out a large mixing-bowl,
mix strong wine, and prepare a goblet for each,
for under my roof have come my dearest friends.”

So he said, and Patroclus obeyed his dear friend.
He set the chopping block on the bright fire
and laid down a ram’s back, a fat goat’s back,
and a wild boar’s chine[3] loaded with grease.
Automedon held them while noble Achilles
carved the meat and placed the pieces on spits
and godlike Patroclus stoked the blazing fire.
Once the fire burnt down and the flames were
quenched, he spread the embers, set the spits
on the andirons, and sprinkled salt on the meat.
After roasting the meat and placing it on platters,
Patroclus took out bread and set it in baskets
on the table while Achilles served the meat.
He sat opposite godlike Odysseus by the furthest
wall and ordered Patroclus to make a sacrifice.
His friend then threw burnt offerings into the fire,
and they began to enjoy the good meal before them.
After they took their fill of food and drink, Ajax
nodded to Phoenix; noticing this, Odysseus
filled his cup with wine and said to Achilles:
“Cheers, Achilles. We are not wanting in feasts,
either in the tent of Agamemnon, son of Atreus,
or in yours now, where we have an abundance
to feast on. But our minds care not for delightful
feasts but for far greater concerns, for it is
doubtful that the well-built ships will be saved
from destruction if you do not add your strength.
The high-hearted Trojans and their famed allies
have set their tents near the ships and the wall,
have lit many fires through the army, and say they
will not fall back but will fall upon our black ships.
Zeus, son of Cronos, has signaled with lightning
on their right sides, and great Hector fights
like a madman, exulting in his might, trusting
in Zeus but respecting neither god nor man.
He prays for heavenly Dawn to come quickly,
for he promises to cut off the tops of each stern,
to fill the ships with flaming fire, and to slay
the Achaeans as they panic from the smoke.
My mind gravely fears that the gods will fulfill
his boasts and that we are destined to perish
in Troy, far from the pastures of Argos.
So come, then, if you are inclined to save
the Achaean sons from the Trojan assault.
This woe, once done, will bring to you a sorrow
that cannot be healed, so consider how you
will defend the Danaans from this evil day.
Friend, surely your father, on the day he sent
you to Agamemnon from Phthia, said to you:
‘My son, Athena and Hera will give you might
if they so choose, but curb your proud heart,
for friendliness is better; and keep away
from strife, bringer of evil, and the Argives
will honor you all the more, young and old.’
So he said, but you forgot. So cease this now,
and forget this bitter brawl, for Agamemnon
offers suitable gifts if you curb your wrath.
Now listen to me as I list off all the gifts
Agamemnon, in his tent, promised you:
seven tripods untouched by fire, ten talents
of gold, twenty gleaming kettles, and twelve
fit horses who are all champions. A man given
the prizes won by Agamemnon’s single-hoofed
horses would not be without riches or precious
gold. He would also give you seven women
of Lesbos, each skilled in work and unmatched
in beauty, which he chose on the day you
yourself took well-built Lesbos. These he will
give to you, and among them will be the girl
Briseïs; and he swears an oath that he never
went to her in bed or slept with her, as is
customary for men and women. All these
shall be yours at once; and should the gods
grant us to sack Priam’s great city, you may
go and fill your ship up with gold and silver
when we divide the spoils, and you may
select twenty Trojan women who are the most
beautiful after Argive Helen. If we return
to the rich lands of Achaean Argos, then you
will be his son, equal in honor to Orestes,
his beloved son who is being raised in luxury.
He has three daughters in his well-built palace,
Chrysothemis, Laodice, and Iphianassa;
you may take one of these without bride price
to the house of Peleus; and he will add a dowry
bigger than any man ever gave with his daughter.
And seven prosperous cities will he give you:
Cardamyle, Enope, grass-clad Hire,
holy Pherae, Antheia with its deep meadows,
beautiful Aepeia, and vine-rich Pedasus.
Each is near the sea, at the edge of sandy Pylos,
and is home to men rich in cattle and flocks
who will honor you with gifts like a god
and fulfill all commands under your scepter.
All these will be yours if you cease your wrath.
But if you hold too much hate for Atreus’ son,
then pity the rest of the suffering Achaean
army, for they would honor you like a god,
and you would win great glory in their eyes,
for you might slay Hector, since he would come
close to you in his deadly rage and says no one
who came here in Danaan ships is his equal.”

In reply, swift-footed Achilles answered him:
“Zeus-born son of Laertes, cunning Odysseus,
clearly I must speak to you with blunt words
and explain to you how we will proceed
so you do not sit here and prattle on and on.
I hate this man like the gates of Hades,
for he thinks one thing and says another.
So I will say what I think is right and true:
I will not be swayed by Agamemnon, son
of Atreus, or any other Danaan, for I received
no thanks for my ceaseless fighting of enemies.
An equal fate awaits both the coward holding
back and the hero fighting hardest, and death
comes both to the idle man and the busy.
It has not brought me profit for my heart
to suffer by always risking my life in battle.
Just as a bird brings back for her young chicks
any morsel she finds, leaving none for herself,
so also have I passed many sleepless nights
and blood-stained days waging war and fighting
warriors for the sake of their wives. I have
sacked twelve cities with my ships and claimed
eleven across the rich Troad; I took many fine
treasures, brought them back, and gave them
to Agamemnon, son of Atreus; but he, staying
behind in the swift ships, gave out only a small
portion and kept the rest. Other prizes given
to heroes and kings stayed securely theirs,
but alone among the Achaeans was my prize
taken, the wife of my heart; may she cheer
his bed. But why are the Argives fighting
the Trojans? Why has Atreus’ son gathered
an army and led them here? Was it not for fair
Helen? Are the sons of Atreus the only men who
love their wives? All good, sensible men love
and care for their wives, just as I love this girl,
though she was captured by my spear. Since he
took her from me with trickery, he cannot tempt
me; I know him too well and will not be persuaded.
You, Odysseus, and the other kings must help him
devise a plan to protect the ships from enemy fire.
He has done a great many things in my absence,
like building the wall, digging a large, wide
trench, and planting sharp stakes within it—
but he cannot contain the might of man-slaying
Hector. As long as I fought with the Achaeans,
Hector was unwilling to fight far from the wall,
going only as far as the Scaean gates and oak tree;
once he fought me there alone and barely survived.
But I no longer want to battle noble Hector,
so tomorrow I will sacrifice to Zeus and the other
gods, fill my ships, and launch them on the sea.
Then you will see, should you so desire, my ships
sailing in the early dawn across the fish-strewn
Hellespont, my men eagerly rowing the oars.
If the glorious earth-shaker grants us fair voyage,
in three days I will arrive at rich-soiled Phthia.
I left much behind when I came to this place,
but I will return from here with gold, red bronze,
well-girdled women, and grey iron—all won
by lot, save for my prize which was first given
and then insultingly taken by Agamemnon,
son of Atreus. Return and tell him openly
what I say to you, so other Achaeans will be
offended should he hope to deceive them
with his dog-like shamelessness, for he does
not have the courage to look me in the face.
I will not join him in counsel or in battle,
for he deceived me and failed me, and I
refuse to let him do so again. Let him make
his own ruin, since counselor Zeus has taken
his wits. His gifts are hateful and worthless
to me. Even if he gave me ten or twenty times
more than he has, and even if he added all
gifts brought to Orchomenus or hundred-gated
Thebes of Egypt—where treasures fill men’s
houses and where two hundred warriors go
forth from each gate in horses and chariots—
and even if his gifts were as many as sand
or dust, Agamemnon would still not persuade
my heart until he fully repaid his outrage.
I will not marry Agamemnon’s daughter,
even if she equaled golden Aphrodite in beauty
and gleaming-eyed Athena in handiwork;
let him select another of the Achaeans, one
who is more suitable and more kingly than I.
If the gods preserve me and I make it home,
then surely Peleus will find a wife for me.
There are many Achaean maidens across
Hellas and Phthia, daughters of great men,
and I can choose my wife from among them.
For many years my manly heart was bent
on marrying a beautiful bride and enjoying
the possessions won by old man Peleus.
My life is not equal to the riches possessed
by the well-peopled citadel of Ilios in times
of peace, before the Achaean sons arrived,
or to what is held within the marble threshold
of the archer, Phoebus Apollo, in rocky Pytho.
For oxen, fattened sheep, tripods, and yellow-
maned horses can be carried off by force,
but a man’s life cannot be captured or taken
away once it escapes from his clenched teeth.
My mother, silver-footed goddess Thetis,
tells me I am fated to die in one of two ways.
If I remain to fight around the city of Troy,
I will not return home but will gain eternal glory;
but if I return home to my dear father’s land,
I will lose eternal fame but will win a long life,
and death’s end will not come quickly for me.
I would also advise the rest of you to sail away
for home; it is not your lot to reach high Ilios
since far-seeing Zeus holds his mighty hands
over it, and its people are filled with courage.
But you must return and relay my message
to the Achaean leaders, for that is the privilege
of advisors: to come up with another plan
to save the ships and save the Achaean army
beside the hollow ships, since your plan will not
work due to my bitter wrath. But let Phoenix
stay and sleep here, so tomorrow he may come
with me on my ship to our dear fatherland—
if he wishes, that is, for I will not force him.”

So he said, and all fell softly silent, awed
by his stern refusal. After some time, the old
horseman Phoenix burst into tears and spoke,
greatly fearing for the Achaean ships:
“Glorious Achilles, if your rage-filled heart
is considering a return home, and you care not
to defend the swift ships from fiery destruction,
then how could I remain here all alone, dear
child? On the day old horseman Peleus sent
you from Phthia to Agamemnon, he sent me
as well, for you were a child who knew nothing
of war or of debate where men gain greatness.
He sent me to teach you all of these things,
to be a speaker of words and a doer of deeds.
Thus, dear child, I would not want to be left
behind, not even if Zeus himself scraped off
my age and made me young again, as when
I first left Hellas, home of beautiful women,
fleeing from my father, Amyntor, Ormenus’
son. He was angry at me over a fair-haired
concubine whom he himself loved, dishonoring
his wife, my mother; she begged me to sleep
with this concubine, and so to make her hate
the old man. I did as she asked, but my father
found out and cursed me, invoking the dreaded
Erinyes, that no child of mine would ever sit
upon my knees; and Zeus of the underworld
and glorious Persephone fulfilled that curse.
I devised a plan to kill him with my sharp sword,
but one of the gods stopped my anger, putting
in my mind the voices of rumor and reproach,
that the Achaeans would call me father-killer.[4]
So my soul refused to remain any longer
in my father’s house for fear of his anger.
My cousins and clansmen stood around me,
and detained me in the halls, offering prayers,
sacrificing fat sheep, shambling and sleek
oxen, and rich swine that were singed
and stretched over the fire of Hephaestus
as they drank wine from the old man’s jars.
They passed nine long nights with me, taking
turns keeping watch and leaving the fires
unquenched, one on the well-walled courtyard
portico and another in front of my chamber
porch. But on the tenth murky night, I broke
down the closely-constructed chamber doors
and fled, leaping easily over the courtyard fence
and eluding the guardsmen and servant women.
Then I went far away across spacious Hellas
until I came to fertile Phthia, mother of sheep,
and to King Peleus. He greeted me heartily
and loved me in the same way a father loves
his only son, who is heir to great possessions.
He granted me wealth and many subjects,
and I ruled Dolopia, on the borders of Phthia.
I raised you to be as you are, godlike Achilles,
and loved you with all my heart. You would not go
with another to the feast or eat meat in the large
hall until I set you on my knees and gave you
your fill of cut-up meat and held your drink.
Often you soaked my tunic with the wine you
would spit out in childish misery. So I have
suffered and toiled much for you, and since
the gods would not grant me a child of my own,
I wished for you to be my son, godlike Achilles,
so you could ward off my bitter end. Now curb
your great spirit and restrain your reckless heart;
even the gods change their minds, though
their honor and might are greater. With burnt
sacrifices, calm offerings, and libations do men
beg the gods to turn back their wrath against
those who transgress and do wrong. There are
Prayers, too, daughters of great Zeus, who are
lame, wrinkled, and eyed with sidelong glances,
as they anxiously follow after Mischief.
But Mischief is strong and swift and outruns
Prayers, rushing ahead and smiting men in all
lands while Prayers run behind, trying to heal.
Those who respect Zeus’ daughters when near
will have their prayers heard and answered,
but if they reject and inflexibly refuse them,
then Prayers go to Zeus and beg for Mischief
to follow them and punish them with harm.
Thus, Achilles, give honor to the daughters
of Zeus, who bends the minds of many others.
For if the son of Atreus did not bring gifts
or offer even more but remained enraged,
I would not ask you to give up your anger
and aid the Argives, though their need is great.
But he promises you gifts now and in the future,
and has sent the Achaean army’s best to convince
you, those you hold dearest among the Argives.
Do not dishonor their words or visit, though
before this none would blame you for your anger.
We have heard the stories of great heroes of old
who, when terrible fury came over them, were
appeased by gifts and won over with words.
I myself remember a story from older days,
and as we are all friends, I will share it now.
The Curetes and stout Aetolians were battling
and slaying one another near Calydon,
the Aetolians defending beautiful Calydon
and the Curetes eagerly sacking the city.
Golden-throned Artemis had stirred this evil,
angered that Oeneus had failed to offer her
the finest harvest fruits. As other gods feasted
on hecatombs, great Zeus’ daughter was given
nothing, Oeneus having forgotten or not noticed.
This angered the Shedder of Arrows, daughter
of Zeus, and she sent a wild, white-tusked boar,
to wreak great woes on the orchards of Oeneus,
uprooting trees and dashing them to the ground,
root and apple blossom and all. But Meleager,
son of Oeneus, slew the beast by gathering
hunters and hounds from many cities, all
needed for the kill since the boar was huge
and had put many men on burning pyres.
But the goddess sent chaos and quarrels
between the Curetes and noble Aetolians
over the swine’s head and shaggy hide.
So long as Meleager fought, the battle went
badly for the Curetes, who kept losing ground
outside the wall in spite of their numbers.
But Meleager fell into a rage,[5] one that swells
in the hearts of many, even the wise, a rage
directed at his dear mother Althaea. He was
laying with his wife Cleopatra, daughter
of fair-ankled Marpessa, who was the daughter
of Evenus and of Idas, the mightiest of men,
who took up his bow against Phoebus Apollo
for his fair-ankled bride. In their halls,
Cleopatra’s father and revered mother called
her Halcyone, for her mother cried like
a sorrowful halcyon bird when far-shooter
Phoebus Apollo snatched her away. As he
lay beside Cleopatra, he burned with rage
over his mother’s curses, for she called down
the gods upon him for killing her brother.
With breasts wet with tears, she knelt, beat
her hands on the earth that feeds many,
and called on Hades and dread Persephone
to send death to her son; and harsh-hearted
Erinyes, walking in darkness, heard her call.
Soon battle noises arose around the gates
and fortified walls; and the elder Aetolians
sent their best priests to Meleager to beg him
to come and aid them, promising many gifts
and telling him that he could select for himself
fifty fine acres from among the richest fields
of Calydon, with half of the area vineyards
and the other half bare, arable lands. Then
the old horseman Oeneus begged his son,
going to the threshold of his lofty bedchamber
and shaking the closely-joined doors; then
his sister and revered mother begged him,
but he refused; then his comrades, those nearest
and dearest to him, begged him, yet even
they could not persuade the heart in his chest.
Finally, when the Curetes were scaling the walls,
burning the great city, and threatening
his chambers, Meleager’s well-girdled wife
begged him by recounting all the horrors men
and women suffer when a city is sacked: men
killed, the city burnt to ash, and the children
and women taken by strangers. Hearing this
evil tale stirred Meleager’s heart, and he rose,
clothed his body in shining armor, and warded
off the Aetolians on this evil day, yielding
to his heart, though he was not repaid with fine
gifts. So, dear boy, strip your mind of such
thoughts and steer your spirit away from this
path, for it is far harder to save a burning ship.
Go while gifts can still be won, and you will be
honored by the Achaeans like a god. If you
enter the battle without gifts, then your honor
will be less though you may ward off war.”

Then swift-footed Achilles replied to him:
“Phoenix, noble old father, I do not need this
honor; I have already been honored by Zeus
and will hold this among the curved ships as
long as I can draw breath and bend my knees.
And I will say another thing, and take it to heart:
do not trouble me with weeping and wailing
for Atreus’ noble son, and do not love that man
or you will be hated by one who loves you.
It is better for you to hurt the one who hurts me,
so stay, be king with me, and take half my honor.
These men will relay my message while you
stay and sleep on my soft beds; then, at dawn,
we will discuss whether to remain or go home.”

So saying, he nodded his brow to silently tell
Patroclus to lay out a warm bed for Phoenix,
so the others might quickly decide to leave.
But Ajax, godlike son of Telamon, spoke up:
“Zeus-born son of Laertes, wily Odysseus,
let us go, for it seems we will not fulfill
the mission’s goal; we must quickly bring back
the bad news to the Danaans, who no doubt
are sitting and waiting for us, since Achilles
holds his hate deep within his great heart.
He is hardened and untroubled by the love
of his comrades who honor him above all.
A man accepts ransom even from the slayer
of his brother or son; the guilty man remains
in his own land once he pays, and the kinsmen’s
heart and honor are restrained by accepting
the ransom. But the gods have placed in your
breast an implacable heart—all for one girl;
and now we offer you seven, the best by far,
and more besides. So be gracious and respect
your house, for we have come from the Danaans
to be under your roof, and we eagerly desire
your honor and love above all other Achaeans.”

Swift-footed Achilles then answered him:
“Zeus-born Ajax, son of Telamon, ruler
of men, you say all that is in my mind,
but my heart swells with hate when I think
of how the son of Atreus insulted me before
the Argives like some dishonored vagabond.
So go and relay my message: that I will not
think of blood-red war until Priam’s warrior
son, noble Hector, comes to the Myrmidon
tents and ships, kills the Argives, and sets
fire to our ships. But I think Hector will
keep far away from my tents and black
ships, though he will be eager for battle.”

So saying, each man made a drink offering
from a double-cup and returned to their ships,
Odysseus leading. Then Patroclus ordered
his comrades and attendants to quickly make
a bed for Phoenix, so they spread out a fleece,
blanket, and fine linen, and the old man laid
down and waited for heavenly Dawn. Achilles
slept deep within the well-made tent, and beside
him slept a woman, taken from Lesbos, daughter
of Phorbas, fair-cheeked Diomede. Patroclus
lay on the other side, and beside him slept
well-girdled Iphis, given to him by Achilles
after he sacked steep Scyros, city of Enyeus.

When they reached the son of Atreus’ tent,
the Achaean sons stood up, raised golden cups
in welcome, and questioned them; the first
to ask a question was Agamemnon, lord of men:
“Tell me, famed Odysseus, glorious Achaean,
will he defend the ships from blazing fire, or has
he refused and let his anger consume his heart?”

Then stout and noble Odysseus answered him:
“Famed son of Atreus, Agamemnon, lord of men,
the man will not turn from his wrath, for he is
filled with hate and refuses you and your gifts.
He says to consult the Argives and devise
a plan to save the Achaean army and ships;
and he himself threatens at the break of dawn
to launch his well-benched ships into the sea.
He also urges others to sail for home, since
you will not bring about the end of high Ilios
since far-seeing Zeus holds his mighty hand
over it, filling its people with courage. So he
said, and these men here can attest to this:
Ajax and the two heralds, both sensible men.
But Phoenix stayed back, at Achilles’ urging,
so he may join him on his ships to his father’s
land if he wishes, for he will not be forced.”

So he said, and the assembly fell softly silent,
stunned by his strong words. The Achaean
sons grieved in silence for some time until
great war-crier Diomedes spoke to them:
“Noble son of Atreus, Agamemnon, I wish
you had not begged the great son of Peleus
or offered countless gifts; he is arrogant,
and you have driven him further into arrogance.
But now we must forget about him. He may
stay or he may go, and he will fight when
his heart demands it and when the gods rouse
him. So come, listen to me and do as I say:
go and sleep, once you have sated your heart
with food and wine, for courage and strength.
But when rosy-fingered Dawn appears, swiftly
gather your men and chariots by the ships
and inspire them by fighting on the front lines.”

So he said, and the kings all agreed, awed
by the words of the horse-tamer Diomedes.
After pouring a libation, each man went
to his tent, laid down, and took the gift of sleep.

A talent is approximately 34 kilograms or 72 pounds, so ten talents is approximately 340 kg or 720 lb. ↵

The custom at this time was for the suitor to give gifts to the bride’s father. ↵

A cut of meat that includes the backbone of the animal. ↵

These four lines are not considered part of the original poem but were added later. They are quoted in Plutarch’s Moralia (Ἠθικά). ↵

The traditional story that Phoenix recounts here concerns a conflict between Meleager and his uncles (brothers of Meleager’s mother, Althaea) who objected to a woman, Atalanta (not mentioned in Homer) getting a piece of the boar’s spoils. In the conflict, Meleager killed his uncles. Upon hearing this, Althaea prayed to the gods to kill her son. The other elements of the story recounted here—Meleager’s refusal to fight—is not recounted in other versions of this story and is likely Homer’s own invention, particularly because it parallels so closely with Achilles’s own story. ↵

Book 10

All the other Achaean leaders spent the night
softly slumbering beside their ships, but sweet
sleep evaded Agamemnon, son of Atreus,
leader of men, for his mind was troubled.
Just as fair-haired Hera’s husband shoots
lightning when bringing terrifying rain or hail
or a blizzard that covers the fields with snow,
or like the sharp jaws of piercing warfare,
so groaned Agamemnon from the deep
recesses of his chest, his body trembling in fear.
Gazing out at the Trojan plain, he marveled
at the fires burning before Ilios, the sounds
of flutes and pipes, and the noises of men.
But when he looked at the Achaean ships
and army, he tore his hair out by the roots,
looked up to Zeus on high, and groaned
in his heart. Thus the plan that seemed to him
to be best was to first visit Nestor, son of Neleus,
in hopes that he would devise a shrewd scheme
that would avert disaster for all Danaans.
So he stood up, donned his tunic, bound
his beautiful sandals to his shining feet,
draped about him a yellow leopard hide
that reached to his feet, and seized his spear.

Sleep also evaded a trembling Menelaus, for he
feared the fate of all the Argives who came
across the sea’s great waters to Troy with war
in their hearts—all for him. He wrapped
a multi-colored panther skin around his chest,
lifted a bronze helmet, set it upon his head,
and seized a spear in his thick hand. Then he
went to see his brother, great lord of all Argives,
honored by his people like a god. He found
him putting fine armor over his shoulders
by his ship’s stern and was welcomed warmly.
And great-shouter Menelaus spoke first:
“Brother, why are you arming? Are you stirring
a soldier to spy on the Trojans? I have a grave
fear that no man will perform this task for you,
for only a stout-hearted man would go out
to spy on a hostile enemy in the ambrosial night.”

Then lord Agamemnon answered him, saying:
“You and I need clever counsel, Menelaus, dear
to Zeus, that will protect and save the Argives
and their ships, for the mind of Zeus has turned
against us, and his heart leans towards Hector.
I have not seen or heard tell of any man devising
such dreaded deeds as those Hector, dear to Zeus,
has done today against the Achaean sons,
though he is not a son of a goddess or god.
The Argives will not long forget the distress
and despair that he has brought upon them.
But now go along the line of ships and call Ajax
and Idomeneus to hurry here, and I will awaken
noble Nestor and ask him to head to the sacred
sentinels and give them an order. They will
eagerly obey him, since his son is their leader,
along with Meriones, aide of Idomeneus;
for these were the great men given this charge.”

Then great-shouter Menelaus answered him:
“How do you command me with your words?
Shall I remain there with them and wait for you
to come or run back after giving them your order?”

To him did Agamemnon, leader of men, reply:
“Remain there, in case we miss each other as we
go, for there are many paths through the camp.
But wherever you go, order each man to wake up
by using his father’s name and lineage, thus giving
him respect; and do not be too proud of heart,
but let you and I together do the work, for Zeus
placed upon us a heavy burden at our birth.”

So saying, he sent his brother off with his orders,
while he himself went to find Nestor, herder
of men. He came upon him on a soft bed beside
his hut and black ship; by him were his dappled
armor, his shield, two spears, and a shining helmet.
By him also lay the gleaming warrior’s belt
he wore when leading his troops into battle,
for mournful old age could not slow him down.
He raised himself with his arms, lifted his head
and addressed the son of Atreus, asking him:
“Who are you wandering alone by the army
and ships in darkness, when mortal men sleep?
Do you seek one of your mules or comrades?
Quit your silence and speak; what do you want?”

In reply, Agamemnon, lord of men, said to him:
“O Nestor, son of Neleus, honored Achaean,
you will know Atreus’ son Agamemnon,
whom Zeus has set more trials than any other,
so long as I breathe and my knees are moving.
I wander because sweet sleep evades my eyes,
for I worry about the war and the troubled
Achaeans. I fear terribly for the Danaans,
my pulse is unsteady, I am distraught, my heart
leaps out of my chest, and my lower limbs
tremble. But if you are ready to do something,
since you also cannot sleep, then let us go
to the sentries and see whether they have grown
exhausted, fallen asleep, and forgotten to keep
watch. For the enemy camp is near, and we know
not whether they plan to attack us this night.”

Then Nestor, horseman of Gerenia, replied:
“Son of Atreus, noble Agamemnon, lord
of men, surely counselor Zeus will not carry
out all of Hector’s hopes and plans; but I
suspect he will suffer far greater troubles if
Achilles abandons the vile anger in his heart.
Still, I will gladly follow you, but let us awaken
others: famed spearman Diomedes, Odysseus,
swift Ajax, and Meges, Phyleus’ famed son.
And someone should go and call for godlike
Telamonian Ajax and lord Idomeneus
for their ships are far away, nowhere near us.
And though he is loved and respected, I must
blame Menelaus, even if it angers you,
for he now sleeps, forcing you to work alone.
Now he ought to go to all the leaders and beg
them, for our needs have become unbearable.”

Then Agamemnon, lord of men, answered him:
“Old man, you can blame him some other
time, even by my command, for he is often lazy
and idle, not because he is slothful and thoughtless
but because he looks to me and follows my lead.
But it was he who woke up first and came to me,
and I sent him out to call those you mentioned.
But we will go and find them by the sentinels
at the gates, where I ordered them to assemble.”

Then Nestor, horseman of Gerenia, replied:
“Thus no Argive will ever disobey or criticize
him when he urges them and orders them.”

So saying, he put his tunic on over his chest,
bound his glittering feet with well-made sandals,
and fastened around himself a large, double-
folded purple cloak with a thick, wooly fleece.
Seizing his stout, bronze-tipped spear, he went
down to the ships of the bronze-clad Achaeans.
Odysseus, Zeus’ equal in counsel, was the first
man found by Nestor, horseman of Gerenia,
awakened by a cry that quickly filled his mind
until he woke, left his tent and addressed him:
“Who wanders by the ships and the camp all
alone in the dark of night? What do you want?”

Then Nestor, horseman of Gerenia, replied:
“Divine son of Laertes, wily Odysseus, be not
vexed, for dangers have come to the Achaeans.
Come and we shall awaken others who may
give wise counsel on whether to fight or flee.”

Hearing this, wise Odysseus went into his hut,
took his dappled shield, strung it on his shoulders,
and followed them. They soon came to Diomedes,
son of Tydeus, outside his tent with his weapons;
his men slept on their shields around him,
their spear butts driven in the ground nearby,
the bronze tips shining like father Zeus’ lightning.
Diomedes was sleeping under an oxen hide,
and a bright blanket was under his head.
Nestor, horseman of Gerenia, kicked him awake
with his foot and scolded him to his face:
“Wake up, son of Tydeus. Why do you sleep all
night? Are the Trojans not poised on the plain’s
edge by the ships, a narrow space between us?”

So he said, and Diomedes sprang up from deep
sleep and addressed him with winged words:
“You are cruel, old man, and you never stop
working. Are there not younger sons of Achaea
who can go all across the camp to each king
and wake him up? You, old sir, are impossible.”

Then Nestor, horseman of Gerenia, answered:
“Yes, friend, all that you say is right and true.
I have sons who are blameless, and I have
many men who could be sent to call others.
But the Achaeans face a very grave threat,
for it all stands upon a razor’s edge, whether
the Achaeans live or die a woeful death.
But go now and wake swift Ajax and the son
of Phyleus, for you are young and must pity me.”

So he said, and Diomedes put on a long, tawny
lion’s skin that fell to his feet and lifted his sword.
He set to go, waking the other men to follow.

Upon reaching the assembled sentinels, they
found the leaders of the guards not asleep
but wide awake, their weapons poised. Just as
dogs watching over sheep in a field will have
their sleep broken when they hear a stout-
hearted beast coming through the woods
and the cries of men and dogs around him,
so sweet sleep evaded the eyes of those keeping
watch through the dark night as they turned
to the plain, listening for Trojan movement.
Seeing them, the old man rejoiced and stirred
them with words from his heart, saying to them:
“Keep up your watch, young men; do not let
sleep seize you, or else we shall delight our foes.”

So saying, he sped past the trench, followed
by the other Argive leaders who were called
to the council. Meriones and Nestor’s noble son
came also, both being asked to join the counsel.
So they went across the well-dug trench and sat
down on a spot untouched by fallen corpses,
the space where mighty Hector had turned back
from slaughtering Argives once night drew its veil.
So the men settled to speak to one another,
and Nestor, horseman of Gerenia, spoke first:
“Friends, is there no man, ruled by his bold spirit,
willing to go against the great-hearted Trojans
and seize some enemy straggler during battle
or hear some report discussed during a Trojan
war council, whether they plan to remain
by the ships, far from the city, or whether
to return home, having beaten the Achaeans?
He may learn all this, return without a scratch,
gain glory among men that would spread
across the heavens, and gain splendid gifts.
For each lord who holds sway among the ships
shall offer him a black ewe with a lamb
suckling at her teat, a prize like no other,
and he will always join us at feasts and banquets.”

So he said, but all the men fell softly silent.
Then great war-crier Diomedes said to them:
“Nestor, my heart and sturdy spirit urge me
to enter the camp of the nearby foes,
the Trojans; but my confidence and spirit
would grow if another were to follow me.
When two go together, one sees advantage
before the other; one man’s mind alone
sees more slowly and with a smaller reach.”

So saying, many were eager to follow Diomedes.
The two Ajaxes, servants of Ares, were eager,
as were Meriones and Nestor’s son and the son
of Atreus, spear-famed Menelaus, and patient
Odysseus: all were willing to enter the Trojan
throng, for bold were the hearts in their breasts.
Then Agamemnon, lord of men, said to them:
“Diomedes, son of Tydeus, dear to my heart,
choose whichever comrade that you wish,
whichever is the best, since many are eager.
Do not leave the best man behind simply
out of respect, taking instead a man who
is worse, even if he is a greater king.”

So he said, fearing for fair-haired Menelaus.
Then war-crier Diomedes again spoke:
“If you command me to choose a comrade
myself, then I must choose godlike Odysseus,
beloved of Pallas Athena, whose stout heart
and brave spirit are above all in times of toil.
If he is with me, then we would even escape
a blazing fire, for his mind is the sharpest of all.”

Then unflinching, noble Odysseus said to him:
“Son of Tydeus, do not praise or blame me
so much, for you say these things to Argives who
know me. But let us go, for the night is short,
the dawn is near, the stars have moved, two
watches have passed, and only a third remains.”

So he said, and they donned their fearsome
armor. Stout-fighter Thrasymedes gave the son
of Tydeus a two-edged sword, having left his own
on his ship, and a shield, and on his head he set
a bull’s hide helmet with no horn or crest, often
called a skullcap for it protects the heads of strong
young men. Meriones gave Odysseus a bow,
quiver, and sword, and on his head he placed
a fine leather helmet[1] made with many tightly-
stretched straps stiffening the inside, rows of white
teeth from a shimmering swine skillfully arranged
on the outside, and a layer of felt set in the middle.
Autolycus stole this when he broke into the sturdy
home of Amyntor, son of Ormenus, in Eleon,
and he gave it to Amphidamas of Cytheria
at Scandeia, and Amphidamas gave it as a gift
of friendship to Molus, who gave it to Meriones,
his son; and now it covered the head of Odysseus.

When they had donned their fearsome armor,
they set to go, leaving behind all the noble leaders.
Pallas Athena sent a heron to their right side,
near the path, and though their eyes saw nothing
in the murky dark, they heard its cry. Rejoicing
at this omen, Odysseus prayed to Athena:
“Hear me, child of aegis-bearing Zeus, who
aids me in all toils and keeps watch over me:
now again grant your great love, so we may
return to the famed ships after performing
a deed that will bring sorrow to the Trojans.”

Then war-crier Diomedes also spoke a prayer:
“Hear me, too, child of Zeus, Atrytone. Follow me
as you once followed my father, Tydeus, when he
went into Thebes as messenger for the Achaeans.
He left the bronze-clad Achaeans in Asopus
and carried winning words to the Cademians,
but on the way back he forged evil plans with you,
fair goddess, for you stood zealously by his side.[2]
So now stand by my side and protect me, and I
will sacrifice a broad-fronted, unbroken heifer
that no man has taken by the yoke; I will coat
her horns with gold and offer her to you.”

So they prayed, and Pallas Athena heard them.
And having prayed to the daughter of great Zeus,
they crept like two lions through the black night,
dodging corpses, armor, and black blood.

Nor did Hector allow the mighty Trojans
to sleep but summoned together all the greatest
leaders and rulers of Troy; and when they
had gathered, he told them of his shrewd plan:
“Who will undertake a task and carry it out
for a great prize? The reward will be ample.
I will give a chariot and two strong-necked
horses, the finest among the Achaean swift
ships, to he who undertakes this task, winning
glory for himself: to go near the swift ships
and find out if those ships are guarded as before,
or whether, having been routed by our hands,
they plan to flee and are unwilling to guard
them all night, as they are worn and weary.”

So he said, but all the men fell softly silent.
Then a Trojan named Dolon, son of Eumedes,
the sacred herald who was rich in gold
and bronze, who looked ugly but was swift
of foot, and who was an only son with five
sisters, said to the Trojans and to Hector:
“Hector, my heart and brave spirit urge me
to go near the swift ships and learn what I can.
But come, raise your staff and swear that you
will give me the horses and the bronze-adorned
chariot that carries the noble son of Peleus,
and I will prove no inept scout or deceiver;
for I will go through the camp until I come
to Agamemnon’s ship, where the leaders will be
holding council on whether to fight or flee.”

He spoke, and Hector lifted the staff and swore:
“Let thundering Zeus, lord of Hera, be my witness
that no other Trojan shall mount those horses
but you, and they shall bring glory to you alone.”

So he swore an impossible oath, stirring the man’s
heart; at once, Dolon threw a curved bow over
his shoulder, clothed himself in grey wolf-skin,
covered his head with a marten-skin helmet,
grabbed a sharp spear, and headed for the ships
and camp, but he was not fated to return and bring
word back to Hector. He left the throng of horses
and men and went eagerly on his way, but godlike
Odysseus saw him coming, and said to Diomedes:
“Diomedes, someone is coming from the camp,
and I am unsure whether he comes to spy
on our ships or pillage the bodies of our dead.
But let him first pass us a little on the plain,
and then we can rush him and swiftly seize him;
if he outruns us on foot, then keep drawing
him to the ships and away from camp, pressing
him with your spear so he does not flee to the city.”

They left the road and hid among the dead,
and he ran quickly and foolishly past them.
When he was as far from them as mules range
in plowing—for they are better than oxen
at drawing a plow over a deep, fallow field—
they chased him, and he stopped when he heard
their footsteps, hoping in his heart they were
fellow Trojans calling him back at Hector’s
urging. When they were a spear’s throw away,
he recognized them as hostile and fled as fast
as his limbs could carry him, and they quickly
pursued. Like two jagged-jawed dogs eagerly
hunting a young deer or a hare in a wooded
place, the prey crying as it flees, so the son
of Tydeus and Odysseus, sacker of cities,
pursued Dolon, cutting him off from his camp.
And just as he was coming near the sentinels
by the ships, Athena granted Diomedes might
so no other bronze-clad Achaean would gain
glory by cutting the man down before he arrived.
Lifting his spear, stout Diomedes said to him:
“Stop or I will hit you with my spear, and you
will not long evade utter death by my hands.”

With that, he shot his spear and missed Dolon
on purpose, the point passing over his right
shoulder and sticking in the earth. The Trojan
froze in terror, his clattering teeth filling
his mouth with green fear. They came to him
out of breath, seized his hands, and he cried out:
“Spare me and I will pay the ransom, for at home
I have bronze and gold and well-wrought iron.
My father will bestow on you countless ransoms
if he hears that I am alive by the Achaean ships.”

Then wily Odysseus replied to him, saying:
“Have courage and take no thought of death.
But come, tell me something and make it true:
what are you doing wandering alone in the murky
night by the ships and camp while others sleep?
Are you stripping armor from one of the dead?
Has Hector sent you to the hollowed ships
to spy on us? Or did your own soul send you?”

His limbs trembling beneath him, Dolon replied:
“Hector led my mind astray with great deception,
for he swore to give me the single-hoofed horses
of Achilles and his chariot adorned with bronze,
and he ordered me to move quickly through
the dark night and to go near the foe to find out
whether those ships are guarded as before,
or whether, having been routed by our hands,
they plan to flee and are unwilling to guard
them all night, as they are worn and weary.”

Then wily Odysseus smiled and said to him:
“Clearly your soul sought only to gain the great
horses of Aeacus’ battle-minded grandson,
but they are hard for any man to control or drive
save Achilles, whose mother is immortal. But come,
tell me something and make it true: where was
Hector, shepherd of men, when you left him?
Where are his battle armor and horses? Where
are the other Trojans, the watchers and sleepers?
What do they talk about amongst themselves?
Do they plan to remain by the ships or return
to the city, since they have beaten the Achaeans?”

And Dolon, son of Eumedes, replied to him:
“I will truthfully tell you all of these things.
Hector is holding council with his greatest
leaders beside the tomb of divine Ilus
away from the throng; as for sentries,
no soldiers are assigned to guard the army.
By the blazing hearths of the Trojans, men
lay awake and keep watch until they order
others to relieve them; but the foreign allies
sleep, relying instead on Troy to protect them,
for neither their wives nor children are near.”

Then wily Odysseus answered him, saying:
“How are they sleeping? Are they mixed
with the horse-taming Trojans? Tell me.”

And Dolon, son of Eumedes, replied to him:
“I will truthfully tell you all of these things.
The Carians, bent-bowed Paeonians, Leleges,
Caucones and Pelasgi are towards the sea,
and the Lycians, famed Mysians, charioteer
Phrygians, and chariot lord Maeonians are
near Thymbra. But why do you ask such things?
If you plan to raid the Trojan camp, then go
to the newly-arrived Thracians at the extreme
end, where you will find their king, Rhesus, son
of Eïoneus. He has the most beautiful horses
I have ever seen, lighter than snow and swifter
than the wind; he also has a chariot, well-wrought
with gold and silver, and mighty golden armor
that is a wonder to see and is better suited to be
worn by an immortal god, not a mortal man.
Now, take me to the swift-sailing ships
or tie me with ruthless bonds and leave me,
so you may go and put my words to the test
and find out if what I say is true or not.”

With a scowl, mighty Diomedes said to him:
“Do not think of escape, Dolon, despite having
delivered good news into our hands. For if we
let you loose now or set you free, then later you
will go to the swift Achaean ships, either as
a spy or as an enemy in battle; but if my hands
cut you down and end your life, then you will
never again bring the Argives misery.”

Hearing this, Dolan tried to grasp the other’s
chin and beg for his life, but Diomedes stuck
his sword through his neck, tearing both tendons,
and his still-speaking head fell to the dust. They
removed his marten-skin helmet, his wolf’s skin
covering, his curved bow, and his long sword.
Then noble Odysseus lifted them high to Athena
who spreads spoils and spoke a prayer to her:
“Rejoice in these, goddess, who we call on first
among all the Olympian immortals; but send us
to the horses and beds of the Thracian warriors.”

So saying, he put the prizes on a tamarisk shrub
and placed bundled reeds and tamarisk branches
next to it as a landmark that would be visible
when they returned through the swift black night.
They then proceeded past the armor and black
blood and soon came to the Thracian warriors
who were weary from war and fast asleep,
their fine armor laying on the ground in three
rows and a yoked horse standing beside each man.
Rhesus slept in the middle, his swift horses tied
with a leather strap to the outer rail of the chariot.
Odysseus saw him first and said to Diomedes:
“Diomedes, here are the man and the horses
that Dolon, the man we killed, told us about.
So come and lend your might and do not stand
idly by with your weapons; untie the horses
or slay the men and I will handle the horses.”

So he said, and, bright-eyed Athena filled
Diomedes with might, and he annihilated
the Thracians, one after another; they groaned
horribly as his sword flew and the earth turned
blood red. Like a lion finding shepherd-less
sheep or goats and leaping on them wickedly,
so Tydeus’ son leapt on the Thracians, killing
twelve; and as each one fell, wise-counselor
Odysseus would catch the body by its feet
and drag it away, so the fair-maned horses would
pass through without panicking over dead bodies,
as they were not yet used to them. But the king
was the thirteenth man, and when Tydeus’
son took his honey-sweet life, the man gasped,
for a bad dream hung over his head that
night: the son of Oeneus, by Athena’s will.[3]
Then stout Odysseus let the single-hoofed horses
loose, harnessed them with reins and drove them
from camp, striking them with his bow, forgetting
to take in his hands the chariot’s elaborate whip;
and he signaled noble Diomedes with a whistle.

But Diomedes held back and considered whether
he should seize the chariot and its fine armor
by drawing it away with a pole or by lifting it high
and carrying it off, or if he should take the life
of still more Thracians. As he pondered all this,
Athena approached noble Diomedes and said:
“Go back to the hollow ships, son of great-hearted
Tydeus, or else you may be pursued on your
return should another god rouse the Trojans.”

Obeying the goddess, he mounted the horses
while Odysseus whipped them with his bow,
and they hurried back to the Achaean swift ships.

But silver-bowed Apollo was no blind watchman,
for he saw Athena meeting with the son of Tydeus;
enraged, he went among the Trojan throng
and roused Hippocoön, the Thracian counselor
and Rhesus’ cousin. When he woke and saw
an empty space where the swift horses had
stood and men panting their last breaths,
he wailed aloud and shouted to his comrades.
A din arose as the Trojans gathered to look
upon the woeful deeds done by the warriors
before they returned to the hollow ships.

When they came to the place where they slew
Hector’s spy, Odysseus reined in the swift horses,
and Diomedes fell to the ground, gave the gory
spoils to Odysseus, and remounted the horses;
Odysseus whipped the horses, and they drove
to the hollow ships, where his soul wished to be.
Nestor was first to hear the sound, and he said:
“Friends, leaders, and protectors of the Argives,
should I lie or tell the truth? My heart orders me.
The crash of swift horses strikes both my ears,
for Odysseus and mighty Diomedes have driven
here the single-hoofed horses of the Trojans;
but my heart fears that these greatest of Argives
have been harmed in their clash with the Trojans.”

Before he even finished speaking, they arrived
and leapt down onto the earth, and all rejoiced
with welcome applause and with pleasing words.
First to speak was Nestor, horseman of Gerenia:
“Come and tell me, illustrious Odysseus, great
glory of the Achaeans, did you take these horses
from a Trojan throng, or did a god come and give
them to you? They burn like the blinding sun.
Always am I mixing with the Trojans in battle,
and I do not wait by the ships, though I am old;
but I have never seen or known of such horses.
I suspect some god has given them to you,
for you both are loved by cloud-gatherer Zeus
and the bright-eyed daughter of Zeus, Athena.”

Then wily Odysseus answered him, saying:
“Nestor, son of Neleus, Achaea’s greatest glory,
a god could easily grant us better horses than
these if he wished, for the gods are greater by far.
But, old man, these horses you mention are
from Thrace: brave Diomedes slew their lord
and twelve of his comrades, all of his best.
The thirteenth slain was a scout near our ships
who had been sent out to spy on our camp
by Hector and the other noble Trojans.”

So saying, he smiled and drove the single-
hoofed horses through the trench as Achaeans
cheered. When they came to Diomedes’ well-
built tent, they used a shapely strap to halter
the horses and placed them alongside his other
swift horses and fed them honey-sweet grain.
On his ship’s stern, Odysseus set Dolon’s gory
spoils until he could prepare an offering to Athena.
Then they entered the sea and washed away
the sweat from their necks, thighs, and calves.
When the waves of the sea had washed them
clean and their hearts were refreshed, they
entered a polished bath and bathed. After
bathing and anointing themselves in olive oil,
they dined, and from a full mixing bowl they
made an offering of honey-sweet wine to Athena.

This is referred to as a “boar’s tusk helmet.” A 14th century BC helmet matching this description was found in Mycenae and is now on display at the National Archaeological Museum in Athens, Greece. ↵

See 4.382-398. ↵

Oeneus was the grandfather of Diomedes. Interestingly, Oeneus was given the gift of vines by Dionysus, the god of wine, and “wine” is said to be named after Oeneus (whose name is sometimes spelled “Oineus”). The link between wine and sleep and dreams comes to play here in the odd imagery of Oeneus’ grandson looming over Rhesus and killing him in his sleep. ↵

Book 11

Dawn rose from her bed beside noble Tithonus,
bringing light to mortals and immortals alike,
and Zeus swiftly sent deadly Strife to the Achaean
ships, an omen of war in her hands. She stood
by Odysseus’ hollow, black ship in the middle
of the fleet so she could shout to both sides,
from Telamonian Ajax’s tents to those of Achilles,
for they drew their ships at the extreme ends,
trusting the bravery and courage of their hands.
The goddess stood there and uttered a great
and terrible shriek, filling each Achaean heart
with the strength to battle without pause. Battle,
for these men, was sweeter than a trip home
in their swift ships to their dear father’s lands.

The son of Atreus shouted for the Argives
to gird for battle, and he donned his bronze
armor. First, he fixed to his legs beautiful
greaves with fine silver fastenings; then he
put on his chest a breastplate once given
to him as a guest-gift by Cinyras, for in far-
away Cyprus he heard the rumor that
the Achaeans were about to sail to Troy,
so he gave the breastplate to the king as a gift.
Upon this plate were ten stripes of dark
cobalt, twelve of gold, and twenty of tin,
and near the neck were cobalt serpents, three
on each side, like the rainbows fixed to clouds
by the son of Cronos, omens for mortal men.
Over his shoulder he slung a sword with studs
of glittering gold that was sheathed in a silver
scabbard and joined with a golden baldric.
He then seized an elaborate, all-enclosing
shield, a beautiful thing with ten bronze circles,
twenty tin bosses all gleaming white, a cobalt
boss set in the center, and a grim-looking
Gorgon on its crown, a horror to behold;
and around it were Fear and Panic. The shield
was held by a silver baldric, and on it was
a cobalt serpent with three heads twisting
around and growing from a single neck.
On his head he set a helmet with two ridges,
four bosses, and a horsehair plume bobbing
proudly above it. He seized two stout spears
with bronze tips so sharp that they shone far up
into heaven, and Athena and Hera thundered
in honor of the king of gold-rich Mycenae.

Then each man ordered his driver to again
rein in the horses by the trench, while they
themselves, in full armor, rushed to the fray
with a cry that rang out across the early dawn.
They were lined up along the trench ahead
of the charioteers who followed closely behind.
And Cronos’ son let stir an evil roar and rained
down bloody dewdrops from above, for he was
set to send many strong men down to Hades.

On the other side, at the plain’s edge, the Trojans
gathered around great Hector, noble Polydamas,
and Aeneas, honored as a god by the Trojans,
as well as Antenor’s three sons: Polybus, noble
Agenor, and young Acamas, peer of the gods.
In the forefront Hector carried his perfect
shield. Just as a deadly star[1] shines bright
among the clouds and then sinks into darkness,
so Hector’s bronze flashed like lightning
bolts from aegis-wielding Zeus as he stood
among the forefront and urged on the hindmost.

Just as reapers advancing from opposite sides
drive their lines across a wealthy man’s field
of wheat or barley, thick armfuls falling fast,
so the Trojans and Achaeans sprang and slew
each other, neither side mindful of deadly fear.
Their lines stayed equal in battle, they raged
like wolves, and Strife looked on and rejoiced.
She was the only immortal present for the battle,
for the other gods were seated comfortably
in their halls among the clefts of Olympus
where grand homes had been built for each.
All blamed Cronos’ son, lord of the black clouds,
for it was his wish to give glory to the Trojans.
But Zeus paid no heed, sitting apart from others,
rejoicing in his glory, looking down on the city
of Troy and on the Achaean ships, on the clash
of bronze, and on the killers and the killed.

As long as the sacred light of day grew stronger,
the spears struck and killed men on both sides.
But at the time of day when a woodcutter prepares
his meal in a mountain glen, his hands sore
from felling tall trees, his heart grown weary,
and his mind seized with a desire for sweet bread,
then the valiant Danaans broke ranks, calling
to their comrades through the lines. Agamemnon
was first to attack, slaying Bienor, herder of men,
and his comrade Oïleus, smiter of horses. Oïleus
sprang down from his chariot to meet the enemy,
but as he charged, Agamemnon’s sharp spear
struck his forehead, passed through the heavy,
bronze helmet and into the bone, and spattered
his brains, and in fury he was slain. And lord
of men Agamemnon stripped their tunics, left
them there with gleaming chests, and went to slay
Isus and Antiphus, two sons of Priam, one
a bastard, the other born in wedlock, and both
in the same chariot; the bastard was the charioteer,
but famed Antiphus was beside him. Achilles once
caught them as they tended sheep on the spurs
of Ida, bound them with willows, and freed them
for ransom. But now wide-ruling Agamemnon
speared Isus in the chest near the nipple and hit
Antiphus near the ear with his sword, driving him
off his chariot. He quickly stripped their fine armor
for he remembered seeing them near the swift ships
when swift-footed Achilles brought them from Ida.
Just as a lion easily seizes a swift deer’s fawn
and devours it with his mighty fangs after invading
its lair, taking its tender life away, while nearby
the mother is unable to help for she is trembling
with terror, moving quickly through the dense
thickets and woods, and sweating as she hurries
away from the mighty beast’s attack, so too were
the Trojans unable to ward off their deaths,
for they themselves had fled from the Argives.

Then he took Peisander and stout Hippolochus,
sons of skilled Antimachus, who accepted golden
gifts from Alexander in exchange for opposing
the return of Helen to tawny-haired Menelaus.
Lord Agamemnon slew his two sons, who were
in one chariot trying to control their swift horses,
for the shining reins had slipped from their hands
and the horses had gone wild. Atreus’ son rushed
them like a lion, and they pleaded with him:
“Capture us, son of Atreus, and gain a rich
ransom, for treasures of bronze, gold, and well-
worked iron lie in the house of Antimachus.
Our father will grant you countless ransoms
if he learns we are alive by the Achaean ships.”

So they spoke these pleasing words to the king,
but Agamemnon’s reply was not so pleasant:
“If you are the sons of skilled Antimachus, who
once urged the Trojan assembly to kill Menelaus
and godlike Odysseus, who were there as envoys,
and not allow them to return to the Achaeans,
then you will now pay for your father’s outrage.”

So saying, he speared Peisander in his chest,
driving him from his chariot and onto the earth.
Hippolochus leapt down but Agamemnon’s sword
sliced off both his arms and his head, and he fell
to the ground and rolled like a log into the throng.
The king left them there and went where the line
was weakest, and the other Achaeans followed.
Then footmen killed fleeing footmen, horsemen
killed horsemen, and the hooves of thundering
horses stirred dust on the plain. They killed
with bronze and mighty Agamemnon led
the way, urging the Argives forward. Just as
a furious fire falls on a thick timbered land,
the rolling wind carrying it everywhere as
the shrubs are uprooted in the fire’s assault,
so the heads of fleeing Trojans fell before
Agamemnon as many high-necked horses
rattled empty chariots over the battlefield,
yearning for their noble masters who were lying
on the earth, a delight for vultures, not for wives.

Zeus led Hector away from the spears, dust,
slaughter, blood, and noise, but Atreus’ son
followed, urging the Danaans onward. Past
the grave of ancient Ilus, son of Dardanus,
past the plain and wild fig tree, and to the city
they ran, pursued by a shouting Agamemnon,
his invincible hands wet with gore. But when
they reached the Scaean gates and oak tree,
the two armies stopped and waited. Others
on the plain scattered like cattle in the dead
of night when lions attack a terrified herd,
though utter death comes for only one; the lion
first snaps her neck with its mighty fangs
and then gulps down the blood and entrails.
So lord Agamemnon, son of Atreus, chased
the throng and slayed the fleeing stragglers.
Many were hurled face-first from their chariots
by the hands of spear-raging Agamemnon.
But as he reached the city’s fortified walls,
the father of gods and men, Zeus, came down
from heaven and sat on the peak of Ida, rich
in springs, a thunderbolt in his hands, and he
sent golden-winged Iris to deliver a message:
“Go quickly, Iris, and tell Hector these words:
so long as he sees Agamemnon, herder of men,
rushing to the front-lines and slaying soldiers,
he should hold back and order other men to fight
the enemy in combat. But once Agamemnon
is struck with a spear or an arrow and leaps
to his chariot, then I will grant Hector mastery
over death until he reaches the well-benched
ships and the sun sets and darkness descends.”

So he said, and swift-footed Iris obeyed,
racing down from Ida to sacred Ilios
to find noble Hector, son of wise Priam,
standing by the joined chariots and horses;
and swift-footed Iris came to him and said:
“Hector, son of Priam, equal to Zeus in counsel,
father Zeus has sent me to tell you these words:
As long as you see Agamemnon, herder of men,
rushing to the front-lines and slaying soldiers,
you should hold back and order other men to fight
the enemy in combat. But once Agamemnon
is struck with a spear or an arrow and leaps
to his chariot, then I will grant you mastery
over death until you reach the well-benched
ships and the sun sets and darkness descends.”

So swift Iris said and went away. Then Hector,
wielding two sharp spears, leapt from the chariot
to the ground and went through the army urging
his men to fight and waking the cruel cries of war.
So they wheeled round and faced the Achaeans,
and the Argives strengthened their battle-lines.
The two sides were set, and Agamemnon was
first to charge, eager to fight ahead of the rest.

Tell me, Muses whose homes are on Olympus,
who was the first to fight against Agamemnon,
either from the Trojans or their famed allies.

First was brave and tall Iphidamas, Antenor’s
son, born in fertile Thrace, mother of flocks.
Cisseus, his grandfather and father of fair-cheeked
Theano, raised him in his house, but when
he came of age, Cisseus tried to hold him
by offering his daughter, but once wed he left
his bride to seek glory against the Achaeans,
and twelve curved-beak ships followed him.
He left his well-balanced ships at Percote
and came on foot to Ilios, and now it was he
who faced Agamemnon. When they closed
on one another, Atreus’ son threw his spear,
but it was turned aside, and Iphidamas stabbed
his belt below the breastplate, trusting his heavy
hands to lance the skin; but he could not
pierce the dappled belt, for the spear’s tip hit
the silver and bent back like lead. Wide-ruling
Agamemnon then seized the spear like a lion,
pulled it out of Iphidamas’ hands, and sliced
his neck with a sword. Iphidamas went limp
and fell into the bronze sleep of death—
all in aid of his people and far from his wife,
who had given him no joy but had cost him much:
a hundred cattle and a promise of a thousand
goats and sheep from among his countless herd.
Then Agamemnon stripped him of his armor
and carried it back through the Achaean throng.

But when Coön, renowned fighter and Antenor’s
eldest son, saw him, a mighty sorrow shrouded
his eyes for his fallen brother. He stood to one
side, unnoticed by Agamemnon, and speared
the king in the arm, just below the elbow,
and the shining spear point passed clean through.
Agamemnon, lord of men, shuddered with pain
but did not stop fighting with his wind-swept spear.
He leapt on Coön, who was eagerly dragging
his brother Iphidamas, born of the same father,
away by the foot and calling to all the best men.
The son of Atreus hit him with a spear held under
his embossed shield, and Coön’s limbs fell limp.
Stepping over Iphidamas’ corpse, Agamemnon
severed Coön’s head, fulfilling the fate of Antenor’s
sons, and they went to the house of Hades.

Agamemnon ranged over the ranks of fighting
men with his spear, sword, and stones while
hot blood gushed from his wound. But once
the wound dried and the blood no longer
flowed, sharp pain began to sap his strength.
Just as sharp missiles pierce a woman in labor,
missiles sent by Eileithyiae, Hera’s daughter
who bring sharp pains, so sharp pains sank
into mighty Atreus’ son. So he jumped back
onto his chariot and ordered the charioteer
to drive to the hollow ships, for his heart
was weak. And he cried out to the Danaans:
“My friends, chiefs and rulers of the Argives,
you must keep the dreaded din of battle away
from the seafaring ships, for counselor Zeus does
not allow me to fight all day against the Trojans.”

So saying, the driver whipped the fair-maned horses
back to the hollow ships, and they did not disobey;
with foam-covered chests and dust-stained bellies,
they carried their injured king away from battle.

Seeing Agamemnon departing, Hector called
to the Trojans and Lycians with a great shout:
“Trojans, Lycians, and Dardanian fighters, be
men, my friends, and remember your eager spirits.
Their leader has gone, and Zeus has granted me
great glory; so drive your single-hoofed horses
against the valiant Danaans and win high honor.”

So he said, stirring each man’s strength and spirit.
As when a hunter sets his white-toothed dogs
on a wild boar or a lion, so great-hearted Hector,
Priam’s son and equal to Ares, destroyer of men,
set the great-hearted Trojans on the Achaeans.
With high hopes, Hector went to the front lines
and dove into battle like a whirling wind
that rushes down and stirs the violet sea.

Who was first and who last to be slain by Hector,
Priam’s son, once Zeus granted him glory?
First was Asaeus, and then Autonous, Opites,
and Dolops, son of Clytius, Orpheltius, Agelaus,
Aesymnus, Orus, and staunch fighter Hipponous.
He slew these Danaan chiefs and then a throng
of men. Just as the West Wind strikes the clouds
of the white South Wind and brings a rising
storm that drives huge, rolling waves and shoots
foam high into the rush of the wandering wind,
so too did Hector fell the heads of many men.

Then deadly deeds beyond repair might have
been done and the Achaeans might have fled back
to their ships had Odysseus not said to Diomedes:
“Son of Tydeus, where did our rushing rage go?
Come and stand with me, for dishonor will be
ours if flashing-helmed Hector takes our ships.”

Then mighty Diomedes answered him, saying:
“Of course I will stay and fight, but our edge
will not last long since cloud-gatherer Zeus
wants to give victory to the Trojans, not to us.”

So saying, he stuck his spear in the left breast
of Thymbraeus and pushed him off his horses
as Odysseus slew Molion, the king’s attendant.
They left them lying there and joined the battle-
throng to cause further chaos. Like two ravenous
boars rushing on hunting dogs, they turned
back to the Trojans and killed them, briefly
halting the Achaean retreat from noble Hector.

Then they seized a chariot and two great men,
sons of Merops of Percote, the finest soothsayer
among men, who forbade his boys from going
to war, the destroyer of men; but they did not
obey, for the agents of black death led them on.
So spear-famed Diomedes robbed them of life
and spirit and took away their glorious armor,
and Odysseus slew Hippodamus and Hypeirochus.

Looking down from Ida, Cronos’ son tightened
the battle lines, and the warriors kept on killing.
Next the son of Tydeus speared Agastrophus,
heroic son of Paeon, on the hip-joint; but he
was unable to flee, for he foolishly left behind
his horses and attendant and rushed on foot
among the foremost until he lost his dear life.
Hector saw this clearly from across the ranks
and charged at them with a cry, and the Trojan
battalions followed. Seeing him, war-crier
Diomedes shuddered and said to Odysseus:
“Mighty Hector is barreling down upon us;
but come, let us stand here and ward him off.”

Saying this, he aimed and shot a long-shadowed
spear and did not miss, striking Hector’s helmet;
but the bronze of the three-layered, hollow-eyed
helmet, given to him by Phoebus Apollo, deflected
the bronze spear and protected his fair flesh.
Then Hector ran back, mixed with the throng,
fell to his knees, and stayed there, his stout hands
leaning on the earth and darkness covering his eyes.
While Diomedes went through the front fighters
to reclaim his spear that was lodged in the earth,
Hector revived, rushed to his chariot and returned
to the fray, shunning a black fate. And mighty
Diomedes rushed at him with his spear and cried:
“Once more you cheated death, dog; you came
close to ruin only to be saved again by Phoebus
Apollo, whose prayers you must seek before facing
the din of spears. When I meet you next, I will end
you, should one of the gods defend me as well.
For now I will go after others, whoever I reach.”

So saying, he stripped Paeon’s spear-famed son.
But Alexander, husband of fair-haired Helen,
aimed his bow at Tydeus’ son, herder of men,
leaning on a pillar on the mound made by men’s
hands for Ilus, Dardanus’ son, an ancient elder.
Diomedes was taking Agastrophus’ breastplate
from his chest, the shield from his shoulder,
and the strong helmet from his head when Paris
drew his bow and fired his arrow; and the shot
was not in vain, for it hit the flat of his right foot
and drove through and into the ground. Paris
then leapt from his hiding spot, laughed, and said:
“My shot was not in vain for you are struck,
but I wish I had hit your flank and taken your life
and given a break to the Trojans who shudder
before you like bleating goats before a lion.”

Unafraid, mighty Diomedes answered him:
“Filthy bowman, curly-haired seducer of women,
if you tried to fight me one-on-one in full armor,
then your bow and fast arrows would be no help;
yet you now boast of grazing the flat of my foot.
It feels like I was struck by a woman or dumb
child, for a dart is the blunt tool of a weak, useless
man. But a spear from my hands, even if struck
lightly, would quickly take a man’s life, fill his wife’s
cheeks with tears, and leave his children fatherless
while he rots away, his blood staining the earth,
and more birds swarming him than women.”

So saying, he went and stood beside spear-famed
Odysseus, who knelt and plucked the swift arrow
from his foot, and a great pain filled his flesh.
Then he leapt on his chariot and told his driver
to return to the hollow ships, his heart in pain.

Odysseus, famed for his spear, was left alone,
for no Argives were near, fear having taken them
all. Sorely troubled, he spoke to his great heart:
“What is to become of me? It would be
a great evil to flee from the throng, but it
would be worse to be taken alone, for Cronos’
son has scattered the other Danaans. But why
am I debating these things? I know cowards
flee from battle, but a hero must boldly stand
his ground, whether he is hit or is the one hitting.”

While he considered these things in his mind
and heart, many shield-bearing Trojans closed
in around him, thus sealing their deadly fates.
Just as dogs and strong young men rush a boar
as it emerges from a thick woods, grinding
the white tusks in his bent jaw, and as they attack,
they hear the terrifying noise of these tusks,
but they face him all the same, so too did
the Trojans quickly circle Odysseus, dear
to Zeus. First he hurled his spear and struck
noble Deïopites above the shoulder; then he
slew Thoön and Ennomus. Next he speared
Chersidamas in the navel, below the bossed
shield, as he leapt from his chariot; he then hit
the dust and clutched the earth with his hands.
He left them all behind and speared Charops,
son of Hippasus and brother of wealthy Socus.
And to his aid came godlike Socus, who came
and stood near Odysseus and said to him:
“Glorious Odysseus, insatiable mischief-maker,
today you will either revel in killing both sons
of Hippasus and stripping their armor
or be struck with my spear and lose your life.”

So saying, he stuck Odysseus’ perfect shield.
The mighty spear drove through the bright
shield, forced its way into his dappled breastplate,
and severed the skin along his ribs, but Pallas
Athena did not allow it to pierce his entrails.
Odysseus knew he had not met a fatal end,
so he drew back and spoke to Socus, saying:
“Luckless one, utter ruin surely has caught you.
You stopped me from fighting Trojans, but I say
that death and black fate will come for you today,
for when I kill you with my spear, I will gain glory
and you will fall to Hades of the splendid steeds.”

Socus quickly turned to flee, but as he turned
Odysseus stuck his spear in his back between
the shoulders and drove it through his chest;
he fell with a thud, and Odysseus taunted him:
“Socus, son of skilled horse-tamer Hippasus,
death has caught you before you could escape.
Poor fool, your father and revered mother will
not close your eyes in death, for birds will beat
their wings as they tear your flesh, but if I die,
the noble Achaeans will bury me with honor.”

Then he pulled the mighty spear of skilled
Socus out of his flesh and his bossed shield
as blood gushed forth, troubling his heart.
The great-hearted Trojans saw Odysseus
bleeding, called to each other, and attacked
en masse. But he backed away and called
his comrades.Three times Odysseus shouted
at full volume, and three times Menelaus
heard his call, and he said to nearby Ajax:
“Ajax, sprung from Zeus, son of Telamon,
lord of men, steadfast Odysseus’ cries ring
round me, as if he is all alone, surrounded
and overwhelmed by fierce-fighting Trojans.
So let us enter the fray and defend him. I fear
for him alone against the Trojans, for he is
brave and would be a great loss to the Danaans.”

So saying, he took the lead, and godlike Ajax
followed. Soon they found Odysseus surrounded
by Trojans. Think of tawny jackals around
a wounded mountain stag that has been hit
with an arrow; the stag can quickly escape
so long as his blood is warm and his knees
limber, but when the quick arrow eventually kills
him, the jackals eat his raw flesh in the shady
mountain glen until some god brings a ravenous
lion, and the jackals flee and the lion feasts.
In this way did many brave Trojans surround
wise, crafty Odysseus, but he darted about
with his spear and warded off his fated day.
When Ajax and his tower-like shield came
and stood beside him, the Trojans scattered.
Then Menelaus led Odysseus from battle
and held his hand until the chariot arrived.

Then Ajax sprang on the Trojans and slew
Doryclus, Priam’s bastard son, followed
by Pandocus, Lysander, Pyrasus, and Pylartes.
As when a flooding river flows into a plain
from the mountains after a winter storm,
bringing the rains of Zeus, carrying dried oak
and pine trees, and drawing mud into the sea,
so famed Ajax drove wildly over the plain,
cleaving horses and men alike. But Hector
knew none of this, for he fought on the far
left by the river Scamander, where the heads
of the best men fell fastest and great cries
arose around Nestor and warlike Idomeneus.
Hector was engaged there, using his spear
and chariot to wipe out battalions of men.
But these noble Achaeans would not have given
ground had Alexander, fair-haired Helen’s
husband, not halted Machaon, herder of men,
hitting his right shoulder with a three-barbed
arrow. The fury-breathing Achaeans feared
for him lest the tide turn against him in battle.
So Idomeneus quickly said to noble Nestor:
“Nestor, son of Neleus, honored Achaean,
mount your chariot and let Machaon board
beside you, and then drive quickly to the ships,
for a healer is worth many men for his ability
to cut out arrows and sprinkle soothing drugs.”

So he said, and Nestor, horseman of Gerenia,
obeyed. He quickly mounted his chariot,
and Machaon, great healer Asclepius’ son,
mounted beside him. Whipping the horses,
they flew eagerly to the hollow ships.

But Cebriones, seeing the Trojans panicking
as he stood by Hector on the chariot, said to him:
“Hector, while we fight the Danaans here
on the edge of the bitter battle, other Trojans
are panicking in confusion, both horses and men.
Ajax, son of Telamon, drives them; I can see
the wide shield on his shoulders. So let us take
our horses and chariot and go where foul
combat is fiercest between horsemen and foot
soldiers and where ceaseless cries ring out.”

Saying this, he lunged the fair-maned horses
with the whistling whip; feeling the strike,
they drove the swift chariot between the Trojans
and Achaeans, trampling corpses and shields
and splattering the chariot’s axles and rails
with blood thrown up by the tires and horses’
hooves. Hector longed to rush and shatter
the throng, and he gave his spear little rest
as he hurled menace upon the Danaans.
He ranged along the battle lines of men
with his spear, sword, and great stones
but avoided fighting Ajax, son of Telamon.

Then Zeus on high drove fear into Ajax’s heart;
he stood in a daze, threw his seven layer ox-hide
shield on his back, and fled like a beast, turning
and glancing back at the throng as he sped away.
Imagine a tawny lion driven from a cattle pen
by the shouts of dogs and country men, who
watch all night long and do not allow the beast
to take the fattest ox; but in his lust for flesh
he charges forward all the same only to meet
javelins shot from brave hands and burning
torches that force him to flee despite his desire
so that, at dawn, he leaves with a sullen heart.
So Ajax, his spirits dashed, was forced to flee
from the Trojans, fearing for the Achaean ships.
Just as an ass overpowers boys to enter a field,
going in even though they break their cudgels
on his ribs and keep beating him as he ravages
the deep corn crops, and though their strength
is weak, they drive him out once he eats his fill,
so too did the daring Trojans and their allies
stab their shining spears into the shield of great
Ajax, son of Telamon, as they follow after him.
For a time, Ajax would remember his rushing
courage and turn to check the horse-taming
Trojans only then to whirl back round and flee.
But he alone barred them from reaching the swift
ships, running between the Trojans and Achaeans
as he battled. And some spears from their hands
were fixed to his great shield while many others
were impaled in the earth before reaching
his white skin, though they longed for his flesh.

When Eurypylus, Euaemon’s splendid son,
saw the darts pressing thick and fast upon Ajax,
he stood beside him, aimed his shining spear,
and hit Apisaon, Phausius’ son, herder of men,
in the liver below the midriff, and his knees
buckled. Eurypylus leapt on him and started
to strip the armor from his shoulders, but godlike
Alexander saw him, quickly drew his bow, and shot
Eurypylus with an arrow in the right thigh.
The shaft broke and filled his thigh with pain,
so he retreated behind his comrades to avoid death.
He then gave a great cry and said to the Danaans:
“Friends, leaders, and rulers of the Argives,
turn and stand and beat back this day of death
from Ajax who is besieged by darts and who may
not survive this woeful battle. So stand and face
the foes with the great Ajax, son of Telamon.”

So said the stricken Eurypylus, and they all stood
with him, their shields leaning on their shoulders
and their spears outstretched. And Ajax joined
his comrades and turned and stood with them.

As they fought like a blazing fire, the sweat-strewn
horses of Neleus carried Nestor and Machaon,
herder of men, away from the battle. And swift-
footed, noble Achilles eyed him as he stood
at the stern of his large hollow ship and watched
the toil of war and the tearful retreat. At once,
he called from the ship to his friend Patroclus,
and Patroclus emerged out of the tent like
Ares, and this was the beginning of his end.
The stout son of Menoetius was first to speak:
“Why do you call, Achilles? What do you need?”

In reply, swift-footed Achilles said to him:
“Noble son of Menoetius, dear to my heart,
now, I think, the Achaeans will come and beg me
on their knees for they are in desperate straits.
But go, Patroclus, and ask Nestor the name
of the wounded man he brings back from battle;
from behind, he looks a lot like Machaon,
son of Asclepius, but I did not see his eyes,
for his horses darted past and hurried on.”

So he said, and Patroclus obeyed his dear friend
and raced along the Achaean tents and ships.

When the others reached Nestor’s tent, they
stepped onto the rich earth, and Eurymedon,
his attendant, loosed the horses from the chariot
while the others stood, dried their sweat-stained
clothes in the ocean breeze, went into the tent,
and took their seats. Then a potion was prepared
by fair Hecamede, daughter of great-hearted
Arsinous whom Nestor took when Achilles
sacked Tendeos; the Achaeans awarded her
to Nestor for being the best of all in counsel.
First she pushed between them a well-polished,
elegant table with cobalt feet; on it she set
a bronze basket with an onion relish for their
drink, golden honey, and blessed barley bread;
and beside these she put a beautiful goblet
brought from home by the old man, with golden
nails studded around it, four handles, two feeding
doves drawn on either side, and a double base
for support. Others struggled to lift the goblet
off the table, but old Nestor lifted it easily.
Into this the goddess-like woman mixed
a potion with the Pramnian wine,[2] grating goat
cheese over it and adding sprinkles of white
barley. Once ready, she urged them to drink.
When they had sated their thirst, they spoke
cheerfully to one another until godlike
Patroclus appeared at the door. Seeing him,
the old man leapt from his shining chair,
took his hand, and offered him a seat.
But Patroclus refused and said to him:
“I cannot sit nor will you persuade me, old man.
A respected and feared man sent me to find
out who it was you brought back wounded,
but I see that it is Machaon, herder of men.
Now I will bring word back to Achilles. You
know the kind of man he is, old man beloved
by Zeus: quick to blame even the blameless.”

Then Nestor, horseman of Gerenia, replied:
“Why does Achilles worry about Achaea’s
wounded sons? He knows not the grief stirred
across the camp, for the best of them are lying
by the ships, injured by spear-thrusts and arrows.
Diomedes was struck by an arrow, Odysseus
and Agamemnon were wounded by spears,
Eurypylus was hit with an arrow in his thigh,
and I have led this arrow-stricken young man,
Machaon, back from battle. But Achilles, though
noble, does not care for or pity the Danaans.
Does he wait until the swift ships near the sea
are aflame and the Argives slain one by one
despite their best efforts? For my limbs are not
as limber as they once were. If only I was still
the young, strong man I was when we fought
the Eleans over the theft of cattle, and I slew
Itymoneus, Hypeirochus’ mighty son, who
lived in Elis, as I drove off the cattle in reprisal;
while fighting over the oxen, he was struck
by a spear from my hands, and as he fell,
the country folk around him fled in terror.
Together we drove great spoils out of the plain:
fifty oxen herds, just as many flocks of sheep,
herds of swine, herds of wandering goats,
and one hundred and fifty chestnut horses,
all mares, many with suckling foals. We drove
all these by night into Neleus’ keep in Pylos,
and Neleus cheered at the spoils that had come
my way though I was but a youth. At dawn,
the heralds called out that any man owed
a debt in noble Elias should come. And all
the leaders in Pylos came to divide the spoils,
for the Epeians owed many men a debt since
we in Pylos were few and poorly-treated,
for mighty Heracles had come many years
earlier and oppressed us, killing all our bravest.
There had been twelve sons of Neleus,
but I alone remained, the others perishing,
and because of this, the arrogant, bronze-clad
Epeians devised deplorable deeds against us.
From the spoils, the old man took a herd of oxen
and a flock of sheep, three hundred of each,
and their herdsmen. For a great debt was owed
him in noble Elis: four prize horses and a chariot
that had gone to the games to race for the tripod,
but Augeias, lord of men, kept the horses there
and returned their driver who mourned his lost
horses. These words and deeds angered the old
man, so he took a large share, and gave the rest
to his people so none might lack an equal share.

“So we settled each debt, and the city was filled
with sacrifices to the gods; but on the third day
the Epeians rushed in with many men and single-
hoofed horses, and among them were the two
Moliones,[3] both young and unskilled in fighting.
Now Thryum is a city on a steep hill far
from Alpheius on the farthest border of sandy
Pylos; there they set camp, eager to lay waste
to the town. But when they made for the plain,
divine Athena came to us at night from Olympus
bearing a message to arm for battle for the army
gathered in Pylos was eager for war. But Neleus
did not allow me to arm and hid my horses
for he thought I knew nothing of warcraft.
Still, though I was on foot, I was pre-eminent
among horsemen, for Athena directed the battle.
Now the river Minyeïus empties into the sea near
Arene; and here it was that we Pylian horsemen
and foot soldiers waited for divine Dawn.
We quickly dressed in full armor and arrived
at midday to the holy waters of Alpheius where
we offered fine sacrifices to mighty Zeus, a bull
to Alpheius, a bull to Poseidon, and a cow
from the herd for gleaming-eyed Athena.
Then we took our meal, each with his company,
and went to sleep in full armor beside the river.
Now the great-hearted Epeians surrounded
the city, eager to destroy it, but before that
happened, there came a great work of Ares,
for when the bright sun rose over the land,
we met in battle, praying to Zeus and Athena.

“When the Pylians and Epeians began to fight,
I was the first to slay a man and seize his horse:
spearman Mulius, son-in-law to Augeias, whose
eldest daughter was Mulius’ wife, fair Agamede,
who knew all the herbs grown across the earth.
As he charged, I struck him with my bronze-tipped
spear; he fell to the dust, and I took his chariot
and joined the foremost fighters. But the other
great-hearted Epeians fled when they saw him fall,
for he led their horsemen and was a fierce fighter.
But I sprang on them like a black tempest
and took fifty chariots, and on each one two men
bit the dust, overpowered by my spear. And I
would have slain the two Moliones, sons of Actor,
if their father, wide-ruling Poseidon, had not saved
them from war by hiding them in a heavy mist.
Then Zeus granted the Pylians great might,
for we pursued them over the vast plain, slaying
men and picking up their fine armor until we led
our horses to wheat-rich Buprasium and the rock
of Olen, where there is a hill called Alesium; here
Athena turned back the army. I slew the last man
and left; but the Achaeans drove the swift horses
from Buprasium back to Pylos, and all praised
Zeus among gods and Nestor among men.

“So it was for me with men, unless it was a dream.
But Achilles will celebrate his valor alone, though
I think he will weep bitterly when his men perish.
Surely, friend, Menoetius said all this to you
when he sent you from Phthia to Agamemnon.
Noble Odysseus and I were in the house
and heard all the advice he gave to you when
we came to the pleasant halls of Peleus,
gathering the army throughout rich Achaea.
We found heroic Menoetius in the house with you
and Achilles, and old horseman Peleus was
burning a fat bull’s thigh for loud-thunderer Zeus
in the open courtyard, holding a golden cup
and pouring bright wine over the blazing altar.
You two were tending the fire while we stood
in the doorway; and Achilles jumped in surprise,
took our hands, led us in, sat us down, and offered
us fine hospitality, as is a stranger’s right. Once
we filled ourselves with food and drink, I spoke
first, urging you both to follow us, and as you
were eager to go, your fathers spoke to you.
Old man Peleus charged his son Achilles
to be the bravest and mightiest warrior of all,
but Menoetius, son of Actor, charged you thus:
‘My child, by birth Achilles is higher than you
and his strength is greater, but you are the elder.
So speak wise words to him, give him counsel,
and guide him; if he obeys you, he will prosper.’
So he said, but you forgot. Yet even now you
could speak to skilled Achilles and he would listen.
Who knows? With a god’s help, your words may
stir his soul; a friend can be very persuasive.
But if he is trying to evade some prophecy,
his mother having shared some secret from Zeus,
then let him send you out and let the Myrmidons
follow you and so be a light for the Danaans.
And let him give you his fine armor to wear into war,
so the Trojans think that you are he, hold back
from battle, and give the worn-out Achaean sons
some rest, for there is little time for rest in war,
and rested men might easily push weary men
back towards the city from the ships and tents.”

So he said, stirring the heart of Patroclus, who
ran back along the ships to Aeacus’ grandson
Achilles. But when he came to the ships of godlike
Odysseus, where the Achaeans held assembly
and cast votes and where an altar to the gods was
set, Eurypylus, Zeus-born son of Eumaeon, met
him as he limped away from battle, having been
hit with an arrow in the thigh. Sweat dripped
from his head and shoulders and black blood
trickled from his painful wound, but his mind
was clear. The brave son of Menoetius looked
at him and felt pity, and said with winged words:
“Wretched leaders and lords of the Danaans,
were you fated, so far from friends and native
lands, to sate Troy’s wild dogs with your shining
flesh? Tell me, Eurypylus, Zeus-blessed warrior,
will the Achaeans be able to hold back mighty
Hector, or will they die, mastered by his spear?”

Then the wounded Eurypylus replied to him:
“Nothing will safeguard the Achaeans, godlike
Patroclus, but they will flee back into their black
ships. All the best warriors lie on the ships
with arrow or spear wounds from the hands
of Trojans whose strength is ever increasing.
But now help me to my black ship, cut the arrow
from my thigh, wash away the black blood
with warm water, and sprinkle healing herbs
upon it, which they say you learned from Achilles,
who was taught by the wisest centaur, Chiron.
As for the healers, Machaon lies wounded
in the huts and is himself in need of healing,
while his brother Podaleirius is on the plain,
awaiting the sharp wrath of the Trojans.”

Then the brave son of Menoetius said to him:
“How can this be? What shall we do, Eurypylus?
I am going to wise Achilles to relay the words
of Nestor of Gerenia, guardian of the Achaeans,
but I cannot leave you in your suffering.”

So saying, he threw his arms around Eurypylus
and led him to his tent where his servant set
down oxen hides. Using a sharp knife Patroclus
cut the arrow out of his thigh, washed off
the black blood with warm water, and applied
a sharp root that stills pain. Then the wound
started drying and the blood stopped flowing.

This is a reference to Sirius, the "Dog Star" ↵

Wine created on the island of Lesbos (which is still a well-known producer of wine today). ↵

Cteatus and Eurytus are the sons of either Actor of Poseidon. Together, they are called Moliones after their mother, Molione. ↵

Book 12

As Menoetius’ noble son treated the stricken
Eurypylus in his tents, the Argives and Trojans
fought in close combat. The Danaan’s trench
and wide wall protected them, but not for long.
When they build the trench and wall, they
had offered the gods no great hecatombs
so they might defend and keep safe the swift
ships and ample spoils; but since it was built
against the gods’ will, it would not last long.
So long as Hector lived, Achilles raged,
and King Priam’s city remained unsacked,
the great wall of the Achaean stood firm.
But after the greatest Trojans and Argives
had fallen, and after the sacking of Priam’s
city in the tenth year of the war, and after
the Argives had returned in their ships
to their fatherlands, then Poseidon and Apollo
destroyed the wall by letting loose all the rivers
that flow from mount Ida to the sea: Rhesus,
Heptaporus, Caresus, Rhodius, Granicus,
Aesepus, divine Scamander, and Simoïs, where
many ox-hide shields and helmets fell to the dust
as well as many demigods. Phoebus Apollo
redirected all their mouths and for nine days
flooded the wall, and Zeus sent constant rain
to break the wall and wash it into the sea.
The earth shaker led them; holding a trident
in his hand, he sent into the waves the beams
and stones set there by toiling Achaeans,
smoothed the strong-flowing Hellespont,
covered the beach again with sand once
the wall was leveled, and returned the sweet-
running river waters to their former currents.

So Poseidon and Apollo were destined to do,
but now the noise of battle blazed around
the well-built wall, the beams rang when struck,
and the Argives, tamed by Zeus’ whip, were
hemmed in by their hollow ships, held by fear
of the terrifying Hector who fought, as before,
like a whirling storm. When hunters and hounds
face a wild boar or a lion who turns all around,
exulting in his might, the men line up in a wall,
stand against him, and hurl javelins at him;
and though the beast’s courage kills him,
his glorious heart neither flinches nor frights
as he turns around and challenges the line
of men, so that wherever he goes the line gives
way. So, in this way, did Hector stride through
the ranks, urging his men to cross the trench.
But the swift-footed horses baulked at the edge
of the lip, neighing and refusing to move,
for they feared that the trench was too wide
to leap over and too tough to traverse,
as the overhanging banks stood all around
on both sides, and the top was covered with huge,
sharp stakes which the Achaean sons had placed
tightly together to defend against the enemy.
A horse could not easily pull a wheeled chariot
inside, but the foot soldiers were eager to try.
So Polydamas stood beside bold Hector and said:
“Hector and other Trojan and ally leaders, it is
senseless to drive the swift horses over the trench.
It is hard to cross, for sharp stakes are placed
inside and close to these is the Achaean wall,
and chariot horses cannot descend and fight,
for it is too narrow and it will bring danger.
If loud-thundering Zeus wants to destroy
our enemy and aid the Trojans, then I eagerly
hope that this will come to pass and the Achaeans
are killed and forgotten far from Argos.
But if they should recover, forcing us away
from the ships and back to the trench, then I
fear no one will be left to bring a message
to the city once the Achaeans have rallied.
But come now and do all that I command:
let the attendants keep the horses by the trench
while we dismount, arm for battle, and follow
Hector as one, and the Achaeans will not stop
us if death’s ropes are fastened upon them.”

So Polydamas said, and the words pleased
Hector, who immediately leapt from the chariot
to the ground; and the other Trojans did not
remain on their chariots but sprang down when
they saw noble Hector on foot. Then each man
told his charioteer to hold the horses at the trench,
and the men divided into five well-ordered
companies and followed after the leaders.

Those with Hector and noble Polydamas were
the best, the most numerous, and the most eager
to break the wall and fight by the hollow ships.
Cebriones joined them as the third, for Hector
left a less skillful man back beside the chariots.
Paris, Alcathous, and Agenor led the second;
Helenus and noble Deïphobus, two sons
of Priam, led the third, and with them was
Asius, son of Hyrtacus, who brought his great
tawny horse from Arisbe by the Selleïs river.
Aeneas, noble son of Anchises, led the fourth,
and with him were Antenor’s two sons, Acamas
and Archelochus, both skilled in all fighting.
Sarpedon led the famous allies, and he chose
as his comrades Glaucus and the warrior
Asteropaeus for they seemed clearly to be
the finest after himself, but he was best of all.
They all linked their ox-hide shields and charged
eagerly at the Danaans, certain they would not
be held back but would reach the black ships.

The other famous Trojans and allies obeyed
the orders of noble Polydamas, but Hyrtacus’
son Asius, leader of men, did not want to leave
his horse and charioteer behind and so drove
straight to the swift ships, the fool, for he was
not destined to escape his black fate and return
home to windy Ilios from the ships in triumph
with his horses and chariot. Before this, his foul
destiny would envelop him through the spear
of Idomeneus, Deucalion’s noble son. He made
for the left side of the ships, where Achaean
chariots were returning from the plain, and drove
his horses and chariot to the gates and found
them neither shut nor bolted, for men held them
wide open, hoping their comrades could flee
the battle for the safe ships. He drove his horses
straight through, and his men followed, screaming
sharply and thinking the Achaeans would not
hold them back from reaching the black ships.
But they were fools, for at the gate they found
two brave and noble Lapithi warriors: mighty
Polypoetes, son of Peirithous, and Leonteus,
equal to Ares, destroyer of men. They stood
before the tall gates like two oak trees on a lofty
mountain that stand up to the wind and rain
every day because their deep, strong roots are
fixed firmly in the earth; in this way, these two,
trusting their arm strength, stood without
flinching as mighty Asius charged, along
with Iamenus, Orestes, Adamas, son of Asius,
Thoön, and Oenomaus, all of them raising
their dry, ox-hide shields, screaming loudly,
and going straight for the well-built wall.
For some time, the Lapiths were inside the wall
urging the well-greaved Achaeans to defend
the ships, but when they saw the Trojans
charge and the Danaans flee, they darted out
of the gates and fought. Just as wild swine
in the mountain, as they wait for an approaching
band of men and dogs, tear through trees
and cut them at the roots, the sound of clashing
tusks ringing out until someone spears them
and kill them, so too did the men’s bright bronze
chests clang with the sounds of spear tips as they
bravely faced the enemy, trusting in their own
might and the might of the men on the wall
who were hurling boulders from the well-built
walls and protecting the tents, the swift ships,
and themselves. Like snowflakes falling down
to the ground during a blustery gale that drives
thick, shadowy clouds over the bountiful earth,
so too did the darts rain down from Achaean
and Trojan hands alike, helmets and embossed
shields ringing harshly with each stone strike.
Then Asius, son of Hyrtacus, wailed, struck
his thigh, and spoke woeful words, saying:
“Father Zeus, clearly you are now a great lover
of lies, for I did not think the Achaean warriors
would withstand our strong, unflinching hands.
Just as a swarm of wasps or bees make a nest
on the side of a rough road, refuse to leave
their hollow home, and remain and ward off
hunters to protect their young, so these men,
though only two, refuse to surrender the gate
until they either kill or are killed themselves.”

So he said, but his words failed to move Zeus
who wished to grant great glory to Hector.

Others were fighting around the other gates,
and I would have to be a god to tell all tales:
an all-consuming fire blazing along the wall
of stone, desperate Argives defending
their ships, gods weeping in their hearts
for the Danaans they once aided in battle,
and the Lapiths fighting together in combat.

Then the son of Peirithous, mighty Polypoetes,
struck a spear in the bronze cheekpiece helmet
of Damasus, and the bronze point pierced
the helmet, shattered his bone, and spattered
his brains, destroying him in his fury; then he
killed Pylon and Ormenus. And Leonteus,
follower of Ares, killed Hippomachus, son
of Antimachus, with a spear strike to the belt.
And again he drew his sharp sword from its
sheath, rushed through the throng, and struck
first Antiphates, hurling him to the ground,
and then Menon, Iamenus, and Orestes—all
thrown to the bountiful earth, one after another.

As they were stripping their gleaming armor,
the young followers of Polydamas and Hector,
the best, most numerous, and most eager
to break the wall and set fire to the ships,
stood at the edge of the trench and paused.
An omen appeared when they desired to cross,
a soaring bird passing to the left of the men,
carrying in his massive talons a red snake
that was gasping for life but continuing
to fight, for it bent backwards and sank its
fangs into the eagle’s neck, hurting the bird
and forcing it to drop the snake into a throng
of men. Then it shrieked loudly and flew away.
The Trojans felt dread at seeing the slinking
snake lying in front of them, a sign from Zeus.
Then Polydamas came to Hector and said:
“Hector, you always chide me in assembly,
though I give good advice, since it is not right
for a commoner to question you, in council
or in war, but to always uphold your authority,
but now I shall speak as I think best. Let us
not go and fight the Danaans by their ships.
For an omen came to the Trojans when
they desired to cross over, a soaring bird
passing to the left of the men and carrying
in his massive talons a red snake, still alive,
that he dropped before reaching his nest,
thus failing to bring it back for his children.
So it will be for us, for if we smash the gates
and walls and force the Achaeans to retreat,
we will return back the same road in disarray,
leaving many Trojans behind, slaughtered
by the Achaeans defending their ships.
So a soothsayer would say, one whose mind
is open to omens and whom the people obey.”

With a scowl, glancing-helmed Hector replied:
“Polydamas, your words do not please me,
and you know better than to speak like this.
But if you are serious about what you say,
then clearly the gods have destroyed your wits,
since you order me to ignore Zeus’ counsel
which he promised me with a nod of assent.
You would urge obedience to a long-winged
bird, for I refuse to care or to think about
whether it goes to the right and the dawn’s
light or to the left and the murky darkness.
We should obey the counsel of mighty Zeus
who rules over all mortals and immortals.
One omen is best to fight for your country.
Why do you fear war and warfare? For if
we were all slaughtered around the Argive
ships, you would have no fear of dying
for your heart is not steadfast in the fight.
But if you take no part in war or if you
persuade others to turn away from war,
then a strike from my spear will end your life.”

So saying, he took the lead and they followed
with a deafening roar, and loud-thundering Zeus
roused a rushing wind from mount Ida, sending
dust against the ships, confusing Achaean
minds and glorifying Hector and the Trojans.
Trusting in his omens and their own might,
they sought to shatter the great Achaean wall.
They tore outworks, pulled down battlements,
and displaced jutting buttresses the Achaeans
had set in the earth to reinforce the wall.
They pulled these up hoping to break the wall,
but even now the Danaans gave no ground
but secured the battlements with oxen hide
and threw at the enemy who came to the wall.

The two Ajaxes roamed the walls, urging men
on and stirring Achaean might. Some were
given kind words, but others who had grown
slack in the fight were given harsh words:
“Friends, not only the finest but also the middling
and the lesser among the Achaeans, for men are
not equal in war, but now there is work for all,
which you well know. Let no man who has
heard the enemy’s shouts turn back to the ships
but press forward and urge one another on,
so Olympian Zeus may grant us to turn the tide
of battle and drive them back to the city.”

So they shouted, rousing the Achaeans
to fight. Just as snowflakes fall thick and fast
on a winter day when counselor Zeus is moved
to make snow, displaying his missiles for men,
stilling the wind and pouring flakes without pause
until the mountain peaks, rocky bluffs, grassy
valleys, and rich lands of men are all covered,
as are the harbors and headlands of the grey sea,
and though the waves beat it back, all other things
are enfolded within the driving storm of Zeus;
so also stones from both sides rain down, some
on the Trojans, some on the Achaeans, as they
cast at one another, and a din arose over the wall.

But the Trojans and bright Hector would not
have broken the walls, gates, and bars had
counselor Zeus not roused his son, Sarpedon,
against the Argives like a lion against sleek oxen.
Straightaway he held his well-balanced shield,
finely formed by the bronzesmith’s hammer,
with many ox-hides stitched together using
close-set golden wire that ran round the ring.
He held it before him, carried two spears,
and set off like a mountain lion who has gone
meatless for too long, his proud heart urging
him to go into the farm and try for the sheep,
and though he finds the shepherd guarding
the flock with dogs and spears, he refuses
to be driven away before making an attempt,
and either leaps in and carries one away,
or is himself struck by a quick, sharp spear.
So godlike Sarpedon’s spirit urged him to rush
the wall and break the battlements. Quickly,
he spoke to Glaucus, son of Hippolochus:
“Glaucus, why are we granted great honors
like prime seats, rich meat, and filled goblets
in Lycia and are looked upon as gods and are
given property by the banks of the Xanthos
with fair orchards and wheat-bearing lands?
It is so we will take a stand with Lycia’s best
and fight in this burning battle so that many
of the strong-armored Lycians would say:
‘Truly, they are not inglorious, those kings
who hold sway in Lycia; they eat fat sheep
and drink honey-sweet wine, but their honor
is strong for they fight among Lycia’s best.’
Friend, if we fled this fight and were able
to live forever, being ageless and immortal,
then I would not fight among the finest,
nor would I send you to win glory in battle;
but now the goddess of death is all around us,
and since no mortal can escape or avoid it,
let us go and gain glory or give it to another.”

So saying, Glaucus obeyed, and the two led
the great Lycian army forward. Seeing them,
Menestheus, Peteos’ son, shuddered, for they
brought trouble to his part of the wall. Peering
around for a leader who might prevent harm
coming to his comrades, he saw both Ajaxes,
insatiable fighters, standing with Teucer, who
had just come from the tents; but Menestheus’
cries could not be heard over the great noise
that rose up to the heavens: horsehair
helmets and shields clashing, gates shutting,
and the enemy standing before them, ready
to break down the gates and enter. Quickly,
he sent the herald Thoötes to the Ajaxes:
“Run, noble Thoötes, and call Ajax, or both
of them, for that would be best of all since we
are headed for utter destruction. The Lycian
leaders are bearing hard on us, and they have
long been formidable fighters in fierce combat.
But if in their place great strife has been stirred,
then at least let brave Telamonian Ajax come,
and let the skilled bowman Teucer follow him.”

So he said, and the herald heard and obeyed,
running along the bronze-clad Achaeans’ wall
until he stood beside the Ajaxes and said:
“Ajaxes, leaders of the bronze-clad Achaeans,
the son of Peteos, cherished by Zeus, urges you
to go to him for a time and face the danger there,
or both of you, for that would be best of all since
we are headed for utter destruction. The Lycian
leaders are bearing hard on us, and they have
long been formidable fighters in fierce combat.
But if in your place great strife has been stirred,
then at least let brave Telamonian Ajax come,
and let the skilled bowman Teucer follow him.”

So he said, and great Telamonian Ajax
obeyed, quickly telling the son of Oïleus:
“Ajax, you and mighty Lycomedes stay here
and press the Danaans to hold fast and fight
while I go to face the danger there, and I will
return quickly once I have come to their aid.”

So saying, Telamonian Ajax went away, joined
by Teucer, his brother of the same father,
and Pandion, who carried Teucer’s bent bow.
They went along the wall until they reached
noble Menestheus and his men who were under
siege, for Lycia’s strong leaders and rulers
were scaling the battlements like a black storm.
With a great cry, they charged into the fight.

Telamonian Ajax was first to kill a man,
Sarpedon’s friend, great-hearted Epicles, striking
him with a sharp quartz rock that was atop
the wall’s battlements. Most men, even strong
ones, would struggle to lift the rock with two
hands, but Ajax lifted it easily and threw it,
crushing his four-sheeted helmet and smashing
the bones in his head. Then he fell from the high
wall like a diver, and his soul left his bones.
Then Teucer shot Glaucus, Hippolochus’
mighty son, with an arrow from the high wall
when his arm was bare, forcing him to stop
fighting. He leapt from the wall secretly so no
Achaean would notice his injury and taunt him.
Seeing Glaucus depart quickly filled Sarpedon
with sorrow, but he did not let up on the fight,
aiming well and spearing Alcmaon, Thestor’s
son; and when he pulled out the spear, Alcmaon
fell on his face, his bronze armor clanging.
Then Sarpedon took the battlements in his stout
hands and pulled, and a whole section gave way,
creating an open space for many to pass through.

Ajax and Teucer attacked Sarpedon together.
Teucer shot an arrow into the shining strap that
held his shield to his chest, but Zeus protected
his son from dying beside the ships’ sterns.
Then Ajax leapt and speared him, but the point
failed to pierce the shield and forced him away
from the battlements. Still, Sarpedon did not
give way, for his heart was set on gaining glory,
so he turned and called to the godlike Lycians:
“Lycians, why do you relax your rushing rage?
Strong though I am, it is difficult for me alone
to break this wall and lay a path to the ships.
So join me: the more men, the better.”

So he said, and fearing his reproach, the men
brought more weight to bear around their lord.
On the other side, the Argives’ defense of the wall
stiffened, and the battle intensified on both sides.
The stout Lycians were not strong enough to break
the Danaan wall and lay a path to the ships,
nor were the Danaan spearmen strong enough
to drive the Lycians from the wall when they drew
near. Just as two men holding measuring cords
struggle over a boundary stone in a common
field, grappling in a small space over equal shares,
so the battlements separated them, and they
stretched out to tear at each other’s well-rounded,
ox-hide shields and light, fluttering bucklers.
Many were struck in the flesh by relentless bronze,
some by turning and leaving their backs open
to attack, others by strikes through the shield itself.
Blood from both sides, Trojans and Achaeans,
was spattered all along the walls and battlements.
The Trojans could not force the Achaeans to flee,
and both sides held. Just as a woman carefully
balances wool on either side of a scale, making
them equal so as to win a pitiful wage for her
children, so the two sides stood equal in battle
until Zeus granted glory to Hector, son of Priam,
who was first to break past the Achaean wall.
With a piercing shout, he called to the Trojans:
“Rise up, horse-taming Trojans, break the wall
of the Argives, and rain fire upon their ships.”

So he said, inspiring them, and they all listened
and raced for the wall en mass, wielding sharp
spears as they scaled the wall. Hector lifted
up a stone that stood at the base of the gate,
which was thick at the base but sharp on top;
two strong men of today would struggle to lift
the stone off the ground and into a wagon,
but he easily lifted it himself, for the son of wily
Cronos lightened it for him. Just as a shepherd
easily carries in one hand a ram’s fleece,
its weight making it no burden, so Hector lifted
and carried the stone to the door that guarded
the tall, tight, and sturdy double-gates that
were fitted with cross-bars to hold them shut
and fastened by a single bolt. Standing nearby
and setting his feet wide apart, he threw
at the middle with all his strength and shattered
the door hinges. The stone fell inside, the gates
groaned, the bars did not hold, and the doors
were thrown apart by the falling stone. Then
bright Hector, holding two spears in his hands,
leapt inside, his black face like the nimble
night, his bronze armor like a shining terror,
and his eyes like a blazing fire. Once he leapt
past the gates, not even the gods could stop him.
He turned around and ordered the Trojans
to scale the wall, and they obeyed his summons.
At once, some scaled the wall while others drove
through the gates, and the Danaans fled back
to the hollow ships, and a great noise arose.

Book 13

Once Zeus had driven the Trojans and Hector
to the ships, he left them to ply the endless,
woeful work of war and turned his shining eyes
to the Thracian horsemen, the close-fighting
Mysians, the noble Hippemolgi who live on mare’s
milk, and the most pious men of the Abii.
He no longer turned his bright eyes to the Trojans
for he did not think in his heart that any immortal
would go and aid the Trojans or the Danaans.

But the lord of earthquakes[1] kept no blind watch,
for he sat spellbound by the war and the strife atop
the highest peak of wooded Samothrace, where
all of mount Ida was visible as well as Priam’s city
and the ships of the Achaeans. He left the sea
to sit there, feeling pity for the Achaeans fleeing
the Trojans, and blaming mighty Zeus.

At once, he quickly descended down the rocky
mountain, the high hills and valleys trembling
with immortal Poseidon’s every footstep. He took
three steps, and on the fourth he reached his goal,
Aegae, his famous home deep under the sea,
glittering in gold and impervious to decay.
Then he harnessed his chariot to his swift-footed
horses with hooves of bronze and golden manes,
dressed his body in gold, took up his well-wrought
whip of gold, boarded his chariot, and drove over
the waves. The sea creatures rose and frolicked
around him, for they knew him well, and the sea
happily parted for him; they flew on swiftly,
the bronze axle never getting wet, and the swift
horses brought him to the Achaean ships.

There is a wide cavern deep under the sea
midway between Tendeos and rocky Imbros;
there earth-shaker Poseidon stopped his horses,
unyoked them, gave them ambrosia to eat,
bound their hooves with unbreakable golden
shackles so they would remain until their master
returned, and headed for the swift Achaean army.

The Trojans pressed together like flames or storm
clouds, eagerly following Hector, son of Priam,
roaring loudly and hoping to seize the Achaean
ships and to slay all of their finest men.
But earth-embracing, earth-shaking Poseidon
came out of the deep sea to stir the Argives;
taking on the form and voice of Calchas,
he spoke first to the two eager Ajaxes:
“Ajaxes, remember your courage, forget your
fear, and you will save the Achaean army.
I do not fear the invincible Trojan hands
that have climbed over the great wall en mass,
for the well-greaved Achaeans will stop them.
But I have a dreadful fear of the raging
fire that is hurling towards us: Hector,
who claims to be the son of mighty Zeus.
Let one of the gods stir your souls to stand
strong and to inspire the others as well;
then you might force him back from the swift
ships though the Olympian urges him on.”

So saying, the earth-embracer and shaker hit
them with his staff, filling them with great might,
and lightening their limbs, feet, and hands.
Just as a swift-winged hawk lifts itself high over
a steep rock face and flies out across the plain
as he chases some other bird, so earth-shaking
Poseidon darted past them. And Ajax, swift
son of Oïleus, was first to recognize him,
and he quickly said to Ajax, son of Telamon:
“Ajax, one of the Olympian gods has come
in the likeness of the augur Calchas to urge
us to battle beside the ships, for easily
could I see that the outlines of his feet
and lower legs were those of a god. Thus
the heart in my breast, the feet below me,
and the hands above me have never been
more ready to wage war and to do battle.”

In reply, Telamonian Ajax said to him:
“Like you, my invincible hands are eager
to grasp my spear, my rage is stirred, my feet
below are driving me on, and I cannot wait
to fight savage Hector, Priam’s son, one-on-one.”

As they spoke to one another, rejoicing
in the battle-lust granted them by a god,
the earth-mover stirred the Achaeans who
sat resting beside the swift ships. Their limbs
were worn from painful toil, and great grief
filled their hearts upon seeing the Trojans
who were coming en mass over the great wall.
Seeing this brought tears to their eyes, for they
saw no hope of escape; but the earth-shaker
went among them and inspired the battalions.
He went first to stir on Teucer and Leïtus
followed by heroic Peneleos, Thoas, Deïpyrus,
Meriones, and great war-crier Antilochus.
To these he spoke with winged words, saying:
“Shame on you, young Argives, for I trusted
your fighting skills to protect our ships;
but if your furious fighting has grown slack,
then we will be routed by the Trojans today.
Indeed, I see with my eyes a great marvel,
a sight I never thought would come to pass:
our ships assaulted by Trojans, who before
were like timid deer in the forest preyed
upon by jackals, leopards, and wolves, flitting
about helplessly and lacking a fighting spirit;
the Trojans, too, were timid, unable to stand
against the might and arms of the Achaeans.
Now they fight far from the city by the hollow
ships due to our weak leader and the stubborn
men who quarrel with him and who prefer
to die beside the swift ships than defend them.
Even though it is true that the warrior son
of Atreus, broad-ruling Agamemnon, is guilty
of dishonoring the swift-footed son of Peleus,
we must not refrain from fighting. Let us heal
the breach, for great men’s hearts can atone,
but never again should great men’s fighting
fury be allowed to grow slack. Now, I would
not quarrel with a man who was worthless
in battle, but with you my heart burns with rage.
You weaklings, soon your laziness will bring
a greater evil, so steel yourselves against shame
and cowardice, for a great battle is upon us.
Great war-crier Hector has smashed the gates
and long bar and is fighting beside our ships.”

So the earth-shaker stirred the swift Achaeans.
Courageous battalions formed around both
Ajaxes, and neither Ares nor Athena, rouser
of armies, could scorn them, and these brave
men awaited the Trojans and godlike Hector.
They stood man to man, spear to spear, helmet
to helmet, and shield against shield. The horse-
hair plumes on their shining helmets touched
as their heads moved as one, their stout hands
shook their spears in a jagged line, their minds
were steady, and they were ready for a fight.

The Trojans advanced as one with Hector
leading the way like a rolling rock on a cliff
that a powerful river swollen with winter rain
dislodges from its foundation; the rock leaps
and flies recklessly through the echoing woods
and rolls relentlessly ahead until it reaches level
ground and goes no further. So Hector boasted
that he would easily break past the tents
and Achaean ships and reach the sea, slaying
as he went. But when he neared the thick battle-
lines, he paused, for the Achaeans were ready
for him, thrusting out their swords and two-edged
spears and forcing Hector to give ground.
He then cried out to the Trojans, saying:
“Trojans, Lycians, and Dardanians who fight
as one: the Achaeans will not hold me back
for long, though they are arrayed like a wall.
But they will be beaten back by my spear if I am
truly being led by the thundering lord of Hera.”

So he said, stirring each man’s might and spirit.
With them came Deïphobus, Priam’s proud son,
who advanced lightly on his feet, protecting
himself with the well-balanced shield held before
him. Meriones aimed at him and shot his shining
spear and did not miss, hitting his well-balanced
ox-hide shield; but the long spear’s shaft broke off
before the point could pass through. Deïphobus
held his ox-hide shield away from him, his heart
terrified by Meriones’ spear, but Meriones fell
back into the throng, dreadfully angry both
for missing his target and for shattering his spear.
And he went back to the Achaean camp and ships
to retrieve a spear he had left in his tent.

The others fought on with unquenchable cries.
Teucer, son of Telamon, was first to kill a man:
Imbrius, rich Mentor’s son, who lived in Pedaeum
before the Achaean sons arrived and married
Medesicaste, illegitimate daughter of Priam.
But when the Danaans came, he went to Ilios,
was loved by the Trojans and lived the house
of Priam, who treated him like a son. Teucer
stabbed Imbrius under the ear with his long
spear and drew the spear out, and he fell like
an ash tree cut down by bronze on a hill visible
in all directions, and as it falls its tender leaves
scatter over the earth. So Imbrius fell, his bronze
armor ringing round him. As Teucer raced to strip
the armor, Hector threw his shining spear at him.
Teucer saw him and only just dodged the dart,
but it hit Amphimachus, son of Cteatus who was
the son of Actor, in the chest as he was joining
the battle, and he fell with a heavy sound,
his armor clanging. As Hector lunged to strip
away the helmet fitted to the head of great-
hearted Amphimachus, Ajax hurled his shining
spear at him but failed to pierce his bronze-
shielded skin and struck his bossed shield.
This forced Hector back, allowing the Achaeans
to pull the two corpses away. Then Stichius
and Menestheus, the Athenian leaders,
carried Amphimachus to the Achaean camp
while the two mighty Ajaxes lifted Imbrius.
Like two lions tearing a goat away from sharp-
toothed dogs and into the thick brush, holding
the goat in their jaws high above the ground,
so the two Ajaxes held Imbrius high and stripped
his armor. Then the son of Oïleus, angered
by Amphimachus’ death, severed his head
from his tender neck, and it rolled away like
a ball, stopping in the dust by Hector’s feet.

But Poseidon’s heart was enraged by the death
of his grandson in fierce battle,[2] so he went
to the Achaean ships and tents to rouse
the Danaans and bring trouble to the Trojans.
He met spear-famed Idomeneus just as he
had finished aiding a comrade who had been
struck in the hamstring by a sharp spear.
After giving orders to the healer, he went
back to his tent and was eager to return
to battle when the earth-shaker spoke to him
with the voice of Andraemon’s son, Thoas,
lord of the Aetolians in all Pleuron and lofty
Calydon and honored like a god by his people:
“Idomeneus, Cretan advisor, what became
of the Achaean sons’ threats against the Trojans?”

And Idomeneus, leader of the Cretans, replied:
“O Thoas, no man is responsible, as far as I
am aware; for we all know the ways of warfare.
No man is held by feckless fear, nor do they
shrink from bitter battle. Instead, it must be
the will of mighty Cronos’ son that the Argives
are fated to die nameless and far from Argos.
But Thoas, you are always steadfast in battle
and able to urge on those who lose the will to fight,
so do not give up now but call out to each man.”

Then earth-shaker Poseidon answered him:
“Idomeneus, the man who willingly recoils
from fighting on this day may never return home
from Troy but become sport for dogs. But come,
take your weapon and follow me; we two must
work together quickly if we are to be any help.
Even poor soldiers can bring success when united,
but we know how to battle even with the best.”

So he said and moved on, a god among men’s
toil, and when Idomeneus came to his well-made
tent, he donned his fine armor, took two spears,
and ran like the lightning that Zeus seizes
in his hands and brandishes on radiant Olympus
to send signs to mortals and to light the sky.
Thus did Idomeneus’ bronze chest shine as he
ran. Near the tents he met Meriones, his brave
attendant, who was on his way to get a bronze
spear, and mighty Idomeneus said to him:
“Swift-footed Meriones, son of Molus, dearest
friend, why have you left the battle to come here?
Were you struck and injured by a missile’s point,
or are you delivering me a message? I myself
do not want to stay in the tents but to fight.”

Then shrewd Meriones answered him, saying:
“Idomeneus, advisor of the bronze-clad Cretans,
I am going to get a spear, if you have a spare
one in the tent. My spear was shattered when I
hurled it at the shield of arrogant Deïphobus.”

Idomeneus, leader of the Cretans, replied to him:
“If you want one or twenty spears, you will find
them by the bright inner wall of the tent,
Trojan spears taken from the slain. I do not
like to fight the enemy by standing far away,
so I use swords and bossed shields and helmets
and breastplates that are glittering and bright.”

Then shrewd Meriones answered him, saying:
“My tent and black ship also hold many Trojan
spoils, but they are not nearby for me to take.
And I tell you, I have not forgotten my might,
for once war’s fury has been stirred, I stand
and fight among the finest in pursuit of glory.
Other bronze-clad Achaeans might not know
of my prowess, but I think you know it.”

Idomeneus, leader of the Cretans, replied to him:
“I know your worth; why must I tell you of it?
When the best of us gather for an ambush
beside the ships, then a man’s true nature
is revealed, whether he is brave or cowardly.
The skin of a coward changes colors,
his spirit is stirred so that he cannot sit,
his feet fidget from one side to another,
the heart in his chest beats louder as he
imagines his death, and his teeth chatter.
But a brave man’s skin is unchanged for he
does not shrink from joining the ambush
and prays to quickly mix in mournful war.
Then truly, none would question your courage
or strength, for if you were struck or stabbed
in battle, the arrow would not fall behind
your neck or on your back but on the chest
or in the belly as you charged ahead to grapple
a foe. But come, let us stop standing and talking
like children or else someone will censure us.
Go to the hut and choose a mighty spear.”

So he said, and Meriones ran into the tent like
swift Ares, took a bronze spear, and followed
Idomeneus, his mind set on war. Just as Ares,
destroyer of men, goes to battle with Phobos,
his mighty and fearless son, who forces even
the stoutest soldier to flee, leaving Thrace
fully armed and ready to encounter Ephyri
or great-hearted Phlegyes, not hearing all
prayers but giving glory to one side only,
so Meriones and Idomeneus, leaders of men,
ventured into the fight armed in fiery bronze.
And Meriones spoke first to Idomeneus:
“Son of Deucalion, should we join the battle
on the right of the army, in the middle,
or on the left? Nowhere else are long-haired
Achaeans so overmatched in battle.”

Idomeneus, leader of the Cretans, replied to him:
“The middle ships are protected by the two
Ajaxes and Teucer, the best of all Achaeans
in archery and a good fighter in close combat;
they will give Hector, son of Priam, his fill
of war, even though he is strong and battle-ready.
And though he is eager to fight, it will be hard
for him to beat their strength and invincible hands
and burn the ships unless Cronos’ son throws
a fire-brand into our swift vessels. But great
Telamonian Ajax yields to no mortal man who
eats the corn of Demeter or is able to be cut
with bronze or rent by rocks. Not even Achilles,
breaker of men, would give way in a close fight,
but no man rivals Achilles in fleetness of foot.
No, we will head to the army’s left and find out
if we are to gain glory or give it to another.”

He spoke, and Meriones, equal to swift Ares,
led the way until they reached the army’s left side.

When the Trojans saw Idomeneus, like a mighty
flame, and his attendant dressed in well-wrought
armor, they called to each other and went after
him, converging to fight by the sterns of the ships.
Just as on days when whistling gales unleash
whirling storms, piling dust thick upon the roads
only for winds to lift the dust into great clouds,
so the fighters swirled together, each man eager
in his heart to slay his foes with sharp swords.
And the battle that destroys men bristled
with long, flesh-tearing spears and eyes blinded
by the light from their bronze helmets or newly
polished breastplates or shining spears massing
together; and stout-hearted men would not
weep but would rejoice to see such fighting.

Their minds divided, Cronos’ two mighty sons
devised great woes for mortal men. Zeus desired
victory for the Trojans and Hector and to give
glory to swift-footed Achilles—not to destroy
the Achaean army before Ilios but to bring
honor to Thetis and her strong-hearted son.
But Poseidon snuck out of the salt sea to rouse
the Achaeans, for their defeat to the Trojans
angered him and he blamed Zeus. Though
the two were of one generation and shared one
father, Zeus was first born and wiser, so Poseidon
avoided openly defending the Achaeans but took
the form of a man and roused the army in secret.
Thus they knit together the rope of war and strife,
stretching it tightly around both armies, making
it unbreakable, and cutting many at the knees.

Then grizzled Idomeneus roused the Danaans,
leaping among the Trojans and forcing them to flee.
He slew Othryoneus of Cabesus, recently arrived
after hearing reports of war; he had asked Priam
for the hand of Cassandra, his most beautiful
daughter, but brought no bride-price, promising
instead deeds that would force Achaean sons off
Trojan lands. Old Priam nodded and promised
to give her; Othryoneus trusted him and fought.
Idomeneus aimed and threw his shining spear,
hitting the man mid-stride; his bronze breastplate
failed him, and the spear stuck in his stomach.
As he fell with a thud, Idomeneus taunted him:
“Othryoneus, I honor you above all other men
if you truly bring to pass all that you promised
Dardanian Priam in return for his daughter.
We will also make you a promise: to give you
the fairest daughter of Atreus’ sons, bringing
her here from Argos to be your wife, if you
join us in sacking prosperous Ilios. So come
with me to our seafaring ships so we can make
wedding plans, for we are not bad matchmakers.”

So saying, heroic Idomeneus dragged him across
the battlefield by the foot. But Asius dismounted
to rescue him, his charioteer behind him, holding
the horses who were breathing on his shoulders.
Before he could strike, Idomeneus quickly speared
him in the throat and drove the bronze straight
through, and he fell like a oak, white poplar,
or tall pine tree on a mountain that woodcutters
had cut down with sharp axes to make timber
for a ship. So Asius lay stretched before his horses
and chariot, roaring in pain and clutching
the bloody dust. The charioteer was too afraid
to turn his horses and flee from enemy hands,
so Antilochus pierced him in the middle.
The bronze breastplate failed to stop the spear
from sticking in his stomach, and he fell
from his chariot, gasping. Then Antilochus,
son of great-hearted Nestor, led the horses away
from the Trojans to the well-greaved Achaeans.

Then Deïphobus, grieving for Asius, came close
to Idomeneus and hurled a shining spear at him.
But Idomeneus saw the bronze spear coming
and avoided it by hiding behind his balanced
shield fitted with ox hides, rings of gleaming
bronze, and two cross-rods. He crouched down,
and the bronze spear made a scraping sound
as it grazed the shield and flew past. But the throw
from his heavy hands was not in vain for it
struck Hypsenor, son of Hippasus, herder of men,
in the liver below the belly, dropping him
to his knees, and Deïphobus rejoiced, saying:
“Asius has been avenged, and though he goes
to the mighty gates of Hades, his heart will be
pleased for I have sent him a companion.”

His words brought the Achaeans sorrow
and stirred the spirit of skilled Antilochus.
Though grieving, he ran over and covered
his comrade with a shield until Mecisteus,
son of Echius, and noble Alastor, two
worthy men, could pick him up and carry
the groaning man to the hollow ships.

Idomeneus’ fury had not ceased, for he was
eager either to shroud some Trojans in gloomy
night or to die while defending the Achaeans.
Then came the warrior Alcathous, dear to Zeus,
son of Aesyetes and son-in-law of Anchises,
having married his daughter Hippodameia,
who was beloved by her father and honored
mother for she surpassed all other girls her age
in beauty, crafts, and wisdom; thus the best man
in all Troy had taken her as wife. Idomeneus
slew Alcathous with help from Poseidon,
who bewitched his bright eyes and shackled
his limbs so he stood still like a stone pillar
or lofty tree, unable to turn back or escape
as Idomeneus’ spear struck the center
of his chest. A harsh, grating sound rang out
as the spear tore open the bronze armor that
once protected his body from harm, and he fell
with a thud, the spear stuck in his still-beating
heart, the spear’s butt-end still shaking.
Then mighty Ares took his life from him,
and Idomeneus rejoiced in triumph, crying:
“Deïphobus, are we even now, three men
slain to one? You were the one who boasted.
You are a fool, but stand and face me and see
the man, Zeus’ son, who has come before you.
First, Zeus fathered Minos to guard Crete,
and Minos bore blameless Deucalion, who
then bore me to rule many men in wide Crete.
Now my ships have brought me here to bring
misery to you, your father, and the rest of Troy.”

So he said, and Deïphobus was of two minds:
whether to retreat and find some great-hearted
Trojan companions or to fight on his own.
He pondered this and decided it was best to go
to Aeneas, who was at the battle’s edge, for he was
always angry at noble Priam who never honored
him among the people, brave though he was.
He came near and spoke winged words to him:
“Aeneas, Trojan counselor, if you care about
your kin, then defend your brother-in-law.
Come now and rescue Alcathous, who helped
to raise you in your halls when a child. Now
spear-famed Idomeneus has killed him in battle.”

These words roused the heart in Aeneas’ chest,
and he attacked Idomeneus, his mind set on war.
But Idomeneus was no child taken with terror,
for he waited like a mountain boar, sure of strength,
who awaits a herd of hunters to come against
him in an isolated place; with his back bristling,
his eyes burning with fire, and his tusks whetting,
he is eager to fight back against dogs and men.
So spear-famed Idomeneus did not give ground
on great-shouter Aeneas but called his comrades:
Ascalaphus, Aphareus, Deïpyrus, Meriones,
and Antilochus, battle-criers all. He called out
to them, urging them on with winged words:
“Come, friends, and aid me, for I am alone,
and I fear swift-footed Aeneas who is charging
on me, is a fierce slayer of men in battle, and has
the vigor of youth, when men are strongest.
If we were the same age and our spirits equal,
then either of us would soon earn great victory.”

So he said, and they stood together, all of one
spirit, their shields leaning on their shoulders.
Opposite them, Aeneas called his comrades,
looking to Deïphobus, Paris, and noble Agenor,
who led the Trojans with him, and after them
came the army. And just as sheep follow a ram
from pasture to water, the shepherd glad
at heart, so Aeneas was glad in his heart
to see the army following after him.

Then they attacked at close quarters around
Alcathous using long spears, their bronze chests
ringing loudly as they aimed and fired at one
another, and Aeneas and Idomeneus, both
equal to Ares, stood apart from others, eager
to cut the other’s flesh with ruthless bronze.
First, Aeneas shot at Idomeneus, but Idomeneus
saw the bronze spear coming and so avoided it,
and the shaking spear from the hand of Aeneas
fell fruitlessly to the ground. Then Idomeneus
hit Oenomaus square in the stomach. The bronze
shattered his breastplate, bursting his bowels,
and he fell to the earth, his hands clawing at dust.
Idomeneus drew the long-shadowed spear out
of his corpse but was forced back by missiles
and could not strip the armor off the shoulders,
for his joints lacked the vigor they once held
when rushing for his spear or fleeing another’s.
In close fighting he fended off his dreaded day,
for his feet could not quickly carry him from war.
As he retreated, Deïphobus hurled his shining
spear at him, for he had always resented him.
Again the shot missed, but the spear struck
the shoulder of Ascalaphus, son of Enyalius,
who fell to the earth, his hands clawing at dust.
Great-shouter Ares knew nothing of his son’s
fall in mighty combat, for he sat on the highest
peak of Olympus, under the golden clouds;
along with the other immortal gods, he was
held back from battle by the will of Zeus.

All around Ascalaphus, they fought hand-to-
hand. Deïphobus snatched away his shining
helmet, but Meriones, equal to swift Ares,
sprang up and hit his arm, and the hollow-
eyed helmet fell to the dust with a clank.
Meriones again leapt like a vulture, drew
the spear from his shoulder, and shrank
into the crowd of his comrades. Then Polites,
Deïphobus’ brother, pulled him by the waist
and led him from woeful war to his swift
horses, which stood behind the battle
with the charioteer and fine chariot, and they
carried him back to the city, groaning
with pain as blood flowed from his injured arm.

The rest fought on as ceaseless cries arose.
Then Aeneas sprang at Aphareus, Caletor’s son,
and struck his exposed throat with a sharp spear.
His head turned to one side, his shield and helmet
fell, and life-destroying death enveloped him.
Then Antilochus waited for Thoön to turn
around before striking him and severing
the vein that ran from his back to his neck,
tearing it away entirely. As he fell to the dust,
he stretched both hands out to his comrades.
Antilochus sprang and tried to strip the armor
from his shoulders while the circling Trojans
attacked him, but their hard bronze was not
able to pierce the shining shield and graze
his rounded flesh, for earth-shaker Poseidon
protected Nestor’s son from the swarming
spears. Enemies surrounded him, but he
moved among them with his spear constantly
in motion and his mind ever ready to hurl
his missile at a foe or charge in and fight.

But he could not escape Adamas, son of Asius,
who rushed and pierced the center of his shield
with his sharp spear; but dark-haired Poseidon
weakened the strike and saved Antilochus’ life.
Half the spear was stuck in his shield like a burnt
stake while the other half was on the ground,
and he retreated behind his comrades to avoid
death. But Meriones pursued, cast his spear,
and hit him between the groin and navel,
where Ares inflicts grievous pain to mortal men.
The spear stayed in place as Antilochus thrashed
about like a bull bound by ropes and dragged
away against his will by mountain herdsmen.
So also did he thrash about until heroic
Meriones pulled the spear from his flesh,
and darkness covered the eyes of Antilochus.

Then Helenus hit Deïpyrus’ head with his huge
Thracian sword and smashed the helmet,
knocking it from his head to the ground. It rolled
along the fighters’ feet until an Achaean picked
it up. Then darkness covered Deïpyrus’ eyes.

Grief filled war-crier Menelaus, son of Atreus,
as he shook his sharp spear and drove with fury
at heroic lord Helenus, who drew back his bow.
Both shot at the same time, one with a sharp spear
and the other with an arrow from a bowstring.
Priam’s son struck Menelaus with an arrow
in the hollow of his breastplate, but the arrow
bounced off. Just as the swing of a winnower’s
wide shovel tosses high black beans and chickpeas
on a large threshing floor under a whistling
wind, so the pointed arrow bounced off glorious
Menelaus’ breastplate and flew far away. Then
war-crier Menelaus, son of Atreus, struck him
in his bowstring hand, the bronze spear driving
straight through both bow and hand. Helenus
retreated into the throng to avoid a deadly fate,
his hand limp and an ashen spear trailing behind
him. Great-hearted Agenor drew out the spear
and bandaged him with a sling made of wool,
brought by his attendant, a shepherd of men.

Peisander then went straight at famed Menelaus,
but an evil fate would bring him to death’s end,
to be killed by Menelaus in dread battle.
When the two came close to one another,
the spear of Atreus’ son was turned aside,
and Peisander struck glorious Menelaus’
shield but could not drive the bronze through
for the broad shield held and broke the spear
shaft. Still his heart rejoiced in hopes of victory.
But Atreus’ son drew his silver-studded sword
and leapt on Peisander, who took from under
his shield a fine bronze axe with a long, polished
olive wood handle, and they sprang at each other.
Peisander hit the crest of his horse-hair helmet,
just beneath the plume, but Menelaus struck
him above the nose, breaking the bone and making
his bloody eyes fall to the dust by his feet.
He fell and Menelaus put his foot on his chest,
stripped him of weapons, and said in triumph:
“This is how you will leave the swift Danaan ships,
reckless Trojans obsessed with battle-shouts.
You lack no outrageous insults to levy on me,
foul dog, nor do your hearts fear the grievous
wrath of loud-thundering Zeus, lord of guests,
who will someday decimate your high city.
You unjustly took away my wife and my many
possessions when she offered you hospitality,
and now you eagerly wish to to hurl deadly fire
on our seafaring ships and kill Achaean heroes.
But your eagerness for battle will yet be stayed.
Father Zeus, both men and gods say that you are
wiser than all others, yet all this was your doing,
for you favor these indecent men, these Trojans,
who are filled with reckless rage and incapable
of satisfying their lust for furious fighting.
Others would rather have their fill of sleep
or sex or sweet song or glorious dance—all
these would a man rather be filled with than
war, but the Trojans are insatiable for battle.”

So saying, noble Menelaus stripped the bloody
armor from his body, gave it to his comrade,
and returned again to fight on the front lines.

Then Harpalion sprang upon him, son of King
Pylaemenes, who followed his dear father to Troy
and to war but did not return to his native land.
His struck his spear square on Menelaus’ shield,
but the bronze could not pierce it. He then tried
to hide behind his comrades, avoiding fate, while
keeping watch, fearing someone would come and cut
his flesh with bronze. But as he fell back, Meriones
shot a bronze-tipped arrow that hit his right buttock
and passed through the bladder under the bone.
Falling into the arms of his dear comrades, he took
his last breath and lay stretched out like a worm
on the ground, his black blood soaking the earth.
Noble Paphlagonians attended him, placing him
in his chariot and taking him mournfully back
to sacred Ilios, his weeping father following him;[3]
but no blood-price would be paid for his fallen son.

Harpalion’s death filled Paris’ heart with anger,
for he had been his host among the Paphlagonians;
in his rage, he let fly a bronze-tipped arrow.
Now Euchenor, son of the seer Polyidus, was
a rich and noble man from Corinth; when he
sailed off on his ship, he knew his foul fate,
for his noble father had often told him he would
either die of a painful disease at home or be slain
by Trojans among the Achaean ships. Thus he
avoided both the heavy Achaean fine[4] and the foul
disease so his heart would suffer no woes. Paris
struck his lower jaw under the ear, his spirit quickly
left his limbs, and dread darkness took him.

So they fought on like blazing fires, but Hector,
beloved of Zeus, neither heard nor knew that
on the left of the ships his finest men were being
slain by the Argives, and the Achaeans would
soon gain glory, for the earth-shaker Poseidon
urged them on and aided them with his might.
But Hector held on where he first broke the gates
and beat the ranks of shield-bearing Danaans,
where the ships of Ajax and Protesilaus were
beached along the grey sea, where the wall was
at its lowest, and where the men and their horses
were particularly merciless in battle.

The Boeotians, the flowing-robed Ionians,
the Locrians, Phthians, and bright Epeians all
tried to halt divine Hector’s charge at the ships
but failed to force back his fiery fury. There were
also hand-picked Athenians, led by Menestheus,
Peteos’ son, followed by Pheidas, Stichius,
and noble Bias; and the Epeians were led by Meges,
Phyleus’ son, followed by Amphion and Dracius;
and leading the Phthians were Medon and staunch
Podarces. Medon was the bastard son of divine
Oïleus and brother of Ajax, but he lived in Phylace,
far from his father’s land, having killed a kinsman
of his stepmother Eriopis, wife of Oïleus;
and Podarces was the son of Iphiclus, Phylacus’ son.
These armed men led the great-hearted Phthians,
and fought beside the Boeotians to defend the ships.
But Ajax, the swift son of Oïleus, would not
stand apart from Telamonian Ajax, even a little;
just as two wine-dark oxen joined to a plow
struggle to till a fallow field, ample sweat gushing
from the roots of their horns and the well-crafted
yoke alone keeping them apart as they strain
over the furrow before reaching the field’s edge,
so the Ajaxes stood as one in battle. Many fine
men, comrades all, followed after Telamon’s
son, taking his shield when his limbs grew weary
and sweaty. But the Locrians did not follow
great-hearted Oïleus’ son, for they were not
equipped for close-fought battles, lacking horse-
hair helmets, rounded shields, and ashen spears
and relying on the bows and twisted slings of wool
they brought when they followed him to Ilios.
With these they shot thick and fast, seeking
to break the Trojan ranks. Thus those in front
wore well-wrought armor and fought the Trojans
and bronze-helmed Hector, those behind shot
from cover, and the Trojans forgot about war
for the arrows had thrown them into confusion.

Then the Trojans would have fled pitifully
from the ships and tents back to windy Ilios had
Polydamas not stood near bold Hector and said:
“Hector, you are a difficult man to persuade.
Since the gods have granted you prowess in war,
you believe your counsel surpasses all others,
but you will never be able to possess all things.
The gods will give one man prowess in war,
one skill in dance, another in lyre and song,
and in the heart of another far-seeing Zeus will
grant wisdom that brings profit to many men
and saves many, and this man knows his value
best. But I will say what it is that in my heart:
a blazing battle surrounds you, but since going
over the wall, some great-hearted Trojans stand
idly by with their weapons while others fight,
some against many, scattered along the ships.
So draw back and call all the best men to this
place so we may devise the wisest counsel
for our assault on the many-benched ships,
if the gods give us victory, or allow us to return
unhurt from the ships. I fear the Achaeans
will avenge the debts of yesterday, since there
remains by the ships a man insatiable for war
who will, I fear, no longer refrain from battle.”

So Polydamas said, and his words pleased Hector,
who quickly leapt in full armor from his chariot
to the ground and spoke winged words to him:
“Polydamas, keep all the best men here while
I go over there to engage in battle and return
quickly once I have given my orders to them.”

So saying, he set off like a mountain blizzard,
shouting as he flew through the Trojans and allies.
The rest hurried towards kind Polydamas, son
of Panthous, when they heard Hector’s order.
But Hector raced through the finest fighters,
hoping to find Deïphobus, great lord Helenus,
Adamas, son of Asius, and Asius, Hyrtacus’ son.
He found them neither unhurt nor unscathed;
some lay by the sterns of the Achaean ships,
their lives lost by Argive hands, while others
were by the wall, struck by arrows and spears.
But to the left of the tearful battle he found
noble Alexander, husband of fair-haired Helen,
inspiring his comrades and urging them to fight,
so he came up to him and rebuked him, saying:
“Wretched Paris, most fair deceiver of women,
where are Deïphobus, great lord Helenus,
Adamas, son of Asius, and Asius’ son Hyrtacus?
Where is Othryoneus? Now high Ilios is
doomed and your own destruction assured.”

Then godlike Alexander answered him:
“Hector, you wish to blame me, though I am
blameless. I may have fled from fighting before,
but not now; my mother did not raise a coward.
We have been fighting the Danaans here without
pause ever since you roused us beside the ships;
but those comrades you asked about are dead.
Only Deïphobus and mighty lord Helenus have
survived; both were struck in the arms by long
spears, but Cronos’ son prevented their deaths.
Now lead on as your heart and spirit command
and we will follow eagerly and we will not let
you down, so long as our strength holds. No
man, however eager, can fight without strength.”

The warrior’s words changed his brother’s mind,
and they went to the place where the fighting was
fiercest, around Cebriones, noble Polydamas,
Phalces, Orthaeus, godlike Polyphetes, Palmys,
Ascanius, and Morys, Hippotion’s son. This
relief force had come the day before from fertile
Ascania, and now Zeus stirred them to fight.
They moved like a burst of painful wind that
runs over the earth beneath Zeus thunder until it
mixes with the noisy sea, forging many roaring
waves, one after another, that bend and curl
with white-flecked foam. So the Trojans moved
as one, flashing their bronze and following
their leaders. Hector, son of Priam and equal
to Ares, led them. He held before him a well-
balanced shield made with thick hides
and beaten with bronze, and atop his head
shook his shining helmet. He tested
the battalions at each point to see if they
would give way as he moved behind his shield,
but he could not confound the Achaean hearts.
Ajax strode forward, first to challenge him:
“Come closer, fool. Why do you try to frighten
the Argives? We are not ignorant of war;
we were only broken by the foul whip of Zeus.
Surely your hearts hope to storm our ships,
but we also have hands to defend them. Before
you take our ships, your well-peopled city will
be taken and sacked by our hands. As for you,
the day is near when you flee while praying
to father Zeus and the other immortals that
your fair-maned horses will be faster than falcons
as they carry you through the dust to your city.”

As he spoke, a bird of omen flew by on the right,
a soaring eagle, and the Achaean army cheered
at this sign, but illustrious Hector answered:
“Ajax, you babbling windbag, what words you
speak! If only I could be the son of aegis-bearing
Zeus and honored Hera for all of my days,
and be honored like Athena and Apollo,
then surely on this day would I bring evil to all
the Argives, and you would die if you dare face
my long spear that will rend your lily-like skin,
and your fat flesh will sate the Trojan dogs
and birds when you fall by the Achaean ships.”

So saying, he set off, and the army followed him
with a deafening clamor of shouts and cries.
The Argives roared in reply, remembering
their valor and awaiting the finest Trojans,
and the noise rose up to the aether and to Zeus.

Poseidon ↵

Amphimachus’ father, Cteatus, was one of the two Molioni. ↵

Harpalion’s father, Pylaemenes, is actually killed by Menelaus in book 5 (5.576-79). ↵

This “fine” would presumably be paid by wealthy men like Harpalion should they refuse to sail to war. ↵

Book 14

The noise did not escape the notice of Nestor,
who was drinking, and he said to Asclepius’ son:
“Noble Machaon, what do you make of all this?
The young men’s cries grow stronger by the ships.
Now, you just sit here, drinking sparkling wine,
as fair-haired Hecamede heats a warm bath
for you and cleans your bloody wound, and I
will go to a lookout spot to see what is going on.”

So saying, he took the shining bronze shield
of his son, horse-taming Thrasymedes, which was
lying in the tent, for the son had his father’s shield.
Then he laid hold of his sharp-edged bronze spear,
left his tent, and quickly saw a shameful sight:
the Achaeans in panicked flight, the great-hearted
Trojans in pursuit, and the wall toppled.
Just as a deep sea swell heaves but does not break,
the waves rolling neither forward nor to the side
but waiting for a decisive surge of piercing
winds to be sent down by Zeus, so the old man
pondered in his divided heart whether to join
the throng of swift-mounted Danaans or to find
Agamemnon, son of Atreus, herder of men.
He soon decided it was best to find Atreus’ son.
But the rest battled on, fighting and slaying,
and hard bronze rang round as warriors thrust
their swords and two-edged spears at one another.

Nestor met the Zeus-blessed, bronze-struck kings
as they returned along the ships: the son of Tydeus,
Odysseus, and Agamemnon, son of Atreus.
The ships had been drawn up out of the grey
sea, far from the fighting and closest to the shore
and to the defenses built at their sterns. Since
the beach was not wide enough to hold all
the ships and the army was confined, the ships
were drawn in rows and filled the wide mouth
of the shore that is enclosed by the headlands.
So the kings went as one, leaning on their spears,
to look upon the battle, the hearts in their chests
filled with woe. Old Nestor approached them,
and the heart in his breast shared their despair.
Lord Agamemnon addressed him, saying:
“Nestor, son of Neleus, great glory of the Achaeans,
why have you left the war, destroyer of men,
to come here? I fear mighty Hector will carry out
the threat he made to the Trojan throng: that he
would not return to Ilios from the ships until
he has burned our vessels and killed our men.
So he said, and now this is coming to pass.
I fear the other well-greaved Achaeans are full
of hatred for me, just like Achilles, and have
no wish to fight by the sterns of the ships.”

In reply, Nestor, horseman of Gerenia, said:
“Yes, these things are upon us, and not even
high-thundering Zeus could change them,
for the unbreakable wall that we trusted
to protect our ships and ourselves has fallen,
the men beside the swift ships fight without
pause, and you cannot tell from which direction
the Achaeans are driven to rout, so random
is their slaughter, their cries reaching heaven.
We must consider our next plan, if such
plans can help us now; but we should not join
the battle, for injured men make poor fighters.”

Then Agamemnon, lord of men, answered him:
“Nestor, since they are fighting by the ships’ sterns
and the wall and trench did not protect us, though
we labored long on them in hope that they would
be unbreakable and protect our ships and ourselves,
then it must please mighty Zeus that the Achaeans
should die here, nameless and far from Argos.
Where once he zealously defended the Danaans,
now he exalts the Trojans like they were blessed
gods and binds our hands and saps our strength.
So this is what we shall do, and let all obey:
take the ships nearest to the sea, draw them out
into the shining waters, and moor them
in the harbor until ambrosial night comes.
If the Trojans ever cease fighting, then we can
draw out the other ships, for there is no shame
in fleeing misfortune, even by night. Better
to run from ruin than be captured by it.”

Then wily Odysseus scowled at him and replied:
“Son of Atreus, accursed man, what are you
saying? I wish you commanded some other
army of cowards and not us: men chosen
by Zeus to carry out the burdens of battle
from youth to old age, until each of us is dead.
Do you truly intend to abandon Troy’s wide
streets, for which we have endured so much?
Keep quiet or some other Achaeans will hear
your words, which should never leave the lips
of anyone who knows in his head what should
and should not be said, must less a sceptered
king of an army of Argives who obey you.
You have lost your mind to say such things,
ordering us, while the battle rages, to launch
our well-benched ships onto the sea, adding
more glory to the Trojan victory and driving us
further into despair. Once the Achaeans see
ships drawing down to the sea, they will not hold
firm in battle but will look for a way to escape.
Then, leader of men, your plan will ruin us.”

Then Agamemnon, lord of men, replied to him:
“Odysseus, your harsh rebuke has pierced
my heart. I will not order the Achaean sons
to launch the well-benched ships into the sea,
but if someone else could offer a better plan,
be he young or old, then I would welcome it.”

Then great-shouter Diomedes addressed them:
“That man is near, and we will soon find him
if you are willing to listen without jealousy
or contempt because I am the youngest of us.
But I am of noble stock, my father being Tydeus
who lies buried beneath the Theban soil.
Portheus fathered three noble sons, and they lived
in Pleuron and rocky Calydon: Agrius, Melas,
and the horseman Oeneus, who was my father’s
father and the bravest of them. Oeneus remained
there, but my father was forced to flee to Argos,
which was the will of Zeus and the other gods.
He married one of the daughters of Adrastus
and lived in a wealthy home with ample wheat
fields, long lines of fruit trees, and many sheep,
and he surpassed all Achaeans with the spear.
No doubt you have heard this and know it true,
so do not say I am a liar or coward by blood
and so ignore my words if I speak well.
I say, injured or not, we must return to battle.
Once there, we should hold back, stay out
of missile range to avoid any further wounds,
and press others into battle, those who bear
resentment, standing apart and not fighting.”

So he said, and they heard and obeyed, setting
off, with Agamemnon, lord of men, in the lead.

The famed earth-shaker was not blind to any
of this but joined them disguised as an old man.
He took the right hand of Agamemnon, son
of Atreus, and spoke to him with winged words:
“Son of Atreus, the deadly heart of Achilles
must rejoice to see so many Achaeans dead
or in flight, for he understands nothing at all;
may he too die, driven down by a god.
But the serene gods are not wholly angry
at you, and soon the leaders and lords of Troy
will fill the wide plain with dust as you watch
them retreat to the city from the ships and tents.”

So saying, he sped over the plain with a cry as
great as the battle shouts of nine or ten thousand
warriors coming together under Ares’ fury;
and the force of the earth-shaker’s cry lifted
the strength of each Achaean’s heart so they
were able to battle and to fight without pause.

Standing atop Olympus, golden-throned
Hera looked down and soon spotted her brother
and brother-in-law hurrying over the battlefield
of glory and rejoiced in her heart. But she also
saw Zeus atop the highest peak of Ida of many
waters, and he filled her heart with hatred.
Ox-eyed Hera then considered how best
to deceive the mind of aegis-bearing Zeus,
and she decided that the best plan was to make
herself beautiful, go to many-watered Ida,
and seduce him to sleep beside her flesh
in loving embrace and so pour warm, gentle
sleep over his eyelids and his astute mind.
She went to her chamber, which Hephaestus built
for her with sturdy doors fixed to the doorposts
and a secret bolt that no other god could open;
then, once she was inside, she shut the doors.
She first washed the impurities from her lovely
body with sweet ambrosia and then anointed
herself with olive oil so rich and fragrant that
if it were shaken in the bronze-floored palace
of Zeus, its scent would reach both earth
and heaven. After anointing her fair skin with oil,
she combed her hair, used her hands to plait
the lovely, ambrosial locks on her immortal
head, donned a well-wrought, ambrosial robe
which Athena had made and smoothed for her,
fastened a gold brooch to her chest, girded
around her waist a belt with a hundred tassels,
and put earrings with three clustered berries
in her well-pierced ears. Then the goddess,
filled with grace, covered herself with a fair,
newly-made veil, as white as the sun, and under
her shining feet she bound beautiful sandals.
And when she had dressed herself in all finery,
she left her chamber and called Aphrodite
away from the other gods and said to her:
“Dear child, will you listen and obey me,
or will you deny me out of anger because
I aid the Danaans and you the Trojans?”

Then Aphrodite, daughter of Zeus, replied:
“Hera, revered goddess, daughter of great
Cronos, speak your mind; I will obey your
command if it is in my power to do so.”

With guile in her heart, revered Hera replied:
“Give me love and desire, which you use
to seduce gods and mortal men alike. I am
going to the ends of the earth to visit Oceanus,
who birthed the gods, and mother Tethys,
who raised me lovingly in their home when I
was taken from Rhea after wide-eyed Zeus sent
Cronos to live below the earth and barren sea.
I will go and free them from endless strife,
for rage has consumed their love and kept
them apart for far too long. If my words
could prevail upon these two hearts to again
unite in the marriage bed, then I would
forever be honored and loved by them.”

Then ever-smiling Aphrodite answered her:
“I can hardly refuse your request, for you pass
the night in the bent arms of mighty Zeus.”

So saying, she took from her breast a pierced,
leather strap, finely-made with all manner
of spells for love, yearning, and seduction:
desires that steal even the wisest man’s senses.
She put this in Hera’s hands and said to her:
“Take and put across your breast this well-made
strap with all manner of spells. With this, you
will accomplish anything your heart desires.”

So she said, and ox-eyed queen Hera smiled
and drew the leather strap across her breast.

As Aphrodite, daughter of Zeus, returned home,
Hera darted quickly down from rocky Olympus,
passing Pieria and beautiful Emathia, moving
over the highest snow-capped peaks of Thracian
horsemen, her feet never touching the earth.
Passing Athos, she stepped upon the surging
sea and arrived in Lemnos, city of divine Thoas.
There she met Sleep, brother of Death. Clasping
his hand and speaking his name, she said to him:
“Sleep, ruler of all gods and men, if you ever
listened to my words, then obey me now and I
will be grateful for all my days: lull to sleep
the shining eyes of Zeus below his brows as soon
as I lie down beside him in love. In turn, my son
Hephaestus, the bow-legged god, will make
for you with his skill a fine, imperishable golden
throne along with a footstool upon which you
can rest your smooth feet when you relax.”

Then refreshing Sleep answered her, saying:
“Queen Hera, divine daughter of great Cronos,
I could easily lull any other immortal god
to sleep, even the flowing waters of the river
Oceanus, from whom all immortals are born,
but I cannot draw near nor lull to sleep Zeus,
son of Cronos, unless he himself ordered it.
It was one of your own commands that taught
me this lesson, on the day the noble son of Zeus[1]
sailed from Ilios after sacking the city of Troy.
I sent sweet sleep to the mind of aegis-bearing
Zeus while you planned foul deeds in your heart
against Heracles, stirring up a blast of wind that
carried him to busy Cos, far from all he loved.
When Zeus woke, he was enraged, tossing the gods
about his halls in search of me, and he would
have thrown me into the sea had I not been saved
by Night, who calms both men and gods. I fled
to her, and Zeus eased his rage; though angry,
he feared upsetting speedy Night. And now you
order me to fulfill yet another impossible task?”

Then ox-eyed Hera spoke to him once more:
“Sleep, why trouble your heart with such things?
How can far-seeing Zeus’ aid to the Trojans
compare to his anger over his son Heracles?
But come, I will give you one of the young
Graces to marry and to be called your wife:
Pasithea, the one you longed for all your days.”

So she said, and Sleep rejoiced and replied to her:
“Come, then, and swear to me by the sacred
waters of the Styx, seizing the bountiful earth
with one hand and the sacred sea with the other
so all gods below with Cronos may bear witness,
that you will give me one of the Graces,
Pasithea, who I have longed for all my days.”

So he said, and the white-armed goddess Hera
obeyed, and swore as he asked, calling upon all
the gods who are below Tartarus, called Titans.
After swearing the oath, they left the cities
of Lemnos and Imbros and sped off, clothed
in clouds, until they came to well-watered
Ida, mother of beasts, past Lectum, where
first they left the sea, and onto dry land,
and below their feet the treetops quivered.
There Sleep halted before Zeus’ eyes could spy
him and climbed a tall fir tree—the tallest tree
in Ida, which reached into the mists of heaven.
Here he waited, covered in pine branches
and disguised as a shrill-crying mountain bird
that gods call chalcis and men call cymindis.

But Hera went swiftly to Gargaron, the topmost
peak of Ida, and when cloud-gatherer Zeus saw
her, his shrewd mind was overwhelmed by desire,
as when they first came together in love, sneaking
to bed behind the backs of their dear parents.
Standing before her, he addressed her, saying:
“Hera, what brings you here from Olympus?
Your horses and chariot are nowhere to be seen.”

With guile in her heart, revered Hera said to him:
“I am going the ends of the earth that feeds
many to see Oceanus, from whom all gods are
sprung, and Tethys, who nursed and loved me.
I wish to mend their endless struggle, their hate-
filled hearts having kept them from each other
and from their marriage bed for too long.
At the base of well-watered Ida stand my horses,
ready to carry me over dry land and ocean waters.
But now I have come down from Olympus
so you will not be angry at me for going
to Oceanus’ watery house without telling you.”

In reply, cloud-gatherer Zeus said to her:
“Hera, you can head there at a later time,
but now let us go to bed and make love,
for my desire for goddess or mortal woman
has never overwhelmed my heart as it does
now, not even when I fell for Ixion’s wife,
who bore Peirithous, a god’s peer in counsel;
or for fair-ankled Danaë, daughter of Acrisius,
who bore Perseus, greatest of all warriors;
or for the daughter of the famed Phoenix,
who bore Minos and godlike Rhadamanthys;
or for Semele or Alcmene in Thebes, who
bore stout-hearted Heracles, and Semele who
bore Dionysus, a source of comfort for men;
or for Demeter, the bright-tressed queen,
or radiant Leto or you yourself, for I now
love you and sweet desire has taken hold of me.”

With trickery in her heart, queen Hera replied:
“What a thing to say, dreaded son of Cronos.
Do you truly desire to lie here and make love
on the peaks of Ida for all the world to see?
What if an immortal gods looked upon us as
we slept and went to tell the others about it?
I could never again rise from bed and visit
your house, for I would be too ashamed.
But if you truly wish it, then there is a chamber
made by your dear son Hephaestus, with sturdy
doors fixed to every post. Let us go there
and lie down, since bed is clearly your desire.”

In reply, cloud-gatherer Zeus said to her:
“Hera, fear not, for neither gods nor men
will see. I will wrap us in a cloud of gold
so that Helios himself will be unable to see
us, though his sight is the sharpest of all.”

Then the son of Cronos took his wife in his arms.
Below them, the ground opened as fresh grass,
dewy clovers, crocus, and hyacinth grew soft
and thick, shielding them from the earth.
They lay there clothed in a beautiful cloud
of gold that glistened with falling drops of dew.

As the father slept soundly in his wife’s arms
atop Gargaron, overcome by love and fatigue,
sweet Sleep hurried to the Achaean ships to give
a message to the embracer and shaker of earth.
He stood near him and addressed him, saying:
“Poseidon, fight zealously for the Danaans,
but only for a short time, while Zeus sleeps.
I have shrouded him in sweet slumber, and Hera
has tricked him into laying with her in love.”

So saying, he went away, leaving Poseidon
even more determined to defend the Danaans.
At once, he leapt to the front lines and cried:
“Argives, are you ready to hand victory to Hector,
Priam’s son, so he may take our ships and win
glory? This is what he boasts, since Achilles
remains beside the hollow ships with anger
in his heart. But we will not miss him if we
urge each other on and fight for one another.
So come, listen to my words, and do as I say:
let us take the army’s best and largest shields,
cover our heads with gleaming helmets, seize
the longest spears, and so go out. I will lead
the way, and I do not think Hector, Priam’s son,
will remain for long, no matter his desire.
Let the toughest fighters take the larger shields
while the weaker fighters take the smaller.”

So he spoke, and all eagerly listened and obeyed,
the wounded kings taking the lead: Tydeus’ son,
Odysseus, and Agamemnon, son of Atreus. They
roamed the ranks and ordered the strongest to take
the best armor and the weakest to take the worst.
Once covered in flashing bronze, they set off,
and earth-shaker Poseidon led the way, holding
in his strong hand a terrible sword, a weapon
so lightning-sharp that no man would dare face
it in dread battle, for fear would take hold.

Opposite them, famed Hector led the Trojans.
Now drawn tight in the strife of dread battle
were dark-haired Poseidon and radiant
Hector, one for the Achaeans and the other
for the Trojans. The sea surged up to the Argive
ships and tents, and a loud cry arose as
the two sides clashed. Neither the ocean waves
rushing onto dry land, driven from the sea
by the blasting north wind, nor a blazing fire
roaring in a mountain dell as it burns through
a forest, nor a shrieking wind that blows over
lofty tree tops in all its ferocity—none of these
could match the violent cries of Trojans
and Achaeans as they leapt upon one another.

First, glorious Hector cast his spear at Ajax,
who was facing him, and hit him where two
baldrics—one for his shield, one for his silver-
studded sword—were drawn across his chest,
thus protecting his soft flesh. Angry that
the swift strike had done no damage, Hector
shrank behind his comrades to avoid fate.
But Telamonian Ajax took a large rock
from under his feet, one of many used to prop
the swift ships, and hurled it at Hector, hitting
him in the chest, above the shield and near
the neck, and he staggered and spun like a top.
Like a bolt from father Zeus that fells an oak tree,
root and all, creating a terrible sulphur smell
that robs the courage of those near enough
to see, for terrible is a blast from mighty Zeus,
so Hector quickly fell to the dust and dropped
his spear. Then his shield and helmet were thrown
away, and his bronze armor clanged all around.
With a great cry, the Achaean sons ran up, hoping
to drag him away and throwing a volley of spears
at him. But before they could wound the herder
of men, Troy’s best fighters surrounded him:
Polydamas, Aeneas, noble Agenor, the Lycian
leader Sarpedon, and blameless Glaucus.
The rest held their round shields in front of him
as his comrades carried him from the fighting.
Soon they reached the rear of the battle, where
the swift horses stood with the charioteers
and well-made chariots, and they then carried
him back toward the city as he moaned deeply.

But when they reached the ford of the fair-flowing
Xanthos, sprung from immortal Zeus, they set
Hector on the ground and doused him with water.
He came to, opened his eyes, raised himself
to his knees, and vomited black blood. Then he
fell back to the ground and shrouded his eyes
in black night, for the strike still overwhelmed him.

Seeing Hector taken away, the Argives regained
their battle lust and attacked the Trojans with fury.
First, swift Ajax, son of Oïleus, thrust his sharp
spear at Satnius, wounding the son of Enops,
whom a blameless Naiad bore to Enops as he
tended cattle by the Satnioeis. The spear-famed
son of Oïleus came up to him, pierced his flank,
and knocked him back as Trojans and Danaans
fought fiercely all around him. Spear-wielding
Polydamas, son of Panthous, stood by Satnius
and struck his spear straight through the right
shoulder of Prothoenor, son of Areilycus,
who fell to the earth clutching the dust.
Then Polydamas boasted over him, crying:
“Again, the sturdy hand of great-hearted
Panthous’ son did not send his spear in vain,
for it struck an Argive’s flesh. He can use it
as a crutch as he heads to the house of Hades.”

His boasting brought woe to the Argives
but roused the rage of skilled warrior Ajax,
Telamon’s son, who was nearest to the fallen man.
He quickly shot his shining spear, but Polydamas
darted sideways and avoided a black death.
Instead, the spear caught the son of Antenor,
Archelochus, for the gods chose him to die.
He was struck where the head joins the neck,
at the top of the spine, cutting both tendons,
and when he fell over, his head, nose, and mouth
reached the earth sooner than his knees and legs.
Ajax then called out to noble Polydamas:
“Think, Polydamas, and tell me honestly,
is this man a worthy exchange for Prothoenor?
He seems to me no common man of low birth
but the brother of horse-taming Antenor
or his son, for they share a family likeness.”

He spoke knowingly, but the Trojans grieved.
Then Acamas stood over his brother and speared
Promachus, the Boeotian, who was trying to drag
the body away. And Acamas derided him, shouting:
“You Argives archers boast insatiably, but we will
not be alone in toil and sorrow; some day soon
you, too, will suffer and die. Look at Promachus
resting in peace, killed by my spear so the blood-
price for my brother will not go unpaid.
This is why a man prays for a kinsman to stay
behind in the large halls, to ward off disgrace.”

His boasting brought woe to the Argives
but roused the rage of skilled warrior Peneleos.
He attacked Acamas, but Acamas fled from lord
Peneleos’ fury, so Peneleos struck Ilioneus, son
of Phorbas, whom Hermes loved above all other
Trojans; he was rich in flocks and wealth but had
only one child, Ilioneus. Peneleos’ spear hit the root
of his eye, forced the eyeball out, and then drove
past the eye and through the nape of the neck.
Ilioneus fell backwards, arms outstretched,
but Peneleos drew his sword and sliced his neck
clean through. The head and helmet hit
the ground together, but the eyeball was stuck
on the spear-point, so Peneleos held it up like
a poppy-head, showed it to the Trojans, and said:
“Trojans, tell the dear father and mother of noble
Ilioneus to begin mourning rites in the great hall;
for neither will the wife of Promachus, Alegeneor’s
son, rejoice at her husband’s return when we
sons of Achaea return in our ships from Troy.”

So he said, and every man’s limbs began to tremble
as they all searched for a way to escape death.

Tell me, Muses who live on Olympus, who was
the first Achaean warrior to win blood-stained
spoils once the earth-shaker turned the fortunes
of war? Telamonian Ajax was the first, striking
Hyrtius, son of Gyrtius, the stout-hearted Mysian
leader. Then Antilochus stripped the armor
from Phalces and Mermerus, Meriones killed
Morys and Hippotion, and Teucer slew Prothoön
and Periphetes. Then Menelaus struck the flank
of Hyperenor, herder of men, the bronze releasing
the entrails as it cut through; his soul quickly
fled the wound, and darkness covered his eyes.
But Ajax, the swift son of Oïleus, slew the most
men, for there was no one better at pursuing
flying foes once Zeus roused them in panic.

Heracles (see 5.638-651) ↵

Book 15

Once the Trojans had fled past the trench
and stakes, many having been slain by Danaan
hands, they stopped by the chariots and remained
there, pale with panic and terror. Then Zeus
awoke atop mount Ida, beside golden-throned
Hera, and sprang to his feet, for he saw the Trojans
in flight, pursued by the Achaeans with lord
Poseidon among them. He also saw Hector
lying in the plain, surrounded by his comrades,
in great pain, panting, and vomiting up blood,
since he had been struck by a strong Achaean.
Seeing this, the father of gods and men felt pity,
looked scowlingly at Hera, and said to her:
“Troublesome Hera, your evil plans made noble
Hector stop fighting and his men flee, and you
will be the first to reap the fruits of these wicked
plans when I beat you with whips. Remember
when I hung you on high, your feet tied to anvils
and your wrists bound by an unbreakable band
of gold? You hung in the heavens with the clouds,
and though all the Olympian gods protested,
they could not set you free; when they tried,
I threw them from the threshold, and they fell
feebly to the earth. Still, my heart continued
to grieve for godlike Herakles, for you
and Boreas, whose hurricane you harnessed,
deliberately sent him across barren waters
that carried him to well-peopled Cos. Though
I rescued and returned him to the horselands
of Argos, he suffered much. I say all this
so you will end your deceit and find out if you
are rescued by our lovemaking in bed after
leaving the gods to come here and deceive me.”

So he said, and ox-eyed Hera, shuddering
with fear, spoke to him with winged words:
“Let Gaia bear witness, along with Ouranos
above and the flowing waters of the Styx
below, which is the greatest, most revered oath
for a god, and let your sacred head be witness,
and also our marriage bed, a thing I would never
swear lightly, that it is not by my will that earth-
shaker Poseidon torments the Trojans and Hector
and aids their enemies but by his own heart’s
will, for he saw the Achaeans in distress
by their ships and pitied them. But I would urge
him to follow your commands, lord of clouds.”

Saying this, the father of gods and mortals smiled
and answered her, telling her with winged words:
“Ox-eyed queen Hera, if you were ever inclined
to think as I do when seated among the immortals,
then Poseidon would quickly follow your heart
and mine, though he would not wish to do so.
But if what you say is right and true, then go
now among the race of gods and summon
Iris and Apollo, famed for his bow, to come
here. Iris can go among the bronze-clad
Achaean army and tell lord Poseidon to cease
his fighting and to return home, and Phoebus
Apollo can rouse Hector’s strength, remove
the fear that now fills his mind, and send him
out to fight. Then he can send feeble fear
to the Achaeans so they retreat to the many-
benched ships of Achilles, son of Peleus.
Achilles will then rouse his comrade Patroclus,
who will be slain by the spear of divine Hector
in front of Ilios, but not before he kills many
others, including my son, noble Sarpedon.
Enraged by this, great Achilles will kill Hector.
From then on, I will keep the Trojans moving
away from the vessels until the Achaeans take
steep Ilios through Athena’s counsel. But until
then, my anger will not end, and I will not
allow any gods to assist the Danaans until
the wish of Peleus’ son is fulfilled, a promise
I made with a bow of my head on the day
the goddess Thetis sat clutching my knee,
begging me to honor Achilles, sacker of cities.”

So he said, and white-armed Hera obeyed,
going from the peaks of Ida to high Olympus.
Just as the mind of a man who has travelled
to many lands can quickly recall with astute
detail the many places that he has visited,
so queen Hera sped quickly and eagerly away.
Reaching high Olympus, she found the immortal
gods gathered in Zeus’ house. Seeing her, they
sprang up and lifted their cups in welcome.
She passed by the others and took the cup
of fair-cheeked Themis, who was first to reach
her and who spoke to her with winged words:
“Why have you come, Hera? You look upset;
your husband, Cronos’ son, must have scared you.”

Then the white-armed goddess Hera replied:
“Goddess Themis, do not ask me about this.
You know how reckless and cruel his heart is.
For now, ready an equal feast for the gods
in the halls. You and all the immortals will
soon hear Zeus reveal his wicked plans. Few
hearts will rejoice at his words, either mortal
or immortal, if some are feasting merrily now.”

So honored Hera said and then sat down,
but the gods in the halls of Zeus were troubled.
And though her lips smiled, Hera’s dark brows
were unbent, and she spoke vexedly to all:
“We are childish fools to be enraged by Zeus.
We go to him in hopes of changing his mind
by word or by force, but he just sits alone,
ignoring us, saying that among the immortal
gods his strength and might are greatest.
So content yourself with whatever evil he sends.
Already I think misery has fallen upon Ares,
for his dearest son has been killed in battle:
Ascalaphus, whom mighty Ares calls his own.”

So she said, but stout Ares struck his thighs
with the flats of his hands and cried out in agony:
“Gods of Olympus, do not censure me if I go
to the Achaean ships and avenge my son’s death,
even if it results in a bolt from Zeus that leaves
me sitting among the blood and dead and dust.”

So saying, he ordered Terror and Fear to yoke
his horses, and he himself put on his shining
armor. Then anger and strife would have grown
between the immortals and Zeus had Athena,
deathly afraid for all the gods, not gone quickly
from her throne, rushed through the doorway,
seized the helmet from the head of Ares,
the shield from his shoulders, and the bronze spear
from his stout hand, and rebuked him, saying:
“Madman, have you lost your mind? Your ears
still hear, but your mind and good sense are gone.
Did you not hear the words of white-armed Hera
who has just returned from Olympian Zeus?
Do you wish to take your fill of misery only
to be forced back to Olympus where you will
sow seeds of great grief among all the others?
He will leave the noble Trojans and Achaeans,
come straight to Olympus, and wreak havoc
on all of us, both the guilty and the innocent.
I urge you to let go of your anger for your son.
Men with greater strength than your son have
already died or will soon die. It is difficult
to save the bloodlines and offspring of all men.”

She finished and made Ares return to his seat.
Then Hera called Apollo out of the house
along with Iris, the messenger of the gods,
and spoke to them with winged words, saying:
“Zeus orders you both to head quickly to Ida.
Once you have arrived and have looked Zeus
in the eye, then do whatever he commands.”

Then honored Hera returned to her throne
while Iris and Apollo flew swiftly away.
They reached Ida of many springs, mother
of beasts, and found far-seeing Zeus seated
atop Gargaron, surrounded by fragrant clouds.
They stood before cloud-gatherer Zeus, who
was not angered by their sight since they had
quickly obeyed the orders of his dear wife.
First, he addressed Iris with winged words:
“Go now, swift Iris, and report this message
to lord Poseidon, and do not speak falsely:
order him to stop warring and to return
to the race of gods or to the bright sea. If he
disobeys or dismisses my words, then let him
consider in his mind and heart that, strong
as he is, he cannot stand against me since
I am far greater than he and older by birth,
though he never hesitates in his heart to declare
himself equal to me, whom the other gods fear.”

So he said, and swift-footed Iris did not disobey
but went straight from the hills of Ida to sacred
Ilios. Just as snow and hail fly from clouds
driven by the cold, bright blast of the north wind,
so swift Iris flew with eager purpose until she
stood beside the great earth-shaker and said:
“Earth-mover, dark of hair, I come bearing
a message for you from aegis-bearing Zeus.
He orders you to stop warring and return
to the race of gods or to the bright sea. If you
disobey or dismiss his words, then he threatens
to come here and face you in combat, and he
warns that you keep out of reach of his hands
since he is greater than you and older by birth,
though you never hesitate in your heart to declare
yourself equal to him, whom the other gods fear.”

Greatly angered, the revered earth-shaker replied:
“Clearly, though noble, he speaks arrogantly if he
thinks to restrain me, his equal, against my will.
For three brothers were born of Cronos and Rhea:
Zeus, myself, and Hades, lord of the underworld.
All things were divided into three equal shares.
By lots I was granted the grey sea as my domain,
Hades the murky darkness, and Zeus the wide
heavens, clouds, and air, while the earth and high
Olympus are common to us all. Thus I refuse
to live by the will of Zeus. No matter his strength,
let him be content with his share and not use
his mighty hands to frighten me like some coward.
It would be better for him to save these threats
for his daughters and sons; he brought them into
this world, so they are obligated to obey him.”

Then wind-swift Iris replied to him, saying:
“Dark-haired earth-embracer, shall I carry
these bold, unbending words to Zeus, or will
you change your mind? Good minds are pliant.
You know the Furies always serve the old man.”

In reply, earth-shaker Poseidon said to her:
“Goddess Iris, your words are wise, and it is
good when a messenger knows what is right.
But dread pain overwhelms my heart and soul
when Zeus speaks words of anger to his twin,
whom fate has decreed an equal portion.
Still, despite my anger, I will retire for now,
but I will tell you this, a threat from my heart:
if, without me, Athena driver of spoils, Hera,
Hermes, and lord Hephaestus, he spares lofty
Ilios and refuses to sack it or give great honor
to the Argives, then let him know there will be
strife between us that will never be appeased.”

So saying, Poseidon left the Achaeans and plunged
into the sea, and the Achaean warriors felt his loss.

Then cloud-gatherer Zeus said to Apollo:
“Go now, dear Phoebus, to bronze-clad Hector,
for the earth-mover and earth-shaker has gone
to the heavenly sea, thus avoiding our harsh
wrath. True, even the gods gathered below
with Cronos would have heard about our fight,
but it is better for us both that he curbed
his rage and bent to my will, for the matter
would not have been settled without some sweat.
Now, take the tasseled aegis in your hands
and shake it to frighten the Achaean warriors.
Then you, far-shooter, take care of shining Hector
and rouse his rage until the Achaeans are fleeing
to their ships and the Hellespont. From there,
I will devise word and deed so the Achaeans
might again find breathing space from war.”

So he said, and Apollo did not disobey his father
but flew from mount Ida like a swift, dove-killing
falcon, the fastest of winged creatures. He found
noble Hector, son of skilled Priam, not prone
but seated, recovering his spirit and recognizing
his companions; and his panting and gasping
ceased once aegis-bearing Zeus’ mind revived him.
Then far-seeing Apollo came to him and said:
“Hector, son of Priam, why do you sit here
helpless and alone? Has some pain fallen on you?”

Weakly, glancing-helmed Hector replied to him:
“What noble god are you to ask this to my face?
Did you not see, as I killed his comrades at the stern
of the Achaean ships, war-crier Ajax hurl a boulder
at my chest, forcing me to stop fighting? I thought
the day had come for me to take my last breath
and to look upon the dead and the house of Hades.”

Then lord Apollo, the far-worker, answered him:
“Take heart, for Cronos has sent help down
from Ida to stand by you and protect you: Phoebus
Apollo of the golden sword, who in the past
has defended both you and your steep citadel.
But come now and urge your many charioteers
to drive their swift horses to the hollowed ships
while I go ahead, smoothing the chariots’ path
and sending the Achaean warriors into panic.”

So saying, he breathed great might into the herder
of men. As when a well-fed, stabled horse breaks
his bonds, darts over the plain to his regular
bathing spot on the fair-flowing river, lifts
his head high in exultation, lets his mane flow
over his shoulders, and revels in his beauty
as his legs carry him to the mares’ pasture,
so Hector, having heard the god’s voice, swiftly
moved his feet and legs and roused his charioteers.
As when country men and their dogs, in pursuit
of a horned deer or a wild goat, reach a steep rock
or thorny brush that saves the animal and foils
their hunt, for their shouting stirs a bearded
lion who steps into their path and quickly
forces them to flee, so the Danaans for a time
moved en mass, thrusting out their swords
and double-edged spears, but upon seeing
Hector attack the ranks of men, they recoiled
with fear as each man’s heart fell to his feet.

Then Thoas spoke, Andraemon’s son, the best
of the Aetolians: skilled with the spear, strong
in close-fighting, and an orator with few peers
when young Achaeans debated in assembly.
With good intentions he said to the assembled:
“Alas, my eyes behold a great wonder: Hector
once again on his feet, forsaking a deadly fate.
Surely each man’s heart had hoped that he had
been killed by Telamonian Ajax. But again
some god has saved Hector, who has cut down
so many Danaans in the past and is set
to do so again, for he stands there eagerly
as the champion of loud-thundering Zeus.
But, come now, and let all obey my words:
order the multitudes to head for the ships
while we, who claim to be the army’s best,
stand firm, face him, raise our spears, and halt
his progress, for I think, in spite of his rage,
he is still afraid to sink into the Danaan throng.”

So he spoke, and they eagerly listened
and obeyed. Ajax, lord Idomeneus, Teucer,
Meriones, and Meges, equal to Ares,
assembled a great fighting force that was
prepared to face Hector and the Trojans while
the multitudes returned to the Achaean ships.

The Trojans advanced as one, led by long-striding
Hector. Before him went Phoebus Apollo,
shoulders clad in clouds and wielding the terrible
aegis, hairy and bright, which the smith Hephaestus
gave to Zeus to carry in the rout of warriors.
He held this in his hands as he led the army.

The Argives held their ground, their shrill war
cries echoing around them as arrows sprang
from bows, and many spears, shot by stout hands,
pierced the skin of swift-fighting young men
while others missed the white flesh they so eagerly
sought and fixed themselves midway in the earth.
So long as Phoebus Apollo held the aegis motionless
in his hands, the missiles hit their marks and men fell.
But when he looked directly at the Danaans, shook
the aegis, and uttered a great cry, then their hearts
became bewitched and they lost the will to fight.
As when two wild animals suddenly appear
in the black of night and attack a herd of oxen
or a flock of sheep and drive them into panic,
so Apollo’s terror drove the Achaeans into panic
and brought glory to the Trojans and Hector.

Hector struck Stichius and Arcesilaus: one
a leader of the bronze-clad Boeotians, the other
a trusted friend of great-hearted Menestheus.
And Aeneas killed Medon and Iasus. Medon
was the bastard son of Oïleus and brother
of Ajax, who lived in Phylace, a land far
from his father’s home because he killed
a kinsman of Eriopis, the wife of Oïleus,
while Iasus led the Athenians and was called
the son of Sphelus, who was the son of Bucolus.
And Polydamas cut down Mecisteus, Polites
slew Echius among the foremost fighters, noble
Agenor killed Clonius, and Paris hit Deïochus
from behind on his lower shoulder as he fled
the fight, and the bronze drove clean through.

As the Trojans stripped the armor, the Achaeans
took flight, diving into the trench, pushing
past the palisades, and falling over the wall.
But Hector gave a great cry, telling the Trojans:
“Leave the bloody armor and hurry to the ships.
If I see a man heading away from the ships,
then I will send him to his death, and his kin
will receive no corpse to burn in offering,
for dogs will devour him in front of the city.”

So saying, he whipped his horses and stirred
the Trojan ranks, who shouted as one and drove
their chariots forward with a thunderous roar.
Ahead of them, Phoebus Apollo tore easily
into the deep trench, his feet pushing earth
into the pit to create a broad causeway that was
as long as a spear cast when thrown by a man
who seeks to measure his strength. With Apollo
leading and holding the aegis, they poured
over the causeway in formation and toppled
the Achaean wall with the ease of a child who
builds a sand-castle by the seashore and then
playfully destroys it with his hands and feet.
Thus lord Apollo leveled the long and difficult
labors of the Achaeans and sent them into panic.

When the Argives halted beside the ships,
they lifted their hands to all of the gods
and shouted in prayer, especially Nestor
of Gerenia, guardian of the Achaeans, who
raised his hands to the starry skies and cried:
“Father Zeus, if any in Argos ever prayed
to you for home by burning fat oxen or ram
thigh pieces, and if you ever nodded assent,
then protect us from this day of doom: do not let
the Trojans destroy the Achaeans in this way.”

So he said, and counselor Zeus thundered loudly,
having heard the prayer of the old son of Neleus.

The Trojans heard aegis-bearing Zeus’ thunder,
redoubled their efforts, and leapt upon the Argives.
Just as a rising wave on the wide sea washes over
the side of a ship, driven by a strong blast of wind
that strengthens the swelling waves, so the Trojans
cried out, drove their chariots over the wall,
and fought with leaf-shaped spears by the sterns
of the ships, some at close quarters and others
from chariots. But the Achaeans boarded the black
ships and fought from on high, wielding long pikes
with bronze points normally used for sea fighting.

While the Achaeans and Trojans fought around
the wall and away from the swift ships, Patroclus
was sitting in the hut of kindly Eurypylus,
entertaining him with stories and sprinkling
a soothing salve on his wretched black wound.
But when he saw the Trojans scaling the wall
and the Danaans crying out and turning to flee,
he made a painful cry, struck both of his thighs
with the palms of his hands, and mournfully said:
“Eurypylus, I can stay here no longer, though
you are in need, for a great battle has come.
Let your attendant comfort you while I hurry
to Achilles and urge him to join the battle.
Perhaps a god will help me stir his spirit,
for a friend’s persuasion can do wonders.”

So saying, he hurried away. Meanwhile,
the Achaeans held fast against the Trojans
but could not drive them away from the ships,
being fewer in number; nor were the Trojans
able to break the Danaan battalions and fight
among the tents and ships. Just as a carpenter’s
line straightens a cut of ship’s timber when
drawn by an able craftsman blessed by Athena’s
counsel, so both sides stood equal in battle.
As some fought on one ship and others fought
on another, Hector went straight for glorious
Ajax. Both fought for the same ship, but Hector
could not drive off Ajax and burn the ship
and Ajax could not force away god-aided
Hector. Then Ajax struck his spear in the chest
of Caletor, son of Clytius, who was carrying
fire to the ship; the man fell with a thud,
and the fire slipped from his hands. Seeing
his cousin fall to the dust before the black ship,
Hector cried out to the Trojans and Lycians:
“Trojans, Lycians, and close-fighting Dardanians,
do not give ground in this narrow space but save
Caletor before the Achaeans strip his armor
now that he has fallen beside the ships.”

So saying, he hurled his shining spear at Ajax,
missing him but hitting Lycophron, Mastor’s
son and Ajax’s aide who lived with Ajax after
killing a man in sacred Cythera. Hector’s sharp
sword struck the man’s head above the ear
as he stood beside Ajax, and he fell to the dust
in front of the ship’s stern, his life spent. Ajax
shuddered at the sight and called to his brother:
“Teucer, great-hearted Hector has killed Mastor’s
son, our trusted friend whom we honored like
our dear parents when he came from Cythera
to live in our halls. Where are your swift-killing
arrows and the bow Phoebus Apollo gave you?”

Hearing this, Teucer ran and stood beside him,
bent bow in hand and quiver full of arrows,
and soon shot his missiles at the Trojans,
hitting Cleitus, Peisenor’s noble son and aide
to Polydamas, son of Panthous, who was holding
the reins, attending to the horses, and driving
to where the battle was thickest to win the favor
of Hector and the Trojans. But foul death came
quickly, and no one could stop it. As the wicked
arrow struck the back of his neck, he fell
from the chariot, and the horses sprang back,
jolting the empty carriage. Polydamas quickly
saw all this, intercepted the horses, and gave
them to Astynous, Protiaon’s son, urging him
to keep the horses nearby and to stay vigilant;
then he returned to the foremost fighters.

Teucer then shot another arrow at Hector,
and had the shot been true, it would have
stopped him fighting by the Achaean ships
and taken his life. But shrewd Zeus protected
Hector and denied Telamonian Teucer glory.
When he drew back the arrow, his plaited bowstring
broke, the bow shattered, the heavy bronze arrow
went wide, and the bow fell from his hands.
Teucer shuddered in fear and said to his brother:
“Look, some god has utterly destroyed our plans,
striking the bow out of my hands and snapping
the bowstring I twisted and tied just this morning
so as to withstand the many springing arrows.”

Then great Telamonian Ajax answered him:
“Brother, leave your bow and arrows behind;
a god who hates the Danaans destroyed them.
So seize a long spear, put a shield on your shoulder,
fight the Trojans, and rouse the men. Do not let
them easily take our well-benched ships, though
they overpower us. Remember your fighting spirit.”

So he said, and Teucer set the bow inside the hut,
put his four-layered shield over his shoulder,
set on his head a well-made helmet with a horse’s
tail and a crest that bobbed fearfully, and grabbed
a stout spear with a sharp, bronze tip. Then he
raced off and soon came to stand beside Ajax.

When Hector saw that Teucer’s arrows had
failed, he cried out to the Trojans and Lycians:
“Trojans, Lycians, and close-fighting Dardanians,
act like men and remember your fighting spirit
among the hollow ships, for I saw with my eye
how Zeus rendered useless a great man’s arrows.
The help Zeus gives to men is easy to recognize,
both when he grants the glory of victory and when
he deprives or does not defend, just as now he
reduced the might of the Argives and aided us.
So fight as one by the ships, and if anyone meets
his fate and dies by throw or thrust, then let him
die. There is no shame in dying for your country
if your wife and children are safe, your home
and property are unharmed, and the Achaeans
return in their ships to their fatherland.”

So saying, he stirred each man’s fighting heart.
On the other side, Ajax called to his comrades:
“Shame, Argives, for now we must die or save
ourselves and force the threat from our ships.
If glancing-helmed Hector seizes our ships,
do you think you will walk back home by land?
Do you not hear Hector filling all his men
with the fury to burn the ships? He is not
ordering them to dance but to fight. For us,
there is no better plan or advice than to fight
them in close combat with our hands and might.
It is better once and for all to either live or die
than to become exhausted by an eternal battle
beside the ships and against inferior men.”

So saying, he stirred each man’s fighting heart.
Then Hector slew Schedius, son of Perimedes,
the Phocian leader; Ajax slew Laodamas, leader
of the foot soldiers and Antenor’s noble son;
and Polydamas killed Otus of Cyllene, friend
of Meges, Phyleus’ son and great-hearted lord
of the Epeians. Seeing this, Meges sprang at him,
but Polydamas moved aside and Meges missed,
Apollo not wanting Panthous’ son to fall among
the front fighters. But his spear hit Croesmus
in the chest, and he fell with a thud. As Meges
was stripping the shoulder armor, he was leapt
upon by spear-famed Dolops, the fierce, brave
son of Lampus, son of Laomedon, whose spear
pierced the center of Meges’ shield from close
range. But Meges was saved by his thick corselet
with curved metal plates that Phyleus brought
back from the river Seleïs in Ephyre, a gift
from a guest-friend, lord of men Euphetes, to be
worn in battle as a defense against enemies.
Now this gift saved his son from death. Meges
then stuck his spear in the crown of Dolops’
bronze helmet with a horsehair crest, ripping
off the crest so that the horsehair, still shining
with its fresh red dye, fell to the dust. While
Meges remained fighting, hoping for victory,
warlike Menelaus came to help. He stood
unseen by Dolops, and cast his spear, hitting
Dolops’ shoulder from behind; the point drove
straight through his chest, and he fell on his face.
As both men began to strip the bronze armor
from Dolops’ shoulders, Hector called to all
his kin, first scolding Hicetaon’s son, mighty
Melanippus. While the enemy were still far off,
he tended shambling oxen in Percote, but when
the Danaans’ ships arrived, he returned to Ilios
and became revered among the Trojans, living
in Priam’s house where they honored him like
a prince. But Hector reproached him, saying:
“Shall we slack off, Melanippus? Does your dear
heart not care for your fallen cousin? Do you
see them scrambling for Dolon’s armor? Come
on! We can no longer stand aloof, battling
the Argives from afar until we either kill them
or they seize steep Ilios and slay its people.”

So he said, and the godlike man followed him.
Then Telamonian Ajax encouraged the Argives:
“My friends, be men: keep your souls humble
and respect one another in this mighty conflict.
When men show respect, more are saved than slain,
and no glory comes from fleeing, nor any defense.”

They took his words to heart and hardened
their defense by fencing in the ships with a wall
of bronze, which Zeus urged the Trojans to attack.
Then great-shouter Menelaus urged on Antilochus:
“Antilochus, you are the youngest Achaean,
the swiftest of foot, and the bravest in battle,
so leap out and attack one of the Trojans.”

So saying, Menelaus sped off, but a roused
Antilochus glanced round and hurled his shining
spear at the lead fighters. The Trojans shrank back,
but his shot was not in vain, for it hit Hicetaon’s
son, bold Melanippus, in the chest by the nipple.
He fell with a thud, and darkness covered his eyes.
Then Antilochus pounced on him like a dog
leaping on an injured fawn that has been hit
by a hunter’s arrow while fleeing its lair, sapping
its strength. So staunch Antilochus pounced
on Melanippus, stripping his armor. But this
did not escape Hector’s notice, and he raced
through the battle to face him. Antilochus,
though swift, did not wait but fled like a wild
animal who has done wrong, such as kill a dog
or a herdsman beside his cattle, and flees before
a mob of men has gathered. So Nestor’s son fled,
and the Trojans and Hector shot groan-laden
missiles that flew with a divine din. Antilochus
turned and stood when he reached his comrades.

Like lions preying upon raw flesh, the Trojans
rushed the ships, following the orders of Zeus
who lifted their great strength, sapped Argive
hearts, and took Argive glory and gave it to Troy.
In his heart, Zeus willed glory upon Hector, son
of Priam, so he might hurl upon the beaked ships
an inhuman blaze of fire, thus fulfilling the violent
prayers of Thetis. Counselor Zeus was waiting
to see the flames of a single burning ship.
From that point on he would force the Trojans
to flee the ships and grant the Danaans glory.
And so Zeus roused against the hollowed ships
the son of Priam, Hector, who was already
as enraged as spear-wielding Ares or a deadly
fire burning through mountains or deep woods.
As Hector fought, his mouth foamed, his eyes
shone beneath shaggy brows, and his helmet
shook violently at the side of his forehead,
for ethereal Zeus was his champion, and he
granted Hector, alone among warriors, great
glory and honor, since he was destined to live
a short life, and the day was coming when Pallas
Athena would rouse the son of Peleus’ strength.
Hector tried to tear through the ranks of soldiers,
looking for the greatest numbers and the finest
armor. Still, he could not break the lines, for they
held firm like a wall or a hard, towering rockface
lying near the grey sea that withstands the swift
path of the shrill winds and well-fed waves
that break against it; so the Danaans held firm,
unflinching, against the Trojans. But Hector,
doused in firelight, leapt and fell upon them
like a fierce, tempest-fed wave that crashes
against a speedy ship, drenching it in foam as
violent hurricane winds blast the ship’s sail
and fill the minds of sailors with panic, having
just escaped from the jaws of death. So the heart
in each Achaean’s breast was torn. Hector came
on like a vicious lion nearing a herd of countless
cattle grazing in a low-lying marsh-meadow
with a herdsman clearly inept at fighting a beast
over a heifer’s sleek carcass; the herdsman follows
the herd, first at the front, then the rear, but the lion
strikes in the middle, devouring a heifer as the rest
scatter. So also did all Achaeans flee in panic,
routed by Hector and father Zeus, but Hector
slew only one, Periphetes of Mycenae, the dear
son of Copreus, who went as messenger from King
Eurystheus to mighty Heracles. This unskilled
father bore a son superior in every way—on foot,
in fighting, and in mind—and who was among
the foremost men of Mycenae. Such was the man
granted to Hector for his glory. As Periphetes
was turning, he tripped on the rim of the shield
that reached down to his spear-defending feet
and stumbled backwards, and the helmet
around his forehead rang terribly as he fell.
Hector quickly rushed over, stood next to him,
and speared him in the chest, killing him beside
his comrades who could do nothing but mourn,
for they themselves greatly feared noble Hector.

The Argives retreated to the outermost ships,
but the Trojans pursued, so the Argives fell back
past the ships and took a stand beside their tents.
They did not scatter through the camp but stayed
together, ashamed, afraid, and constantly calling
to one another. Loudest of all was Nestor
of Gerenia, guardian of the Achaeans, who
begged each man in the name of their parents:
“Friends, be men, and put shame in your hearts
for those around you. Remember your children,
your wives, your possessions, and your parents,
be they living or dead. For the sake of all
those who are distant from us, I implore you
to stand firm and not turn around and flee.”

So he said, stirring the hearts of every man,
and Athena lifted the cloud of mist from their eyes
and light fell on them from from both sides, whether
looking at the ships or at the dreaded battlefield.
All could see war-crying Hector and his comrades,
both those standing in the back and not fighting
and those who were battling beside the swift ships.

But great-hearted Ajax’s soul would not let him
stand with the other sons of Achaea, so he took
long strides up and down the decks of the ships,
wielding in his hands a long pole for sea-fighting,
twenty-two cubits long and joined with clasps.
Like a skilled horseman harnessing four horses
together, chosen out of many, and driving them
quickly along the road from the plains to a great
city where many men and women gaze at him
with wonder as he, steadily and without fail,
leaps from one galloping horse to another,
so Ajax took long strides over the decks of many
swift ships, and with his voice lifting to heaven,
called out with great shouts to the Danaans
to protect their ships and tents. Hector, too,
did not stay with the well-armed Trojan throng,
but like a shining eagle pouncing upon a flock
of winged birds such as wild geese, cranes,
or long-necked swans all feeding beside a river,
he charged straight at a black-prowed ship,
and from behind Zeus’ mighty hands pushed
him forward, and the whole army followed.

Once again a bitter battle among the ships ensued.
You would have thought every man to be tireless
and fresh, so furiously did they fight. This is what
filled their minds as they fought: the Achaeans did
not think they would escape this danger but would
perish, while the Trojan hearts in their breasts
hoped to set fire to the ships and kill the Achaean
warriors. These were their thoughts as they fought
one another. But Hector took hold of the stern
of a seafaring ship, one fine and swift, which had
carried Protesilaus to Troy but would not return
him to his fatherland. It was around this ship that
Achaeans and Trojans slew each other in close
combat, for they no longer awaited the rush
of javelines and arrows but stood man-to-man,
all with one purpose, and fought using sharp axes,
hatchets, great swords, and leaf-shaped spears.
Many fine swords bound with black hilts fell
to the ground from hands or men’s shoulders as
they fought, and the black earth ran with blood.
But Hector did not let go of the ship’s stern
but held tight to the post and called to the Trojans:
“Bring fire and let all at once sound the war cry,
for today Zeus has granted us all amends: to seize
the ships that came here against the gods’ will
and brought us many miseries, due to our elders’
cowardice, for when I wanted to fight by the sterns
of the ships, they refused and held back the army.
But if far-seeing Zeus dampened our resolve then,
he now urges us and commands us onward.”

So saying, they attacked the Argives more intently.
Ajax could not hold his ground and, thinking
he would die there, went back along the seven-
foot bridge and gave up the trim ship’s aft-deck.
He stood ready and used his long pole to beat back
any Trojans carrying unceasing fire while always
calling loudly to the Danaans, urging them on:
“Friends, Danaan warriors, servants of Ares,
be men and remember your rushing rage.
Do you think others are waiting to help us?
Do you think some strong wall will protect us?
We have no fortified city nearby where we may
go to protect ourselves and hold off the enemy.
We are on the Trojan plains, far from our native
land, and with our backs to the sea. The might
of our hands holds victory, our slackness defeat.”

He then drove furiously at the foe with his sharp
spear, and whenever a Trojan carried blazing fire
to the hollow ships to please Hector, Ajax waited
for him and struck him with his long spear. In this
way, he wounded twelve men in front of the ships.

Book 16

As they fought beside the well-benched ships,
Patroclus came to Achilles, shepherd of men,
shedding hot tears like a spring whose dark
waters pour down from an impassable cliff.
Seeing him, swift-footed, noble Achilles took
pity and addressed him with winged words:
“Patroclus, why do you weep like a young girl
running to her mother and asking to be picked up
while clutching her robe, looking at her tearfully,
and refusing to let go until the mother relents?
Like her, you shed round tears, Patroclus.
Have you something to tell the Myrmidons
and I? Have you alone heard news from Pythia?
Does Menoetius, son of Actor, or Peleus, son
of Aeacus, still live among the Myrmidons?
We would grieve greatly if they were dead.
Or do you mourn the Argives who die beside
the hollowed ships because of their wrongdoing?
Do not hold it in but tell me and let us both know.”

Groaning deeply, rider Patroclus answered him:
“Achilles, son of Peleus, greatest Achaean, do not
reproach me, for woe has fallen upon the Achaeans.
In fact, all the men who were bravest in battle lie
beside the ships, wounded by arrows or spears:
Mighty Diomedes, son of Tydeus, spear-famed
Odysseus, and Agamemnon were struck by spears,
and Eurypylus was hit in the thigh by an arrow.
Healers skilled in many drugs are busy mending
their injuries, but you are unmendable, Achilles.
May no anger take hold of me like the one that
curses your spirit. How will those to come profit
if you fail to halt the Argives’ shameful ruin?
Pitiless man, your father was not rider Peleus,
nor your mother Thetis; rather, the grey sea bore
you onto steep cliffs, for your mind is hard as rock.
But if some prophecy holds you back, something
your revered mother shared with you from Zeus,
then let me set out and let the Myrmidon army
follow, so we may act as a light for the Danaans.
And let me cover my shoulders with your armor
so the Trojans will take me for you and refrain
from fighting. Then the warlike sons of Achaea
may take a breath, for there is little rest in battle.
We unwearied can easily drive weary men away
from the ships and tents and towards the city.”

So he said, but his prayers were foolish, for they
were fated to lead to a foul end: his own death.
Greatly angered, swift-footed Achilles replied to him:
“Zeus-born Patroclus, what words you speak!
I care about no prophecy, nor has my revered
mother shared with me any words from Zeus.
But a great grief has comes over my heart and soul,
for a man who is my equal is willing to deprive
me of my prize since his authority is greater.
I have suffered a deep pain in my heart for the girl
that the Achaean sons granted me as a prize, won
with my spear when I sacked a well-walled city
but taken from my hands by the son of Atreus,
lord Agamemnon, like I was some dishonored
exile. But we can put these things behind us.
I never wanted my heart to be angry forever.
Indeed, I said that I would not cease my wrath
until the noise of battle reached my ships. So put
my splendid armor on your shoulders and lead
the warlike Myrmidons into battle if, indeed,
the Trojan cloud of darkness has surrounded
our ships and forced the Argives back against
the beach with only a sliver of land to stand on.
Since they do not see the front of my shining helmet
nearby, the whole city of Troy now descends
upon them, but they would flee and fill a gully
with their dead if lord Agamemnon treated me
with respect. But now they fight around the camp,
no spear rages in the hands of Diomedes, Tydeus’
son, that would stave off Danaan ruin, and I
have not heard the son of Atreus’ voice howling
from his hated head. Meanwhile, man-slaying
Hector’s calls to his men echo round, and war
cries fill the plain as Trojans best Achaeans.
Even so, Patroclus, attack in force and defend
our ships lest they burn them with furious fire
and take away our desired return home.
But obey these words I place into your mind
so that you bring me great honor and glory
from all the Danaans and they bring back
the lovely girl and grant me glorious gifts as well:
once you have driven them from the ships,
come back, and if the loud-thundering spouse
of Hera offers you glory, do not fight the warlike
Trojans without me and diminish my honor.
And as you delight in battle and slay Trojans,
do not lead your men to Ilios or some immortal
gods will descend from Olympus and intervene.
After all, far-shooter Apollo loves them dearly.
So come back once you have saved the ships
and let the others battle upon the plain.
Father Zeus, Athena, and Apollo, I wish
no Trojan could escape death, nor any
Argive, and that we, alone, could escape
ruin and topple the sacred towers of Troy.”

While these two were speaking, Ajax retreated,
for he was overwhelmed by the mind of Zeus
and by the noble Trojans whose fiery missiles
clanged like dreadful rain on the shining helmet
that covered his temple and on his well-bossed
chin-straps. Though his left shoulder grew weary
from holding steady his flashing shield, the missile
barrage could not dislodge him. Still, he panted
painfully, unable to catch a breath, as a steady
stream of sweat cascaded down across his limbs
and danger closed in on him from all sides.

Tell me, muses who have homes on Olympus,
how was fire first flung onto the Achaean ships?

Hector stood near Ajax and slashed his ashen
spear with his great sword, shearing away
the spearhead’s base. The bronze fell to the dust
with a clang, leaving Ajax holding a useless stick.
Ajax recognized the work of the gods and felt
dread in his heart, for high-thundering Zeus
had foiled his battle plans in favor of a Trojan
victory. Thus he retreated from the missiles
while the Trojans hurled an unquenchable fire
onto the swift ship, and the flames quickly spread.

As the ship’s stern was enveloped in fire,
Achilles struck his thighs and said to Patroclus:
“Hurry, Zeus-born Patroclus, master of horses,
for I see a blazing fire by the ships. They must
not seize our ships or we cannot escape. So don
your armor at once, and I will gather the men.”

So he said, and Patroclus armed himself
in bright bronze. First, he put over his shins
a pair of fine greaves fitted with silver fasteners.
He next covered his chest with the well-wrought
breastplate of Aeacus’ swift-footed grandson.
Then he slung over his shoulders a silver-studded
bronze sword and a large, sturdy shield, and he
set atop his noble head a well-made helmet
with a horsehair crest that bobbed fearfully.
Finally, he took two strong spears that fit his grasp
but left the large, heavy, and powerful spear
of Aeacus’ noble grandson, for no other Achaean
was skilled enough to wield it but Achilles:
an ashen spear from Pelion’s peak that Chiron
gave his dear father, a gift for slaying heroes.
To quickly yoke the horses, he called Automedon,
whom he honored most after Achilles and whom
he trusted above all to stand by his side in battle.
So Automedon led to the yoke the swift horses
Xanthus and Balius, who flew like the wind,
born to Zephyrus by the harpy Podarge as she
grazed on grass beside the Oceanus stream.
On the side traces he put the blameless Pedasus,
taken by Achilles after he sacked the city of Eëtion;
being mortal, he followed the immortal steeds.

Meanwhile, Achilles went to the Myrmidons
and arranged them beside the tents in full armor.
Like a pack of ravenous wolves with hearts
full of fury who, after slaying and devouring
a horned mountain stag and coating their cheeks
red with blood, descend down to a dark spring
to lap up the black water with their narrow tongues
and to belch out bloody gore, their hearts sated
and their stomachs glutted, so the Myrmidon
lords and leaders swarmed around the noble
attendant of Aeacus’ swift-footed grandson.
With them stood warlike Achilles urging
on the shield-bearing men and the horses.

Achilles, dear to Zeus, led a fleet of fifty swift
ships to Troy, and in each ship there were fifty
men, his comrades, stationed at the oars. Five
were made leaders and trusted to give orders,
while he in his great might was lord over all.
One troop was led by Menesthius of the bright
breatplate, son of Spercheius, the rain-fed river;
fair Polydora, daughter of Peleus, bore him
to tireless Spercheius, a woman with a god,
but he was born in name to Borus, Perieres’ son,
who wed her after paying countless bride-prices.
Warlike Eudorus led the second troop, born
out of wedlock to a fine dancer, Polymele,
daugher of Phylas. Swift-appearing Hermes fell
in love after seeing her dance among the choir
of Artemis of the golden bow and echoing hunt.
Later, Hermes went to the upper chamber to lie
with her in secret, and she bore him a noble son,
Eudorus, a swift runner and speedy warrior.
But after Eileithyia’s sharp pains led the child
into the light and he saw the sun’s rays, then
stout Echecles, son of Actor, led her to his home,
after paying the huge bride-price, and old
Phylas raised and reared Eudorus with dear
affection as if he were his own son. The third
troop’s leader was warlike Peisander, the son
of Maemalus, who was the best spear fighter
among the Myrmidons save for Peleus’ son.
Old horseman Phoenix led the fourth troop,
and Alcimedon, great son of Laerces, the fifth.
Once Achilles had arranged the troops
into battalions, he gave them a stern order:
“Myrmidons, do not forget the threats you
made at the Trojans from the swift ships as I
raged, when you each accused me, saying:
‘Cruel son of Peleus, your mother raised you
on gall, pitiless, for you force us to stay beside
the ships. Let us return home in our seafaring
ships since this foul rage has filled your soul.’
So you often said against me, but the great
battle you longed for is now before you, so fill
your hearts with might and fight the Trojans.”

So he said, stirring the might in each man’s soul,
and the ranks drew tighter after hearing their king.
Just as a man building the wall of a house fits
together stones able to withstand a mighty wind,
so the men were pressed together, bossed shield
on bossed shield, helmet on helmet, and man
on man, all standing so close that their horsehair
plumes touched each time they moved their heads.
Before them all stood two warriors, Patroclus
and Automedon, both ready to fight in the front
lines of the Myrmidons. Meanwhile, Achilles went
into his tent and opened the lid of the well-made
chest silver-footed Thetis had put it in his ship
to take with him to Troy, filling it with tunics,
cloaks, and wool blankets to keep out the wind.
Inside was a fashionable goblet that no one but
Achilles drank bright wine from, nor did he use
it to make offerings to any god but father Zeus.
He lifted the cup, purified it with sulphur, washed
it in river water, and then washed his own hands
before pouring bright wine into it. Then he stood
in the forecourt and prayed, pouring out the wine
while looking up to heaven, and Zeus took notice:
“Zeus, lord of Dodona, Pelasgian, living far off
and ruling wintry Dodona with your prophets,
the Selli, who sleep on the ground with unwashed
feet;[1] just as before when you heard my prayers
and honored me by smiting the great Achaean
army, so now hear my prayers once again.
I will remain beside the assembled ships, but I
send my comrade into battle alongside many
Myrmidons. Bring him glory, O far-seeing Zeus,
and fill his heart with courage so that Hector
will know whether my attendant has the skill
to fight alone or whether his hands hold hatred
only when I enter into the fury of Ares. But once
he has driven the war cries from the ships, then
let him return unhurt to the swift ships with all
his armor and his close-fighting comrades.”

So he prayed, and counselor Zeus heard him,
granting one wish but not the other: Patroclus
would drive the battle from the ships, but he
would not safely return from the fight. After
pouring the libation and praying to father
Zeus, Achilles returned to his tent, returned
the goblet to the chest, and stood outside, eager
to watch the Trojans and Achaeans in grim battle.

Those following great-hearted Patroclus marched
confidently towards the Trojans and attacked.
At once, they poured out like wasps at a wayside
that young boys frequently and foolishly anger
by irritating them in their nests beside the road,
thereby creating a common threat for many,
for whenever a passing traveler disturbs them
accidentally, the insects swarm out with furious
hearts and attack en mass to protect their young.
With the same heart and spirit, the Myrmidons
poured out of the ships and uttered violent cries.
And Patroclus called out loudly to his comrades:
“Myrmidons, comrades of Achilles, son of Peleus:
be men and remember your rushing courage.
Honor Achilles, the greatest Argive in the fleet,
for we are his brave fighting force. Make sure
Atreus’ son, wide-ruling Agamemnon, knows
that he blindly dishonored the best Achaean.”

So he said, stirring the rage in each man’s heart,
and they fell on the Trojans as one, and around
them the ships rang with fierce Achaean roars.

But when the Trojans saw Menoetius’ stout son
and his attendant in their bright armor, panic
filled their hearts and battle lines shook for they
thought the swift-footed son of Peleus had lost
his wrath and found friendship, and each man
glanced around for an escape from utter death.

Patroclus was first to shoot his shining spear
straight into the heart of the panic-stricken
enemy by the stern of great-hearted Protesilaus’
ship, striking Pyraechmes, leader of Paeonians,
marshalers of horses, from Amydon by the wide-
flowing Axius. The spear struck his right shoulder,
and he fell on his back in the dust with a groan.
The other Paeonians panicked, for Patroclus had
slain their leader and foremost fighter. He drove
them from the ships and put out the blazing fire.
The ship was left half-burnt as the Trojans fled
with a deafening noise and the Danaans poured
over the hollow ships, creating an unceasing
noise. Just as Zeus, gatherer of lightning,
will move a dense cloud from a mountaintop,
revealing many peaks, rocky cliffs, and valleys
and sending down boundless aether from heaven,
so the Danaans, having quenched the fire aboard
the ships, took a breath, though the war raged on;
for the Achaeans had not yet driven the warlike
Trojans from the black ships, but they stood firm
and gave ground from the ships only when forced.

The ranks broke among the leaders as man slew
man. First, Menoetius’ stout son shot Areilycus
in the thigh with his sharp spear as he turned
to flee; the bronze drove clean through and broke
the bone, and he fell face-first in the dirt. Then
warlike Menelaus struck Thoas in the chest where
his shield did not protect him, loosening his limbs.
And the son of Phyleus saw Amphiclus charging,
but Meges was quicker and struck him in the leg
where the muscles are thickest. The spearpoint
tore his tendon and darkness covered his eyes.
Then Nestor’s son Antilochus struck his sharp spear
into Atymnius, driving the bronze into the flank,
and he fell forward. An enraged Maris was near
and lunged his spear at Antilochus who stood
over his brother’s body, but godlike Thrasymedes
was quicker and struck Maris square in the shoulder.
The spearpoint severed the base of the arm
from the muscles and dashed the bone into pieces,
and he fell with a thud as darkness covered his eyes.
So these two, slain by two brothers, went to Erebus:
two noble comrades of Sarpedon and spearmen
sons of Amisodarus, who reared the monstrous
Chimera, a danger to many men. Then Ajax,
son of Oïleus, took Cleobulus alive in the chaos
of the throng and slashed him in the neck
with his hilted sword until the blade grew warm
with blood; and Cleobulus’ eyes clouded over
with death and resistless fate. Then Peneleos
and Lyco rushed each other with swords after
their spears missed their marks. Lyco slashed
at Peneleos’ horsehair helmet, but the blade
shattered around the hilt. Then Peneleos struck
his neck under Lyco’s ear, and the sword sliced
through until only skin was left to hold it in place.
His head hung down on one side and his limbs
collapsed. Then Meriones chased down Acamas
and struck his right shoulder as he was mounting
his chariot, and darkness covered his eyes as he
fell. Then Idomeneus struck his ruthless bronze
in Erymas’ mouth, pushed the spear clean through
and under the brain, and shattered bone. His teeth
were forced out, both eyes were filled with blood,
he coughed up blood through his mouth and nose,
and a black cloud of death enveloped him.

Thus each Danaan leader slew his man.
Just as ravenous wolves attack lambs or kids
scattered on a mountain by a foolish shepherd,
picking them out of the flock and quickly
tearing apart those whose hearts are weakest,
so the Danaans attacked the fright-filled
Trojans who had lost their mighty mettle.

Great Ajax tried again and again to hurl
his spear at bronze-clad Hector, but Hector’s
warcraft and bull’s-hide shield protected him
from the darts and spears whistling past. He knew
the battle was turning against him, but he held
his ground and tried to save his faithful friends.

Just as a cloud leaves Olympus and moves
into the upper air when Zeus sends a storm,
so from the ships came the terrified cries
of a disorderly retreat. Hector’s swift horses
carried him away in his armor, abandoning
the Trojan soldiers trapped by the well-dug
ditch, where many swift horses broke their front
poles and left their master’s chariots behind.
Patroclus pursued, calling eagerly to the Danaans,
devising evil for the Trojans, who cried in fear
as they scattered, filling the path and sending
a dust cloud high into the air as the horses strained
to return to the city from the ships and tents.
When Patroclus saw men in panic, he drove
after them with a cry, and men fell face-first under
the axles of empty chariots as they rattled away.
Straight over the trench and beyond leapt the swift,
immortal horses given to Peleus as gifts by the gods,
and Patroclus’ heart yearned to reach and attack
Hector, but Hector’s horses carried him away.
Just as on an autumn day a storm oppresses all
the black earth once Zeus pours rain down furiously
upon it, having grown angry at men who use
violence to lead, who use bent judgments to foil
justice, and who care nothing for the gods’
wrath; and as all the rivers flood, the streams
cut channels into many hillsides until they roar
out of the mountains and into the gleaming
sea, destroying the works of men, so also was
the mighty roar of the galloping Trojan horses.

But Patroclus cut off the front lines’ retreat
and went back to pin them by the ships without
letting them return to the city. Then he rode
between the ships and river and high wall
and slayed them in revenge for his fallen friends.
First, his shining spear hit Pronous in the chest
where his shield did not protect him; his limbs
went limp, and he fell with a thud. Next, he rushed
Thestor, son of Enops, who sat on his well-made
chariot cowering in fear, for the reins had fallen
from his hands. Patroclus pierced his right jaw,
drove the spear through his teeth, and dragged
him over the chariot rail like a fisherman on a rock
dragging a sacred fish onto land with a gleaming
bronze hook. So he dragged him, bright spear
in mouth, out of the chariot and threw him
down face-first, and life left him as he fell.
Then Patroclus stoned a charging Erylaus
square in the forehead, splitting his head in two
under his stout helmet, and he fell to the earth,
life-destroying death spreading over him.
Erymas, Amphoterus, Epaltes, Tlepolemus,
son of Damastor, Echius, Pyris, Ipheus, Euippus,
and Polymelus, son of Argeas—one after the other,
he brought them down to the earth that feeds many.

When Sarpedon saw his beltless friends bested
by the hands of Patroclus, son of Menoetius,
he reproached the godlike Lycians, crying:
“Shame, Lycians. Why do you flee? Now be swift,
for I will face this man and find out who this is
who rules the fight and has done the Trojans such
harm, loosening the knees of many noble men.”

So saying, he leapt in full armor from his chariot
to the ground; seeing him, Patroclus did likewise.
Like two hooked-talon and curved-beak vultures
uttering loud cries and fighting atop a high rock,
the two men shouted and charged at one another.
The son of wily Cronos looked and felt pity,
and he spoke to Hera, his wife and sister, saying:
“Woe is me, for Sarpedon, dearest of men to me,
is fated to be slain by Patroclus, son of Menoetius!
My heart is torn in two as I consider whether
to snatch him up from this woeful battle and take
him to the rich lands of Lycia, or let him perish
now at the hands of the son of Menoetius.”

In reply, the revered, ox-eyed Hera said to him:
“Terrible son of Cronos, what words you say!
If you wish to free a mortal man who was
destined by fate to die a hateful death, then
do it, but not all the other gods will approve.
And I will also say this, and take it to heart:
if you send Sarpedon home alive, then consider
that other gods may wish to carry their dear sons
out of dread battle, for many sons of immortals
are fighting around Priam’s great city, and you
would invite grave resentment among them.
But if he is dear to you and your heart grieves,
then allow him to perish in mighty combat
at the hands of Patroclus, son of Menoetius;
but when his life and soul have left his body,
then send death and sweet sleep to carry him
away to the land of spacious Lycia where
his brothers and kin can bury him with barrow
and pillar, for that is the honor of the dead.”

So she said, and the father of gods and mortals
obeyed, but he sent bloody teardrops to the ground
in honor of his dear son, who was set to be killed
by Patroclus in fertile Troy, far from his father’s land.

When the two men converged on one another,
Patroclus struck famed Thrasymelus, lord
Sarpedon’s noble attendant, hitting him
in the lower belly and loosening his limbs.
Sarpedon lashed back, but his shining spear
missed and struck the horse Pedasus in the right
shoulder; he shrieked, breathed his last, and fell
to the dust with a cry as his spirit flew away.
With the trace horse in the dust, the others split
apart, and the yoke creaked, tangling the reins.
But spear-famed Automedon fixed this: drawing
his sharp sword from his stout thighs, he quickly
cut the trace horse loose, steadying the other two,
and then pulled the reins tight. Once again,
the warriors resumed their heart-devouring strife.

Again Sarpedon missed with his shining spear
as the point passed over Patroclus’ left shoulder.
Then Patroclus attacked him with his bronze,
and the shot from his hand was not in vain,
striking him in the chest, near his throbbing
heart. Sarpedon fell like an oak tree or white
poplar or tall pine that is cut down by carpenter
axes and made into ship’s timber. So also did
Sarpedon lay in front of his horses and chariot,
wailing and clawing at the blood-soaked dust.
Or like a fierce bull in a herd of shambling
cattle who is killed by a lion and dies groaning
under the lion’s jaws, so beneath Patroclus
did the leader of the Lycian warriors struggle
in death, calling out to his beloved comrade:
“Dear Glaucus, fighter among men, go now
and be a spearman and bold warrior and let
bitter battle be your desire—if you are quick.
First, go among the men and urge the Lycian
leaders to fight for Sarpedon, and then you
yourself must defend me with your bronze.
For I will be a cause of shame and rebuke for you
for the rest of your life if you let the Achaeans
strip my armor here beside the gathered ships.
So hold your ground and rouse the army.”

So he said as death filled his nostrils and eyes.
Patroclus put his foot on Sarpedon’s chest and drew
the spear from his flesh, and the diaphragm came
with it, releasing his soul as he released the spear-
point. And the Myrmidons kept the snorting horses
from fleeing, for they had left their lord’s chariot.

The sound of Sarpedon’s voice filled Glaucus
with terrible grief, for he was unable to defend
him, and he squeezed his own arm, for he was
still bothered by the wound he received when
Teucer’s arrow struck him as he scaled the high
wall. So he prayed to free-shooter Apollo, saying:
“Hear me, lord, be you in Lycia’s rich lands
or in Troy, for you can hear a man’s troubles
from anywhere, and trouble has now come
to me. A sharp pain from a deep-struck wound
pierces my arm and weighs down my shoulder,
I cannot check the flow of blood or grip
my spear, I am unable to fight the enemy,
and we have lost our greatest man, Sarpedon,
son of Zeus, who did not protect his child.
So please, my lord, cure my deep wound,
numb my pain, and give me strength so I can
call my comrades, the Lycians, and urge them
to fight while I myself protect the fallen body.”

So he prayed, and Phoebus Apollo heard him
and at once stopped his pain, dried the deep
wound’s black blood, and put courage in his heart.
Glaucus knew in his mind that the great god
had quickly answered his prayer, and he rejoiced.
First, he went around rousing the Lycian leaders
to fight for Sarpedon. Then with great strides
he went among the Trojans, past Polydamas, son
of Panthous, and godlike Agenor, and came
to stand beside Aeneas and Hector, marshaller
of spears, and spoke to them with winged words:
“Hector, your allies are risking their lives for you
far from their friends and homes, but you are
wholly ignoring them and doing nothing to aid
them. Sarpedon, leader of the Lycian warriors
who guarded Lycia with justice and might, lies
dead, slain by brash Ares and Patroclus’ mighty
sword. So defend him, friend, and do not shame
your soul by letting the Myrmidons strip his armor
and harm his corpse as revenge for all the Danaans
that we killed with our spears by the swift ships.”

So saying, the Trojans were filled with unbearable,
uncontrollable grief, for though Sarpedon was
a foreigner, he was the city’s buttress, a leader
of many men and the finest of fighters. Enraged
by Sarpedon’s death, Hector led them straight
to the Danaans. But the Achaeans were urged
on by savage-hearted Patroclus, son of Menoetius,
who spoke first to the already battle-eager Ajaxes:
“You two Ajaxes must defend against the enemy.
Be the warriors you have always been—or greater.
Sarpedon lies dead, the first to scale the Achaean
wall, so let us seize him, mutilate his corpse, strip
the armor from his shoulders, and use our pitiless
bronze to kill his friends who wish to defend him.”

So he said, and they were eager to fight their foes.
When both sides had marshaled their forces,
the Trojans, Lycians, Myrmidons, and Achaeans
came together and battled around the corpse as
terrible shouts rang out and weapons clanged loudly.
And Zeus placed deathly darkness around the battle,
so a fierce fight would be waged over his dear son.

First, the Trojans repelled the bright-eyed Achaeans,
for the man who was in no way the Myrmidon’s
worst was hit: the son of great-hearted Agacles,
noble Epeigeus, former king of bustling Budeum,
who, after slaying a noble cousin, came as
a suppliant to Peleus and silver-footed Thetis,
and they sent him with Achilles, breaker of ranks,
to horse-famed Ilios so he might fight the Trojans.
As he grabbed the corpse, shining Hector struck
him in the head with a large stone, splitting his head
in two inside his strong helmet. He fell face-first
atop the corpse, and life-crushing death covered
him. Patroclus grieved for his fallen comrade
by driving through the battle like a swift hawk
who sends jackdaws and starlings scattering;
so you, Patroclus, sent the Lycians and Trojans
scattering, your heart enraged for your friend.
He struck Sthenelaus, dear son of Ithaemenes,
on the neck with a boulder, tearing their tendons.
And noble Hector and his finest fighters retreated
as far as a man casts a long javelin when testing
his strength in a contest or else in battle when he
faces a dangerous enemy, so great was the distance
that the Trojans retreated from the Achaeans.
Glaucus, now the Lycian leader, was first to turn,
and he slew great-hearted Bathycles, dear son
of Chalcon, who lived in Hellas and was among
the richest Myrmidons. Glaucus hit him square
in the chest with his spear just before he was
overtaken, and Bathycles fell with a thud.
The Trojans rejoiced as they stood over him,
but great grief fell over the Achaeans, though
they did not forget their might and carried
their rage straight at their foes. Meriones then
slew the well-armed Trojan leader Laogonus,
Onetor’s bold son, a priest of Idean Zeus[2] who
was honored like a god by his people, striking
him in the lower jaw and ear until his soul left
his limbs and hateful darkness seized him.
Then Aeneas threw his bronze spear at Meriones,
hoping to hit him as he advanced behind his shield,
but Meriones kept his eyes on him and avoided
the bronze spear, bending forward as the weapon
fixed itself into the ground, making the butt-end
quiver; only then did Ares still its mighty fury.
And Aeneas’ spear-point rattled in the earth
after flying fruitlessly from his mighty hands.
Then Aeneas, his heart full of rage, said:
“Meriones, you are a fine dancer, but my spear
would have ended you for good had it struck.”

Spear-famed Meriones answered him, saying:
“You are a strong fighter, Aeneas, but you cannot
silence the rage of every man who defends himself
against you, for you too are mortal. No matter
the might of your hands, if my sharp spear hit
you square in the middle, you would give glory
to me and your soul to Hades of the famous steeds.”

So he said, but mighty Patroclus rebuked him:
“You are a good man, Meriones, so why say
such things? Dear friend, the Trojans will be long
dead before harsh words force them to give up
the corpse. Our hands, not our words, will win
the battle, so quit making speeches and fight.”

So saying, godlike Patroclus led the way,
and the rest followed. Just as the noises made
by wood-cutters in a mountain glen can be heard
from afar, so the sounds of bronze, leather,
and well-made shields rose from the wide earth
as they struck at each other with swords and leaf-
shaped spears. But no man, not even a friend,
would recognize noble Sarpedon, for he was
wrapped from head to foot in missiles, blood,
and dust. They battled around the corpse just as
in springtime, when buckets overflow with milk,
farmhouse flies swarm around milk-filled pails.
So, too, did they swarm around the corpse. Zeus
did not turn his shining eyes from the fierce combat
but kept constant watch, debating in his heart
whether it was time, during this mighty battle
over the body of Sarpedon, for Hector to slay
Patroclus with his bronze and strip his armor
from his shoulders or whether to allow him
to increase his toil of war and to slay many
more. Eventually, he decided it would be best
for the brave attendant of Achilles, son of Peleus,
to force the Trojans and bronze-clad Hector back
to the city and to take many lives. First, he filled
Hector’s heart with cowardice, so Hector leapt
on his chariot to flee and called the other Trojans
to follow, for he saw the scales of Zeus had tipped.
The valiant Lycians also did not wait but fled
after seeing their king struck in the heart and lying
in a pile of corpses, for many had fallen on him
when Cronos’ son drew tight the fierce combat.
Then the Achaeans stripped the flashing bronze
from Sarpedon’s shoulders, and Menoetius’ son
gave it to his comrades to take to the hollow
ships. But cloud-gatherer Zeus said to Apollo:
“Dear Phoebus, take Sarpedon out of missile
range, carry him far away, cleanse him of black
blood by washing him in a river, anoint him
with ambrosia, and dress him in divine clothes.
Then give him to the swift escorts, twins Sleep
and Death, to quickly take him to wide Lycia’s
rich lands and lay him down so his brothers
and kin may give him a solemn burial with barrow
and gravestone, for that is the honor of the dead.”

So he said, and Apollo did not disobey his father.
He went from mount Ida to the dread battlefield
and carried noble Sarpedon out of missile
range. Then he washed him in the river,
anointed him with ambrosia, dressed him
in divine clothes, and gave him to the swift
escorts, the twin brothers Sleep and Death,
who set him down in wide Lycia’s rich lands.

But Patroclus, like a reckless child, ordered
his horses and Automedon to chase the Trojans
and Lycians. If only he had obeyed the words
of Peleus’ son, he would have escaped black death.
But the mind of Zeus is mightier than a mortal’s,
for he frightens even brave men and robs them
of victory with ease by urging them to fight—
just as he now stirred the soul of Patroclus.

Patroclus, who was first and who was last to be
slain when the gods called you to your death?
Adrastus was first, followed by Autonous,
Echeclus, Perimus son of Megas, Epistor,
Melanippus, Elasus, Mulius, and Pylartes:
he slew them all, and the rest turned to flee.

Then the Achaeans would have seized high-
gated Troy under Patroclus’ spear-raging hands
had Phoebus Apollo not stood on the well-built
wall with thoughts of death and of Troy’s
salvation. Three times Patroclus reached
the high wall, and three times Apollo beat back
the shining shield with his immortal hands.
But as Patroclus made his fourth godlike
assault, Apollo called to him with a terrible cry:
“Retreat, godlike Patroclus, for the city of proud
Trojans is not fated to fall by your spear, nor
by that of Achilles, who is far better than you.”

So he said, and Patroclus gave ground
to avoid the wrath of far-striker Apollo.

Hector held his single-hoofed horses behind
the Scaean gate, unsure whether to press on
or to order his army to gather inside the wall.
As he considered, Phoebus Apollo came up
to him in the guise of stout, strong Asius,
horse-taming Hector’s uncle, brother
of Hecuba, and son of Dymas, who lived
in Phrygia by the waters of the Sangarius.
Thus disguised, Apollo, son of Zeus, said to him:
“Hector, why did you stop fighting? You must
not. If I were stronger than you, not weaker,
then you would regret holding back from battle.
So drive your chariot against Patroclus, seek
to slay him, and Apollo may give you glory.”

So saying, Apollo returned to the war of men,
plunging the Argive throng into a grave panic
and giving great glory to the Trojans and Hector.
Meanwhile, shining Hector ordered skilled
Cebriones to whip the horses back into battle,
but he left the other Danaans alone and instead
drove his solid-hoofed horses against Patroclus.
Opposite him, Patroclus leapt from his chariot
to the ground. Holding a spear in his left hand,
he picked up a jagged stone with his right,
planted his feet, and hurled it, and the shot
was not in vain, for it hit Hector’s charioteer,
Cebriones, noble Priam’s bastard son,
on the forehead as he held the horses’ reins.
The stone crushed both eyebrows and broke
the skull-bone, his eyes fell to the dust in front
of his feet, and he fell from the well-made
chariot like a diver as the life left his bones.
Then horseman Patroclus mocked him, saying:
“Alas, how nimble he is, tumbling so easily.
If he were in the fish-filled sea, he would satisfy
many by diving for oysters and leaping from ships
in stormy weather just as he now lightly tumbles
head-first from the chariot to the ground.
Clearly, the Trojans have acrobats too.”

So saying, he sprang upon heroic Cebriones
like a lion who is hit in the chest while laying
waste to a farmhouse, thus curbing his courage.
So you, Patroclus, pounced furiously on Cebriones.
But Hector leapt from his chariot to the ground,
and the two fought like a pair of brave, starving
lions fighting over a slain deer atop a mountain.
So over the body of Cebriones did these masters
of the war cry—Patroclus, son of Menoetius,
and glorious Hector—struggle to cut each other’s
flesh with ruthless bronze. Hector took hold
of his head and did not let go, and Patroclus
took hold of his feet, and all around them
Trojans and Danaans joined in bitter battle.

Just as the East and South Winds battle each
other in a mountain dell by shaking the deep
forest oak, ash, and smooth-barked cornel trees,
throwing their long, slender boughs at one another,
and creating a deafening din of breaking branches,
so the Trojans and Achaeans attacked each other,
neither side thinking of deadly panic. Many sharp
spears were struck around Cebriones, many
winged arrows leapt from bowstrings, and many
boulders were hurled against shields as men fought
in a cloud of dust over the body of this mighty
man whose horsemanship was forgotten.

While Helios stood high in the heavens, arrows
on both sides hit their targets and men fell,
but when the time came for the unyoking of oxen,[3]
then the Achaeans proved the stronger. They drew
Cebriones away from the arrows and Trojan
cries and stripped the armor from his shoulders.
Then Patroclus leapt on the Trojans. Three times
he uttered a terrible cry and sprang at them
like a god, and each time he killed nine men.
But when you made your fourth godlike assault,
Patroclus, your life came to an end, for you were
met in fierce combat by Phoebus, the terror.
Patroclus did not see him in the press of battle,
for Apollo was shrouded in a thick mist when
he stood behind him and struck him in the back
and broad shoulders with the flat of his hand,
making his eyes spin. Then Phoebus Apollo
knocked his hollow-eyed helmet off his head;
it rattled and rolled under the horses’ hooves,
covering the horse-hair plumes with blood and dust.
Never had the gods allowed these plumes to be
sullied, for they guarded the fair head and brow
of godlike Achilles. But now Zeus gave it to Hector
to wear on his head, though his end was also near.
Now, the long-shadowed spear in Patroclus’ hands
was broken, the fringed shield on his shoulders
had dropped to the ground, and his breastplate
had been unfastened by lord Apollo, son of Zeus.
His mind fell into a stupor, his body went numb,
and he stood stunned. Then he was hit from behind
in the shoulder by the sharp spear of a Dardanian,
Euphorbus, Panthous’ son, the best of his age
with the spear, with a horse, and with his feet.
In his first chariot lesson, he knocked twenty
from their horses; now he was first to spear
you, horseman Patroclus—but not to death.
He pulled his ashen spear out of your flesh
and retreated into the throng, unwilling to face
even an unarmed Patroclus. Then Patroclus,
broken by the god’s blow and by the spear,
drew back to his comrades to avoid his fate.

Seeing great-hearted Patroclus drawing back
after being struck by a sharp spear, Hector came
up to him through the ranks, thrust his spear
into his side, and drove the bronze clean through.
He fell with a thud, and the Achaeans cried out.
Just as on the peak of a mountain a lion fights
a tireless boar over a small spring from which
both want to drink, and the lion’s strength wins
out once the boar starts gasping for breath,
so Menoetius’ noble son, having slain many,
was slain by the spear of Hector, Priam’s son,
who then stood over him in triumph and said:
“Patroclus, did you imagine that you would
ravage our city, enslave the women of Troy,
and take them back to your dear father’s land?
Fool! Before them stand Hector’s swift horses,
and my spear is best among the warlike Trojans,
for I defend them from doomsday. But as for you,
vultures will devour you here. Poor man, even
great Achilles could not save you. When you
left and he remained, he must have told you:
‘Horse-master Patroclus, do not return to me
or the hollow ships until you have torn deadly
Hector’s tunic and drenched it in his blood.’
So I imagine he said to your foolish heart.”

With your life spent, you answered him, Patroclus:
“Boast away, Hector, for Zeus, son of Cronos,
and Apollo have granted you victory, besting me
easily by taking the armor from my shoulders.
But if twenty like you had faced me, then they
would all be dead, slaughtered by my spear.
Deadly fate and the son of Leto killed me,
as did Euphorbus; you are merely the third.
But I say this now, and hold it in your heart:
you shall not live long, for death and resistless
fate stand beside you, to cut you down using
the hands of Achilles, Aeacus’ noble grandson.”

As he spoke these words, death covered him,
his soul left his limbs, and he flew to Hades,
mourning his fate, leaving manhood and youth
behind. And though dead, Hector spoke to him:
“Patroclus, why do you prophecy my death?
Perhaps Achilles, child of fair-haired Thetis,
will be first to fall by my spear and lose his life.”

Saying this, he set his foot on the corpse, pulled
the bronze spear from the wound, pushed him
back, and set off after Automedon, swift-footed
attendant of Aeacus’ grandson, eager to strike
him; but Automedon was carried off by the swift,
immortal horses given to Peleus as gifts by the gods.

Pelasgian is an ancient name for the people who originally inhabited Greece, and the Selli are the priests of Dodonian Zeus. ↵

This refers to the Zeus of Mt. Ida. However, there are two different Idas and both are connected with Zeus. The Ida near Troy is where Zeus watches the war unfold; but the Mt. Ida in Crete is where Rhea purportedly hid Zeus from Cronos so he could not kill him. The Trojan Laogonus, however, is most certainly a priest of the Idean Zeus near Troy. ↵

This usually references evening (as in, the time when farmers removed the yoke from their oxen), but in this case it is actually early afternoon. ↵

Book 17

Patroclus’ death at the hands of the Trojans did not
go unnoticed by warlike Menelaus, son of Atreus,
and he went through the ranks, armed in shining
bronze, and stood over the dead man. Like a cow
wailing over her first-born calf, so fair-haired
Menelaus stood over Patroclus, his spear and well-
balanced shield held in front of him as he looked
to slay any man why tried to challenge him.

Panthous’ son, wielder of the stout spear, also
witnessed the fall of Patroclus, and he stood
close to the body and said to warlike Menelaus:
“Great son of Atreus, Menelaus, leader of men,
give up the corpse and the blood-stained armor,
for I was the first of the Trojans and their famed
allies to strike Patroclus with my spear in combat.
Let me gain great glory among the Trojans or I
will strike you down and take your honey-sweet life.”

Enraged, fair-haired Menelaus answered him:
“Father Zeus, only a fool makes reckless boasts.
Clearly, there is no panther or lion who is more
courageous, nor any mischievous wild boar
more prideful in his mighty heart than the son
of Panthous, wielder of the stout spear. Even
the youthful might of horse-tamer Hyperenor
was no match for me after he insulted me
and said I was the most cowardly fighter among
the Danaans. He will never again walk home
to cheer up his dear wife and loving parents.
So I will shatter your strength if you stand
and face me, but I urge you to retreat back
into the throng before you pay the price,
for fools only learn once a deed is done.”

So he said, but an unswayed Euphorbus replied:
“Now, Menelaus, blessed by Zeus, you will pay
for killing my brother, for boasting about it,
for making his wife a widow in her new bridal
chamber, and for cursing his parents with misery
and sorrow. Perhaps their mourning will stop
if I bring your head and armor and put them
in the hands of Panthous and divine Phrontis.
But this battle will not take long to settle,
so either put up a fight or take flight.”

Saying this, Euphorbus hit the well-balanced
shield of Menelaus, but the mighty shield not only
held but bent the spear point. Then Menelaus
said a prayer to Zeus, drew back his bronze spear,
and struck the base of his throat, thrusting
with all his might and trusting his heavy hands.
The point went clean through Euphorbus’ tender
neck, and he fell with a thud, armor clanging
and blood drenching his Graces-like hair that was
braided with gold and silver. Think of a young
olive tree grown by a man in a lonely place
with abundant water that makes it bloom
beautifully; when the wind makes the branches
shake, bright blossoms rain down, but suddenly
the wind grows into a tempest, uproots the tree,
and lays it low. So Menelaus, son of Atreus,
slew Euphorbus, son of Panthous and wielder
of the stout spear, and began to strip his armor.

Just as a mountain lion, sure of his strength,
snatches the finest heifer in a grazing herd, first
biting and breaking her neck with his sharp teeth
and then feasting on her blood and entrails,
while all around hounds and shepherds cry out
in alarm but stay well back, seized as they are
by a pallid fear and unwilling to challenge him;
so each Trojan, in his heart, lacked the courage
to challenge glorious Menelaus. And Atreus’
son would have taken Euphorbus’ famed armor
had Phoebus Apollo not borne a grudge against
him, disguised himself as Mentes, the leader
of the Cicones, and stirred Hector, equal
to Ares, addressing him with winged words:
“Hector, you will never catch the horses
of the skilled grandson of Aeacus, for no
mortal can tame or drive them save Achilles,
whose mother is a goddess. But Menelaus,
great son of Atreus, stands over Patroclus,
having slain the best of the Trojans, Euphorbus,
son of Panthous, and stopped his fiery spirit.”

So saying, the god returned to the fighting,
but a black cloud filled Hector’s mind as he
surveyed the battlefield and saw one man
stripping off splendid armor and another lying
on the earth, blood gushing from his wound.
With a sharp cry, he raced through the ranks
armed in bronze as bright as the unquenchable
fire of Hephaestus. Hearing the shout, Atreus’ son
was troubled, and he said to his own heroic heart:
“Woe is me! If I leave this splendid armor behind
with Patroclus, who fell defending my honor,
then some Danaans will see this and rebuke me.
But if, out of shame, I fight Hector and the Trojans
alone, I fear they will surround me, many against
one, for shining-helmed Hector leads the Trojan
army here. But why does my heart debate this?
When a man fights another who is honored
by the gods, then misery rolls quickly over him.
As Hector fights with the aid of a god, let no
Danaan who sees me retreat rebuke me. But if I
can find great-shouter Ajax, then we two might
return and think of fighting, even against a god,
and save the corpse for Achilles, son of Peleus,
thus making the best of a bad situation.”

As he pondered this in his mind and heart,
the Trojan ranks advanced, led by Hector.
So Menelaus backed away from the corpse
but kept turning like a well-bearded lion
chased from a farmhouse by spear-wielding
men and barking dogs, the lion’s brave heart
growing cold as he unwillingly leaves. So, too,
did fair-haired Menelaus leave Patroclus.
But when he came to stand with his comrades,
he looked around for great Ajax, Telamon’s
son, and found him on the battle’s left side,
cheering his comrades and rousing them to fight,
for Phoebus Apollo had filled them with grave
terror. Menelaus raced over to him and said:
“Quick, Ajax, come with me to dead Patroclus
and help me return his naked corpse to Achilles,
for glancing-helmed Hector has his armor.”

His words stirred Ajax’s heart, and he followed
fair-haired Menelaus through the throng. Once
Hector had stripped Patroclus of the famed armor,
he started to drag the corpse away, intending
to take it back to Troy, decapitate it, and give it
to the dogs. But when Ajax and his towering shield
appeared, Hector fled behind his comrades,
leapt on his chariot, and handed the fine armor
to the Trojans to take to the city, an emblem
of his glory. But Ajax and his great shield stood
over the son of Menoetius like a lion who, while
leading her cubs through a forest, stumbles
upon hunters and faces them with her might
on full display and her eyes narrowed into tight,
menacing slits. So Ajax stood over heroic
Patroclus, and beside him stood Menelaus,
son of Atreus, a great sadness filling his chest.

Then Glaucus, son of Hippolochus and leader
of the Lycians, scolded Hector with harsh words:
“Good-looking Hector, your fighting falls short.
You are given glory but you act like a coward.
Consider now how you plan to save your citadel
and your city with only those born in Ilios,
for no men of Lycia will battle the Danaans
for your city since we receive no thanks
for our non-stop warring with the enemy.
How could you save a weaker man from pitiless
battle after abandoning Sarpedon, your guest
and friend, to be prey and prize for the Argives?
He often aided you and your city when he lived,
but now you dare not defend him from dogs.
Now, if any Lycian men obey me, then we will
head home, and Troy will be brought to ruin.
If only the Trojans had some bold, unshakable
courage—the kind that comes when men struggle
to defend their father’s lands from a foe—then
we would quickly drag Patroclus to Ilios. And if
this man, this corpse, was dragged from the battle
and brought to Priam’s great city, then the Argives
would quickly give up Sarpedon’s fine armor,
and we would return his body to Ilios. For such
a man did Patroclus serve, best of the Argives
by the ships and leader of the fiercest fighters.
But you lack the courage to stand against great-
hearted Ajax, to eye him in the din of battle,
and to fight him, for he is a better man than you.”

Flashing-helmed Hector scowled and said to him:
“Glaucus, why do you speak with such arrogance?
My friend, I thought you were the most intelligent
man in all of fertile Lycia, but hearing you speak
today, I mock your mind altogether, for you say
I did not stand up to mighty Ajax. I never shrink
from a fight or from the sound of chariots,
but aegis-bearing Zeus’ mind is ever-powerful,
for he forces stout men to flee, easily robbing
them of victory, and rouses weak men to fight.
But come, stand beside me today, and watch me
work; find out whether I am a coward, as you say,
or whether I stop many Danaans eager to prove
their valor by fighting to defend dead Patroclus.”

Saying this, he shouted out to the Trojans, saying:
“Trojans, Lycians, and close-fighting Dardanians,
be men, friends, and remember your rushing rage
while I don the fine armor of noble Achilles that
I stripped from mighty Patroclus after slaying him.”

So saying, flashing-helmed Hector left the fury
of battle and ran off, his swift feet soon carrying
him to his comrades who were carrying the splendid
armor of Peleus’ son back to the city. He stopped
and exchanged armor, giving his old to the warlike
Trojans to carry back to Ilios and donning the divine
armor of Achilles, son of Peleus, which the heavenly
gods gave to his dear father, who then passed
it on to his son when he himself had grown old;
but the son would not grow old in his father’s armor.

Cloud-gatherer Zeus watched him from afar
as he donned the armor of Peleus’ godlike son,
and he shook his head and addressed his own heart:
“Poor man, you think nothing of death though
your time draws near. You dress in the divine
armor of a great man who terrifies others, and you
have slain his kind, strong friend and indecently
stripped the armor from his arms and shoulders.
For now, I will grant you great strength since you
will not return from battle, and Andromache will
not receive from you the famous armor of Achilles.”

The son of Cronos spoke and nodded his brow;
the armor joined with Hector’s skin, filling
his limbs with the might and courage of terrible
Ares, god of war. Then he joined his famed allies,
gave a great cry, and displayed himself before
them in the armor of Peleus’ great-hearted son.
He went through the ranks and inspired each
man with his words: Mesthles, Glaucus, Medon,
Thersilochus, Asteropaeus, Deisenor, Hippothous,
Phorcys, Chromius, and the seer Ennomus.
He stirred them all to action, saying to them:
“Hear me, countless allies from neighboring
tribes: I brought you here from your cities not
because I desired or needed such numbers
but because I knew you would eagerly protect
Trojan wives and children from the battling
Achaeans. This is why I exhaust my people
to feed you, reward you, and bolster your hearts.
Now, each of you, turn and fight the enemy
and live or die, for this is the way of war.
And the man who drags Patroclus’ corpse back
to the Trojans and forces Ajax to give ground
will be given half the spoils, and I the other
half; and his glory will be equal to my own.”

So saying, they raised their spears and charged
at the Danaans with all their weight and with hopes
of dragging the corpse away from Telamonian
Ajax—but he would rob many of their lives,
the fools. Then Ajax himself said to Menelaus:
“Menelaus, my friend, nourished by Zeus, I no
longer expect the two of us to survive this war.
I fear less for this corpse of Patroclus, which will
soon satisfy the birds and dogs of Troy, and more
for the suffering that might fall on my own life
or yours, for Hector and his cloud of war cover
everything and bring destruction down upon us.
Now call the Danaan leaders, if any will listen.”

So he said, and war-crier Menelaus obeyed;
with a piercing cry, he called to the Danaans:
“Friends, leaders, and rulers of the Argives,
you who drink at the table of Atreus’ sons,
Agamemnon and Menelaus, who command
men, and who are given honor and glory
by Zeus, it is hard to see each of you amidst
the blazing strife of battle, but let each man
burn with rage at the idea of Patroclus
being made into a sport for Trojan dogs.”

So he said, and swift Ajax, son of Oïleus,
heard clearly and was first to run into battle,
followed by Idomeneus and his companion
Meriones, equal to man-slaying Enyalius.
As for the rest, who could remember the names
of all Achaeans who were roused for battle?

The Trojans, led by Hector, attacked as one.
Just as a mighty wave at the mouth of a rain-fed
river roars against the current and crashes
into the shore as the salt sea bellows beyond,
so the Trojans bellowed as they advanced.
But the Achaeans stood firm around Patroclus,
fencing him with their bronze shields, while
Cronos’ son spread a thick mist over their bright
helmets, for he had never hated Menoetius’ son
while he lived and attended Achilles, and he
shrank from making him a sport for Trojan
dogs, so he urged his comrades to defend him.

First, the high-hearted Trojans drove the quick-
glancing Achaeans from the corpse, but Trojan
spears slew no men as they began to drag
the corpse away. The Achaean retreat was
short-lived, however, for they soon rallied
behind Ajax, who in looks and in acts of war
surpassed all other Danaans save noble Achilles.
He charged the front lines like a fierce, wild boar
on a mountain who chases off dogs and young
men with ease when he turns on them in a dell;
so noble Telamon’s son, shining Ajax, charged
and easily chased off the Trojan troops
who stood over Patroclus and were eager
to drag him back to the city and win glory.

Hippothous, shining son of Pelasgian Lethus,
was dragging the body by the foot across
the battlefield, having bound his baldric around
the ankle tendons, pleasing Hector and the Trojans.
But evil soon caught him, and none could help.
Telamonian Ajax rushed through the throng
and, with a great spear in his mighty hands, struck
Hippothous’ helmet with bronze cheek-pieces.
The spear-point split the horse-hair crest in two,
and the brains and blood oozed from the wound
along the spear’s socket. Then Hippothous’
strength left him, he dropped great-hearted
Patroclus to the ground, and he himself fell
forward over the corpse, far from fertile Larisa,
never to repay his dear parents for raising him,
his life cut short by great-hearted Ajax’s spear.

Then Hector hurled his shining spear at Ajax,
but Ajax was watching and just managed to dodge
the bronze javelin. Instead, it struck great-hearted
Iphitus’ son, Schedius, best of the Phocians, who
lived in famed Panopeus and ruled many men.
Hector’s bronze landed below the collarbone,
tore through the shoulder, and came out the other
side; and he fell with a thud, his armor clanging.

Ajax next struck Phorcys, skilled son of Phaenops,
square in the belly as he stood over Hippothous,
breaking his breastplate. His bowels gushed out
from the bronze, and he fell to the dust, clutching
the dirt in his hands. The Trojans and Hector
retreated, and the Argives cheered, moved Phorcys
and Hippothous, and started to strip their armor.

The Trojans might have again fled to Ilios,
routed by fear of the Ares-blessed Achaeans,
and the Argives would have won glory beyond
that granted by Zeus for their might and courage,
but Apollo roused Aeneas, disguised as the herald
Periphas, son of Epytus, a kind old man who had
long been herald in the house of Aeneas’ father.
In this guise, Apollo, son of Zeus, spoke to him:
“Aeneas, you could not protect high Ilios against
a god, though I have seen others who believed
in their strength, courage, valor, and numbers
enough to hold their lands against even Zeus.
But Zeus wants us, not the Danaans, to win;
still, you are deathly afraid and do not fight.”

So he said, and Aeneas knew he was looking
at far-shooter Apollo, so he called out to Hector:
“Hector, other Trojan leaders, and their allies,
it is shameful to be driven back to Ilios, routed
by fear of the Ares-blessed Achaeans. But one
of the gods stood beside me and declared that
great counselor Zeus was our ally in the fight,
so let us go straight at the Danaans and not let
them easily return dead Patroclus to their ships.”

So saying, he leapt far past the front lines,
and the Trojans turned to face the Achaeans.
Then Aeneas drove his spear into Leocritus,
son of Arisbas and good friend of Lycomedes.
As he fell, warrior Lycomedes stood beside
him, feeling pity, and shot his shining spear
at Apisano, son of Hippasus, leader of men,
hitting him in the liver, below the chest; and he
fell to his knees, this man from fertile Paeonia
who was second only to Asteropaeus in fighting.

As he fell, Asteropaeus, dear to Ares, felt pity
and flew forward, eager to attack the Danaans,
but he could do nothing, for men with shields
and outstretched spears surrounded Patroclus.
Ajax roamed all around, ordering them not
to retreat from the corpse or to fight alone
in front of the other Achaeans but to stand
strong beside the body and fight hand-to-hand.
As mighty Ajax spoke, the ground grew wet
with black blood and the dead fell atop one
another, both the Trojans and their mighty
allies and the Danaans, whose men also
bled, though fewer fell, for they remembered
to stand as one and protect each other.

They fought like a flaming fire, and it seemed
as if the sun and the moon had disappeared,
for a dark cloud covered the great warriors
who battled around the slain son of Menoetius.
But the other Trojans and the well-greaved
Achaeans fought in the open air with sharp
sunlight all around them and not a cloud
over the mountains or plains; and they fought
in short bursts, avoiding each other’s groaning
spears and standing far apart while the great men
in the middle struggled as they fought in the dark
with pitiless bronze. But two men, famed heroes
Thrasymedes and Antilochus, were unaware
of noble Patroclus’ death and thought him still
alive and fighting the Trojans in the front lines.
They fought apart, protecting their comrades
from death and rout and following the orders
given to them by Nestor back at the black ships.

For the rest of the day the terrible battle raged
on, and each man’s knees, legs, and feet were
spattered with the sweat of toil. Their arms
and eyes were also soaked as the two armies
battled around the attendant of Aeacus’ swift-
footed grandson. Just as a man gives his servants
the fat-drenched hide of a great ox for stretching,
and after taking it they stand in a circle and pull
it apart until the moisture goes away, the fat is
absorbed, and the hide is made level, so a tight
ring of enemies pulled the body this way
and that. The Trojans hoped to drag him
to Ilios and the Achaeans to the hollowed
ships, while all around the wild fight raged on.
Neither Ares the rallier nor Athena, in all
her fury, could scorn the fighting—such were
the wicked deeds of men and horses that Zeus
drew tight over Patroclus that day. At this point,
Achilles knew nothing of Patroclus’ death,
for the battle was fought beneath the walls
of Troy, far from the swift ships. He believed
in his heart that Patroclus would return safely
from the gates, never imagining that he would
sack the city, either with him or without him,
for often, when he was alone, his mother
would bring him reports of great Zeus’ plans.
But she brought him no report of this grave
evil, the death of his dearest companion.

All around the corpse, men with sharp spears
fought without pause and slew one another;
and some bronze-clad Achaean would say:
“There is no honor in returning to the hollow
ships, my friends, so let the black earth open
to receive us all, for that would be better than
letting the Trojans, tamers of horses, drag
this man back to their city and gain glory.”

And some great-hearted Trojan would say:
“My friends, though we may all perish beside
this man, let no one draw back from battle.”

So they would say, rousing each man’s might
as they battled on, and the ceaseless sounds rose
up through the brazen air to the barren heavens.
But Achilles’ horses, far from battle, had been
weeping since they first heard that Patroclus
had fallen to the dust at the hands of Hector,
slayer of men. Automedon, stout son of Diores,
thrashed them with his quick whip and spoke
to them, first gently, then angrily, but they
refused either to return to the broad Hellespont
and the ships or to go back to battle among
the Achaeans. Just as stone pillars stand still
atop the tombs of dead men and women,
so they stood still beside the beautiful chariot,
bowing their heads. And as they mourned
their charioteer, hot tears fell from their eyes
to the earth, staining their splendid manes that
cascaded down the yoke-pads on both sides.

As they wept, Cronos watched them with pity,
shook his head, and spoke to his heart, saying:
“Poor wretches, why did we give you, who are
ageless and immortal, to lord Peleus, a mortal?
Was it so that you could share the pain of men?
For no creature who lives or moves on the earth
is more miserable than man. But Hector, son
of Priam, will not be carried on your well-made
chariot: I will not allow it. Is it not enough that
he has the armor and boasts of it? I will put
power in your knees and heart so you can send
Automedon safely from the fight to the hollow
ships, for I will give the Trojans killing glory
until they arrive at the well-benched ships
and the sun sets and divine darkness comes.”

So he said and breathed into the horses great
power. Shaking the dust from their manes, they
carried the swift chariot through the Trojans
and Achaeans. And Automedon, still mourning
his comrade, fought behind them like a vulture
swooping down on a flock of geese, easily avoiding
Trojan attacks and just as easily charging back
into the throng. But he was unable to slay a single
man, for he could not by himself drive the swift
chariot and attack men with his spear. Soon,
however, Alcimedon, Laerces’ son and Haemon’s
grandson, saw Automedon with his eyes, came
to stand behind his chariot, and said to him:
“Automedon, what god gave you such useless
counsel and robbed you of your good sense?
You are fighting the best Trojans all alone,
your companion is dead, and Hector glories
in wearing Achilles’ armor on his shoulders.”

Then Automedon, Diores’ son, answered him:
“Alcimedon, what other Achaeans could control
and guide the might of these immortal horses
but Patroclus, peer of the gods in counsel when
he lived? But now death and fate have come
for him. So take the whip and glistening reins,
and I will dismount from the chariot and fight.”

Hearing this, Alcimedon jumped on the swift war
chariot and took the whip and reins in his hands
while Automedon jumped off. Meanwhile, shining
Hector saw them and said to nearby Aeneas:
“Aeneas, counselor to the bronze-clad Trojans,
I see the horses of swift-footed Achilles have
come to the battle driven by weak charioteers.
I want to capture them, if you are willing
in your heart to help, since they would not
challenge us if we stood against them in battle.”

So he said, and the noble son of Anchises
obeyed. They set off, their shoulders covered
by rigid, well-dried boar shields fitted with bronze.
And both Chromius and godlike Aretus went
with them, their hearts hoping to slay the men
and capture the horses with high-arched necks,
the fools, for they would not escape Automedon
without bloodshed. And Automedon prayed
to father Zeus, who filled his heart with might
and courage, and he said to his companion:
“Alcimedon, keep the horses close enough
to breathe upon my back, for I cannot hope
to stop the might of Hector, son of Priam,
before he kills us, mounts the fair-maned
horses of Achilles, and routs the Argive ranks
or is himself killed by the foremost fighters.”

Then he called out to Ajax and Menelaus:
“Ajax and Menelaus, leaders of the Argives,
leave the finest fighters behind to stand
around the corpse and drive off the enemy,
and come protect my life on this ruthless day,
for Hector and Aeneas, best of the Trojans,
are heading this way across the tearful battle.
But these things lie on the knees of gods,
so I will hurl my spear, and leave it with Zeus.”

So saying, he poised his long-shadowed spear,
hurled it, and struck the well-balanced shield
of Arteus; the spear tore past the bronze,
through his belt, and into his lower belly.
Just as a strong man with a sharp axe strikes
behind the horns of an ox in a field, severing
the tendons and making the ox flinch and fall
forward, so Arteus flinched and fell on his back,
the sharp spear shaking his bowels and loosing
his limbs. Then Hector shot at Automedon
with his shining spear, but the latter was watching
and ducked to avoid the bronze; the spear hit
the ground behind him, its butt-end quivering,
and only then did mighty Ares cool the weapon’s
fury. Now the two would have fought with swords
had both Ajaxes not intervened, charging
through the throng in aid of their comrade.
Fearing them, Hector, Aeneas, and godlike
Chromius retreated once again, leaving
Arteus lying there, bleeding to death.
Automedon, equal to Ares, stripped him
of his armor and spoke words of triumph:
“Now, in a small way, I have sated my heart
over Patroclus’ death, though this is a lesser man.”

So saying, he set the gory armor in the chariot
and boarded the vehicle himself, his hands
and feet as bloody as a lion after eating a bull.

Once more the mighty battle was drawn over
Patroclus, its pain and tears magnified by Athena,
who came down from heaven by order of Zeus
to aid the Danaans, for he had changed
his mind. Just as Zeus stretches a gleaming
rainbow across the heavens as a sign for mortals
of either war or a cold storm, forcing men
to quit their work on the earth and distressing
the sheep, so Athena, shrouded in a gleaming
cloud, mingled with the Achaean troops
and stirred each man. She first inspired the son
of Atreus, mighty Menelaus, taking the form
and voice of Phoenix and saying to him:
“Menelaus, it will be a source of shame for you
if the trusted comrade of noble Achilles
is torn apart by dogs beneath the Trojan wall.
So have courage and inspire your men.”

War-crier Menelaus answered her, saying:
“Phoenix, my father of old, if Athena grants
me courage and wards off onrushing missiles,
then I will take a stand and protect Patroclus,
for his death has greatly touched my heart.
But Hector has the might of fire and never stops
slaying with bronze, for Zeus grants him glory.”

So he said, pleasing gleaming-eyed Athena,
since he prayed to her before all other gods.
She put strength into his shoulders and knees,
and sent to his chest the courage of a fly who,
though swatted away repeatedly, continues to bite
a man’s flesh to get to his sweet-tasting blood;
so she filled his black heart with courage, and he
stood over Patroclus and hurled his shining spear.
Among the Trojans was Podes, son of Eëtion,
a rich and noble man honored by Hector above
all others, for he had a seat at his table. Fair-haired
Menelaus took his spear and shot a fleeing Podes
in the belt, and the bronze went clean through.
He fell with a thud, and Menelaus dragged
the corpse past the Trojans to his comrades.

Then Apollo came near Hector to inspire him,
disguised as Phaenops, son of Asius, who was
his dearest guest-friend and lived in Abydus.
In this form, Apollo addressed Hector, saying:
“What other Achaean will scare you, Hector?
You have fled from Menelaus, who used to be
considered a soft fighter; now alone he has slain
your trusted friend and fighter Podes, Eëtion’s
son, and taken his corpse away from the Trojans.”

Hearing this, a black cloud of grief shrouded Hector,
and he entered the fight armed with gleaming
bronze. Then Cronos’ son shook his tasseled aegis,
covered Ida in clouds, and sent down a bolt
of lightning and a crash of thunder, giving victory
to the Trojans and forcing the Achaeans to flee.

The first to panic was the Boeotian, Peneleos.
As he turned towards the enemy, he was struck
in the shoulder by nearby Polydamas—a glancing
blow, but the spear point tore through the bone.
Then Hector wounded the wrist of Leïtus, great-
hearted Alectryon’s son, who looked around
and fled, for he knew his wounded hand could
no longer hold a spear and fight the Trojans.
As Hector pursued Leïtus, he was hit in the chest,
near the nipple, by Idomeneus, but the long
spear’s shaft shattered and the Trojans cheered.
Then Hector threw at Idomeneus, Deucalion’s
son, who was standing in his chariot; it missed
him by a fraction, but hit Coeranus, charioteer
and friend of Meriones, who came with him
from well-built Lyctus. Idomeneus left the ships
on foot, and he would have given the Trojans
great glory had Coeranus and his swift horses
not come like a light of hope to ward off his day
of doom; but Coreanus lost his own life when
man-slaying Hector struck him with his spear
below his jaw and ear, tearing out his teeth
and slicing his tongue. He fell from the chariot
and dropped the reins, but Meriones gathered
them up from the plain and said to Idomeneus:
“Whip the horses until you reach the swift ships;
you know the Achaeans have lost their might.”

So saying, a terrified Idomeneus whipped
the fair-maned horses back to the hollow ships.

Ajax and Menelaus saw that Zeus was turning
the tide of battle and giving the Trojans victory;
of the two, Telamonian Ajax was first to speak:
“Now, even a fool can see that father Zeus
himself is helping the Trojans. Their missiles
all hit their targets, no matter who throws them,
be they weak or strong, for Zeus directs them
while ours all fall fruitlessly to the ground.
But come, let us devise the best plan of action,
so we can drag this corpse away, return home,
and bring joy to our dear comrades who grieve
when they see us, believing that man-slaying
Hector’s fury and untouchable hands cannot
be stopped until they reach the black ships.
I wish someone would quickly go to Achilles
and tell him of his dear friend’s death, for I
do not think he has heard the mournful news.
But I see no such man among the Achaeans,
for they and their horses are shrouded in mist.
Father Zeus, lift the mist from the Achaean sons,
brighten the sky, and let us see them with our eyes.
Then, if it pleases you, destroy us in the daylight.”

So he said, and as he wept, Zeus took pity on him
and quickly scattered the darkness and pushed away
the mist. At once, the sun appeared and the battle
was plain to see, and Ajax said to war-crier Menelaus:
“Menelaus, nourished by Zeus, look now and see
if Antilochus, great-hearted Nestor’s son, is alive,
and urge him to go quickly to warlike Achilles
and tell him that his dearest friend is dead.”

So he said, and war-crier Menelaus obeyed,
setting off like a lion who leaves a cattle pen
after growing tired of provoking dogs and men
who stay awake all night long to prevent
the beast from taking the fattest ox; in his lust
for flesh, the lion charges forward all the same
only to meet javelins shot from brave hands
and torches that force him to flee, and despite
his desire, he leaves at dawn with a sullen heart.
So, against his will, great-shouter Menelaus
left Patroclus, fearing that the Achaeans would
leave him to become a prize for the enemy.
He implored the Ajaxes and Meriones, saying:
“Ajaxes, leaders of the Argives, and Meriones,
let each of you remember the kindness of poor
Patroclus, a man who was gentle to all while
he lived, but now fated death has come for him.”

So saying, fair-haired Menelaus went away,
looking around like an eagle, which men say
has the sharpest eyes of all birds under heaven,
for when he hovers high over a swift-footed
hare hiding in a thick-leafed bush, he swoops
down, seizes it, and takes away its life;
so also did the eyes of Menelaus, cherished
by Zeus, scan the throng, searching for Nestor’s
son and hoping to find him still alive.
He soon saw him on the left side of the wide
battle, urging his comrades on in the fight.
And Menelaus went up to him and said:
“Antilochus, dear to Zeus, come and hear
the sorrowful news I wish had never happened.
By now, you have seen that a god has brought
the Danaans misery and the Trojans victory;
The best of the Achaeans, Patroclus, has been
slain, bringing the Danaans great sadness.
Now hurry to the Achaean ships and tell Achilles,
so he can bring back his corpse, which is naked,
for flashing-helmed Hector has taken his armor.”

His words horrified, Antilochus and left him
speechless, his eyes filled with tears and his rich
voice silenced. Still, he did not forget the charge
given him by Menelaus, so he prepared to run,
giving his armor to blameless Laodocus, who
was nearby, wheeling the single-hoofed horses.

He wept as his feet took him away from battle
to bring the terrible news to Achilles, son of Peleus.
Nor were you, Menelaus, blessed by Zeus, willing
to aid his weary comrades after Antilochus left them,
though the men of Pylos felt his absence deeply.
Instead, he sent noble Thrasmedes to them, while
he returned to protect the hero Patroclus. When
he stood beside the Ajaxes, he quickly told them:
“I sent Antilochus to the swift ships to speak
to swift-footed Achilles, but I do not think he will
come, though noble Hector has angered him,
for he would not fight the Trojans unarmed.
But let us devise a strategy that will allow us
to drag the corpse away, to escape a deadly
fate, and to flee the battle cries of the Trojans.”

Then great Telamonian Ajax replied to him:
“All you say is right and true, famed Menelaus.
You and Meriones should swiftly lift the corpse
and carry it away from battle while we two stay
behind and battle the Trojans and godlike Hector,
for we have the same name and the same spirit
and have often stood together in bitter battle.”

Saying this, they took Patroclus in their arms
and lifted him high above the earth. The Trojans
cried out when they saw them lifting the corpse
and charged at them like dogs attacking a wild
boar that a young hunter has shot and wounded;
for a time, they rush on, eager to rip him to pieces,
but then the boar turns and faces them, trusting
his might, and the dogs retreat, scattering in all
directions. So, for a time, did the Trojans charge
as one, wielding swords and double-edged spears,
but whenever the Ajaxes turned to face them,
the color drained from their faces and none
dared to rush out and fight them over the body.

So they carried the corpse away from battle
and to the hollow ships, and the fighting
around them was fierce. Like a wind-assisted
fire that rushes on a city, sets it alight, and turns
houses into flaming embers, so the incessant
roar of chariots and spearmen chased after
them as they hurried away. Just as mules
combine their strength to drag a tree or beam
for a great ship down a rugged mountain
path, their hearts strained by sweat and toil
as they hurry along, so these two hurried
to carry their corpse. Behind them, the Ajaxes
held back the enemy like a wooded ridge
holding back a flood along a flat plain that
tempers the powerful streams of a mighty
river and displaces the currents so the flood
waters never break through. So, in this way,
did the two Ajaxes beat back the battling
Trojans. Still, the Trojans fought on, especially
Aeneas, son of Anchises, and glorious Hector.
Just as a flying cloud of starlings or jackdaws
utter death-shrieks when they see before them
a hawk that brings destruction to small birds,
so the young Achaeans uttered shrieks and took
flight when they beheld Aeneas and Hector.
Many pieces of armor fell around the trench
as the Danaans fled, but the war never stopped.

Book 18

As they fought like flaming fire, swift-footed
Antilochus delivered his message to Achilles,
who was in front of the high-sterned ships
wondering to himself what had come to pass.
In agitation, he addressed his own heart, saying:
“Alas, why are the long-haired Achaeans again
retreating over the plain and back to the ships?
I hope the gods have not brought to my heart
the foul pain my mother once foretold: that
while I lived the best of the Myrmidons
would leave the sun’s light by Trojan hands.
Menoetius’ strong son must surely be dead,
the fool. I told him to return to the ships once
the fire was out and not to battle mighty Hector.”

As he pondered all this in his mind and heart,
Nestor’s noble son approached him, shedding
hot tears, and delivered the terrible tidings:
“Son of skilled Peleus, I bring dreadful news
that you must hear, though I wish it were not so.
Patroclus is dead, a battle rages around his naked
corpse, and flashing-helmed Hector has his armor.”

A black cloud of sorrow immediately enveloped
Achilles. He lifted dark soot in both hands
and poured it over his head, debasing his fair
face and his fragrant clothes with black ash.
Then he stretched out his mighty body in the dust
and ripped out chunks of hair with his hands.
And the slave women who were taken by Achilles
and Patroclus cried out in grief and rushed
to surround skilled Achilles, beating their breasts
with their hands and falling to their knees. Facing
them was Antilochus, crying and shedding tears
with them as he held the hand of a groaning
Achilles, afraid that the prince would cut
his own throat with iron. The piercing wails
of Achilles were heard by his revered mother,
who sat deep under the sea beside the old man,
her father. Then she cried out, and the goddesses
converged upon her, all the daughters of Nereus
in the depths of the sea: Glauce, Thaleia,
Cymodoce, Nesaea, Speio, Thoë, ox-eyed
Hailë, Cymothoë, Actaeë, Limnoreia, Melite,
Iaera, Amphitoeë, Agave, Doto, Proto, Pherusa,
Dynamene, Dexamene, Amphinome,
Callianeira, Doris, Panope, glorious Galatea,
Nemertes, Apseudes, Callianassa, Clymene,
Ianeira, Ianassa, Maera, Oreithyia,
fair-haired Amatheia, and many other
Nereids who lived deep beneath the sea.
When the bright cave was full, they all beat
their breasts, and Thetis led their laments:
“Listen, Nereid sisters, so you may know all
of the troubles that are in my heart. Woe is
me, unfortunate mother of a hero, for I bore
a noble and strong son, the best of men.
He shot up like a sapling, and I reared him well,
like a tree in a rich orchard. Then I sent him
in the curved ships to Ilios to battle the Trojans,
but I will never again welcome him home
to the house of Peleus. Though he still lives
and looks upon the light of the sun, he grieves,
and I cannot help him. Still, I will go to him,
look upon my child, and find out why grief has
come to him though he refrains from fighting.”

So saying, she left the cave, her weeping sisters
following. The ocean waves parted around them,
and when they came to fertile Troy, they stepped,
one by one, onto the beach where the Myrmidon
swift ships were set close together around Achilles.
His revered mother came to stand beside him as he
groaned deeply. With a sharp cry, she took her child’s
head in her arms and mournfully said to him:
“Why do you cry, my son? What woe has filled
your heart? Tell me; do not hold back. Your wish,
your prayer, has been fulfilled by Zeus: that all
the sons of Achaea should be trapped by the sterns
of their ships, having suffered terribly.”

Sighing deeply, swift-footed Achilles replied to her:
“Mother, the Olympian answered my prayers,
but what good is that when Patroclus lies dead,
my dear friend whom I honored above all others,
equal to myself? I lost him, and when Hector
killed him, he stripped his fine armor, a wonder
to behold, a splendid gift from the gods to Peleus
on the day they put you in a mortal’s bed.
I wish you had stayed in the sea with the other
immortals and Peleus had taken a mortal bride.
But now, you will suffer infinite grief in your heart
for your dead son, whom you will never again
welcome into your home, for my heart commands
me not to live on among men unless Hector is
slain by my spear and loses his life as payment
for spoiling Patroclus, son of Menoetius.”

Then a tearful Thetis answered him, saying:
“If you speak truth, my child, then you will soon
die, for your death will swiftly follow Hector’s.”

A distressed Achilles, swift of foot, answered her:
“Then I will die soon, for I could not protect
my friend from death, and he fell far from home
because I failed to save him from ruin. Therefore,
since I am not returning to my dear father’s land,
since I was not a light for Patroclus or others who
were overpowered by godlike Hector, and since
I sat beside the ships like a useless lump of soil—
I who in war am the best of all bronze-clad
Achaeans, though others are better in council—
then let strife among gods and men cease along
with the rage that turns a sensible man violent
and grows like smoke in men’s hearts until it
becomes sweeter than dripping honey, as it did
when Agamemnon, lord of men, enraged me.
But let us set aside thoughts of grief and stifle
the pain that fills our hearts, for now I must go
after Hector, who killed my dear friend. I will
then accept my death when Zeus and the other
immortals will it to come to pass. Not even mighty
Heracles escaped death, though he was the favorite
of Zeus, son of Cronos, for he could not conquer
fate or Hera’s anger. And if I meet a similar fate,
then I, too, will lie down and die. But now I must
win great glory so some Trojan or Dardanian
women with deep-folded dresses should wipe tears
from their soft cheeks with both hands, send out
wailing groans, and learn that I stayed away
from war too long. Though you love me, do not
hold me back from battle, for I will not obey.”

Then silver-footed Thetis answered him:
“All you say is true, my child; it is right
to protect your weary friends from a foul fate.
But your beautiful bronze armor is in Trojan
hands, and flashing-helmed Hector delights
in wearing it on his shoulders. But his joy
will be short-lived, for his death is near at hand.
Therefore do not plunge into the toil of Ares
until your eyes witness my return to this place,
for when the sun rises at dawn, I will be back
bearing beautiful armor from lord Hephaestus.”

So saying, she turned away from her son
and spoke to her sisters of the sea, saying:
“Plunge into the bosom of the sea, visit the old
man of the sea in our father’s house, and tell
him everything. I will go to high Olympus
and to ask famed craftsman Hephaestus if he
would give my son brilliant, shining armor.”

So saying, her sisters plunged into the sea,
and silver-footed Thetis went to Olympus
to bring brilliant armor back for her son.

As she set off for Olympus, the Achaeans cried
out in panic as they fled man-slaying Hector
and returned to their ships and the Hellespont.
But the men and horses of Troy and the flaming
fury of Priam’s son, Hector, reached the Achaeans
before they could drag the corpse of Patroclus,
Achilles’ friend, away from the missiles. Three
times shining Hector grabbed his feet and tried
to drag him off, calling on the Trojans for help,
and three times the furious Ajaxes drove him
away. But Hector, trusting his strength, kept
either charging into the fray or standing firm
and crying out, never once giving ground.
Just as shepherds in a field cannot drive a lion
away from a carcass when his hunger is great,
so the two Ajaxes, leaders of men, could not
scare Hector away from the corpse. He would
have dragged Patroclus away and won great glory
had wind-swift Iris not come from Olympus,
sent by Hera without the knowledge of Zeus
and the other gods, to tell the son of Peleus
to prepare for battle. She came to him and said:
“Achilles, fiercest of all men, rise and protect
Patroclus, for whose sake a brutal battle is being
waged by the ships. Men are killing each other:
the Achaeans to defend the corpse, the Trojans
to drag it back to windy Ilios. Great Hector
is especially eager to drag it away, for his heart
hopes to cut the head from the tender neck
and fix it to the palisades. So stand and fill
your heart with shame that Patroclus should
become a sport for Trojan dogs. You will be
the one dishonored if his corpse is mutilated.”

Swift-footed, godlike Achilles replied to her:
“Goddess Iris, which god sent you to me?”

Then wind-swift Iris answered him, saying:
“Hera sent me, noble wife of Zeus; the son
of Cronos and the other immortals living
on snow-clad Olympus know nothing of this.”

In reply, swift-footed Achilles said to her:
“But how will I fight? They have my armor,
and my dear mother told me not to arm
myself until my eyes witness her return, for she
vowed to bring back beautiful armor made
by Hephaestus. I know no other armor I could
wear save for the shield of Telamonian Ajax.
But I expect he is among the foremost fighters
wielding his spear in defense of dead Patroclus.”

Then wind-swift Iris answered him, saying:
“We know that they have your famous armor,
but go to the trench and show yourself as you
are to the Trojans so that they may panic, flee
the fight, and give the worn-out Achaean sons
some rest, for there is little time for rest in war.”

So wind-swift Iris said and departed, and Achilles,
blessed by Zeus, sprang up. Athena draped
the tasseled aegis around his strong shoulders
and covered his head in a golden mist so he
glowed like a blazing fire. Imagine smoke rising
into the aether over a besieged city on a distant
island where men have battled in hated war all
day long, but at sunset they light signal fires one
after another, their glare rising high enough
for their neighbors to see, and hope rises that
some will come in their ships and save them
from ruin. So also did the glow from Achilles’
head rise into the aether when he left the wall
to stand in the trench away from the Achaeans,
obeying his mother. He stood there and shouted,
and from afar Pallas Athena amplified his cry,
and the Trojans were terrified. Like a trumpet’s
piercing wail when a city is attacked by deadly
enemies, so were the cries of Aeacus’ grandson.
Hearing Achilles’ brazen voice, all Trojans
lost heart, and the fair-maned horses turned
their chariots around, sensing the coming grief.
Their drivers also panicked at the sight of steady
flames blazing above the head of Peleus’ great-
hearted son, set alight by gleaming-eyed Athena.
Three times Achilles cried out over the trench,
and each time the Trojans and their allies were
filled with fear, and in the confusion of chariots
and spears, twelve of the best Trojans died.
But the Achaeans gladly pulled Patroclus away
from the missiles and placed him on a litter,
and his friends stood around him and grieved,
including swift-footed Achilles, who cried hot
tears at the sight of his trusted friend lying
on a bier, torn apart by sharp bronze: the man
he sent to war with horses and chariot
but will never again be welcomed home.

Then ox-eyed queen Hera ordered tireless
Helios to return unwillingly to Ocean’s streams,
and as the sun set, the noble Achaeans put
a halt to the great battle and terrible war.

After the Trojans withdrew from mighty combat,
they unyoked their swift horses from the chariots
and gathered together before arranging dinner.
All in the assembly stood straight and none sat,
for they trembled with fear at the thought
of Achilles returning to battle after a long absence.
Polydamas, Panthous’ son, was first to speak,
for he alone could see future and past. He was
Hector’s friend, born on the same night, but one
was better in words, the other with a spear.
With good intent, he addressed the assembly:
“Think carefully, my friends. I urge you to return
to the city and not wait for dawn on the plain
beside the ships, for we are far from the wall.
While this man quarreled with noble Agamemnon,
the Achaeans were a much easier foe to fight,
and I eagerly stayed the night beside the swift
ships, for I hoped to take those well-made ships.
But now I am terrified of swift-footed Peleus’ son,
for his heart is headstrong and he will not want
to stay on the plain where Trojans and Achaeans
have fought together under the fury of Ares,
but will take the fight to our city and our wives.
I urge you, go to the city; it is just common sense.
For now, ambrosial night has stopped swift-footed
Achilles, but if he comes in his armor tomorrow
and catches us here, then many men will know
who he is and will gladly retreat to sacred Ilios,
but others will be devoured by vultures and dogs.
I hope that tale is far from my hearing. If we
obey my words, though it pains us to do so,
then tonight we will keep our forces in the market-
place, and the city will be guarded by walls,
towers, gates, and well-polished, well-bolted doors.
Then, at dawn, we will arm ourselves and take
our places on the walls, and this will frustrate
him when he leaves his ships to fight us, for after
exhausting his high-necked horses by driving
them around the city, he will return to his ships.
His pride will not let him force his way inside
or sack us, and soon swift dogs will devour him.”

With an angry glance, Hector answered him:
“Polydamas, I despise your plan to retreat
to the city and hide there together. Have you
not had your fill of hiding behind walls?
In the past, all mortal men told stories about
the wealth of gold and bronze in Priam’s city;
now Troy’s homes are empty, its treasures sold
to Phrygia and fair Maeonia after great Zeus
grew angry. But wily Cronos’ son has promised
that I would win glory at the ships and trap
the Achaeans by the sea, so do not share
these thoughts among our men, for no Trojan
will obey you—I will make sure of it. But come
now, listen to my words, and obey: dine
with your troops, remember your guard duty,
and let each man stay alert, and if any Trojan
cares for his possessions, then let him gather
them and give them to the people; better
they enjoy them than the Achaeans. Then,
at dawn, we will arm ourselves and bring fierce
battle to the hollow ships. If noble Achilles
has stirred himself to action beside the ships,
then it will be at his peril, for I will not flee
from him in woeful battle but stand and face
him, be it for his glory or my own. The god
of war is impartial: he kills the man who kill.”

So Hector said, and the Trojans rejoiced,
the fools, for Pallas Athena had stripped them
of their senses, and all praise went to Hector’s
deadly plan and none to Polydamas’ wise one.
So the Trojans dined in their camp. But all
night long, the Achaeans mourned Patroclus,
led by the son of Peleus who laid his friend’s
man-slaying hands across his chest and groaned
like a well-maned lion whose cubs had been taken
by a hunter and carried away in a thick forest;
later, the lion returns, grieves, and then sets off
to track the man’s footprints through many glens
in hopes of finding him, for he is filled with rage.
So, with a heavy groan, Achilles told the Myrmidons:
“Friends, I spoke empty words on the day I tried
to comfort heroic Menoetius in our palace, saying
that I would bring his famous son back to Opoeis
with his share of the spoils after I sack Ilios.
But Zeus does not grant all wishes to all men,
and we are both fated to stain the Trojan earth
red with blood, for I, too, will die here and never
again be welcomed home by old horseman Peleus
or by Thetis, my mother. But since I will join you
in the earth later, I will not perform funeral rites
for you until after I have brought back the armor
and head of your killer, noble Hector, and have
cut the throats of twelve Trojan children before
your pyre as payment for your death. Until then,
you will lie by the curved ships as Trojan
or Dardanian women with deep-folded dresses
shed tears and mourn for you all day and night,
women we won with our strength and long
spears when we raided the rich cities of men.”

So saying, godlike Achilles urged his comrades
to set a great cauldron around the fire so that he
could quickly wash Patroclus’ blood-stained body.
So they set on the fire a bath-water cauldron,
filled it with water, and set kindling beneath it.
After the fire spread around the cauldron’s belly
and the water was boiling in the glittering bronze,
they washed him and anointed his wounds
with nine-year old oils; then they laid him on a bier,
covered him from head to toe with a soft linen
cloth, and covered that cloth with a white cloak.
And all night long, Myrmidons gathered around
swift-footed Achilles and mourned Patroclus.
And Zeus said to his sister and wife, Hera:
“Your got your way, ox-eyed queen Hera.
Swift-footed Achilles has been roused. The long-
haired Achaeans must surely be your children.”

Then, in reply, ox-eyed queen Hera said:
“What a thing to say, feared son of Cronos.
Even mortals who lack my wisdom are
expected to carry out their will for another.
So how can I—who is the greatest of all
goddesses, for I am eldest and am married
to you, lord of all immortals—not plot against
the Trojans, since I bear them such a grudge?”

As they spoke to one another, silver-footed
Thetis arrived at the house of Hephaestus—
the immortal, imperishable house of stars
and bronze forged by the crooked-footed god.
She found him sweating as he quickly worked
the bellows while fashioning twenty tripods
to stand around the wall of his well-built
palace. Golden wheels were fixed to each leg,
so each tripod could roll into a divine gathering
and return on its own—a true wonder.
These were nearly done, but the handles were
not yet attached, and he was forging the rivets
for them with craftsmanship and cunning when
the silver-footed goddess Thetis approached.
Beautiful Charis of the bright head-dress,
wife of famed crooked-limbed Hephaestus,
saw her, took her by the hand, and said to her:
“Long-robed Thetis, honored guest, why have
you come to our home? You do not come often.
But follow me, so I may welcome you properly.”

So saying, Charis led her in and set her down
on a fine, well-crafted, silver-studded chair
with a footstool beneath it. Then she called
to her famed craftsman husband, saying:
“Hephaestus, come here. Thetis needs you.”

The famed crooked-limbed god replied to her:
“Here in my house is the revered, honored
goddess who saved me after I came to harm
when my mother shamelessly threw me away,
hoping to hide my lameness. I would have
suffered had Thetis and Eurynome, daughter
of ever-circling Oceanus, not rescued me.
I was with them for nine years, crafting fine
objects—brooches, spiral bracelets, necklaces,
and pins—in their hollow cave as the foaming,
rushing waters of Oceanus flowing around us;
and no other gods or mortals knew except
for Thetis and Eurynome, who saved me.
Now she has come to my house, and it is time
for me to repay fair-haired Thetis for saving
my life. So set before her many good things
while I put away my bellows and my tools.”

So saying, the mighty god rose from the anvil
and limped away, though his thin legs moved
nimbly. He set the bellows away from the fire,
gathered his tools, and placed them in a silver
chest; then he wiped his face, hands, strong
neck, and hairy chest with a sponge, dressed
in a tunic, took up a stout staff, and limped
out the door. Golden attendants resembling
young girls quickly came out to aid their lord.
The immortal gods granted them intelligence,
speech, strength, and knowledge of handiwork.
They hurried to support him as he limped
over to Thetis, sat on a splendid seat, took
her hand in his, and addressed her, saying:
“Long-robed Thetis, beloved guest, why have
you come to our home? You do not come often.
Tell me what you need, and if it is in my power
to fulfill your request, then fulfill it I will.”

With tears in her eyes, Thetis answered him:
“Hephaestus, has any Olympian goddess ever
suffered as many painful woes in her heart as
those Zeus, son of Cronos, has sent to me?
Of all the sea goddesses, he forced me against
my will to marry and lay in bed with a mortal,
Peleus, son of Aeacus, who now sits in his palace
suffering from old age, but I have other worries.
He gave me a son to bear, greatest of warriors.
He shot up like a sapling, and I raised him
well, like a tree in a rich orchard. Then I
sent him in the curved ships to Ilios to battle
the Trojans, but I will never again welcome
him home to the house of Peleus. Though he
still lives and still sees the sun’s rays, he grieves,
and I cannot help him. The maiden given
to him as a prize by the sons of Achaea was
taken from his arms by lord Agamemnon.
Grief over her broke his heart, but the Trojans
held the Achaean at the sterns of their ships
and did not let them escape. The Achaean elders
begged for his help, offering him many gifts,
but he refused to save them from ruin. Still,
he allowed Patroclus to don his armor and sent
him into war along with many of his men. All day
long they fought by the Scaean gates, the stout son
of Menoetius killing many; and they would have
sacked the city had Apollo not slain him there
in the front lines, giving glory to Hector. Now I
come to you on my knees to ask that you give
my short-lived son a shield, a helmet, fine greaves
with ankle-clasps, and a breastplate. The Trojans
took his armor when they slew his comrade,
and now my son lies grieving on the ground.”

The famed crooked-limbed god replied to her:
“Take heart, and do not worry about these things.
I only wish I could hide him from foul death’s
grasp when fate reaches him. But I will give him
armor so beautiful that in future any mortals
who look upon it will marvel at the sight.”

So saying, he left her, went to his bellows,
turned them towards the fire, and ordered
them to work. Then all twenty bellows blew
on the crucible and sent a blast of air that
fanned the flames so wherever Hephaestus
moved, his work would continue. He threw
on the fire impermeable bronze along with tin,
precious gold, and silver. Then he set the great
anvil on the block and took his mighty
hammer in one hand and tongs in the other.

First he made a strong, sturdy shield covered
in cunning adornments. A triple-banded rim
glittered around it, and a silver baldric was
fastened to it. The shield had five metal layers,
and on it he crafted many curious designs.

He forged upon it the earth, the heavens,
the sea, the tireless sun, the full moon,
and all the constellations found in the heavens:
the Pleiades, the Hyades, fierce Orion,
and the Great Bear, also called the Wain,
that spins in place and watches Orion but is
alone in never entering the baths of Oceanus.

Then he made two fair cities of mortal men.
In one, there were wedding feasts and festivals:
brides were being led from their chambers
across the city under torchlight as wedding
songs played, and young men were whirling
and dancing to the sounds of flutes and lyres
as women stood at their doors in wonder.
A crowd filled the marketplace, for a quarrel
had arisen between two men over the blood-price
for a slain man: one vowed to paid the price
in full, the other refused to accept the price,
and both wanted an arbitrator to decide.
The crowd cheered both sides, aiding each man
in turn, and heralds restrained the people as
the elders, sitting on polished stones in a sacred
circle, held in their hands the scepters of loud-
crying heralds and stood in turn to pass judgment.
And two talents of gold sat between them to be
given to the judge whose verdict was straightest.

In the other city, there were two armies of men
in shining armor. One side wished to destroy
the city while the other wished to divide in two
all of the city’s fine possessions. But the city,
undaunted, was arming for an ambush.
Their dear wives and young children stood
guard on the wall with the older men; the rest
went out, led by Ares and Pallas Athena, whose
bodies and tunics glowed gold. They were fair
and tall in their armor, like the gods they are,
and they towered over the mortals. When they
reached a riverbed with a watering hole for all
herds—a spot suitable for an ambush—
they sat there, wrapped in their fiery bronze.
Then two lookouts were set apart from the army
to wait until they saw sheep and sleek cattle.
These came quickly, followed by sheepherders
playing their pipes, unaware of the ambush
to come. Seeing them approach, the ambushers
quickly cut off the cattle herds and flocks of white
sheep and killed the herdsmen. When the other
army, sitting in assembly, heard the cattle noises,
they quickly mounted behind their high-stepping
horses, rode off, and soon reached them. The two
sides stood and fought beside the river, hurling
bronze-tipped spears at each other. Strife was there
with Tumult and deadly Doom, who was holding
one freshly-hurt man and another unhurt one
and was dragging a dead man by his feet through
the battle; and the clothing on her shoulders was
red with blood. They joined and fought alongside
mortal men, and each side carried away their dead.

Then he made a wide field with rich, soft soil,
thrice-plowed, and in the field were many
plowmen driving their oxen this way and that.
When they reached the field’s end and turned,
a man would come and give them each a cup
of honey-sweet wine; then they turned again
to the furrows, eager to reach the deep soil’s edge.
The field was black as if it had been plowed,
though it was gold: such was the shield’s wonder.

Then he made a king’s domain where laborers
held sharp sickles in their hands and reaped.
Some grain fell in armfuls along the furrows
while binders bound others with rope. Three
binders stood ready, and behind them boys
gathered grains by the armfuls and carried
them to the binders. The king, staff in hand,
stood silently by the furrow, his heart pleased.
Far away, heralds sat under a tree and prepared
a slaughtered ox for a feast while the women
scattered white barley for the worker’s meal.

Then he made a beautiful golden vineyard
overflowing with bunches of black grapes
set on silver poles throughout the yard.
Around it he put a blue ditch alongside a tin
fence with a single path leading to it that was
used by grape harvesters on their way to strip
the vines. Girls and boys, full of childish
glee, carried the honey-sweet fruit in wicker
baskets. And a child played a sweet-toned
lyre and softly sang the beautiful Linos song
while the others all sang along as their feet
skipped and danced in rhythm to the music.

Then he forged from gold and tin a herd
of straight-horned cattle who lowed as they
hurried out of the dung towards a farm-yard
beside a murmuring river with wavering reeds.
The herdsmen, also golden, led the cattle,
four in all, followed by nine swift-footed dogs.
But two fearsome lions near the foremost cattle
held a bull, who gave a loud roar as he was
dragged away, pursued by dogs and young men.
The lions tore the great bull’s hide, devouring
its innards and black blood as the herdsmen
let the swift dogs loose in hopes of scaring them.
But the dogs avoided biting the lions, drawing
near them and barking but staying well clear.

Then the famed, crooked-limbed god made
a pasture in a fair dell filled with flocks of white
sheep, farm-houses, roofed huts, and pens.

Then the famed, crooked-limbed god fashioned
a dancing floor like the one Daedalus made
in broad Cnossos for fair-haired Ariadne.
There, young men and maidens whose beauty
was worth many oxen danced with each other
and held hands at the wrist. The maidens wore
finely woven linens and elegant coronets,
and the men wore well-spun tunics glowing
softly with oil and golden daggers held
in silver baldrics. They would move their skillful
feet in circles with the ease of a potter fitting
his hands close to his wheel to test how it
runs. Then they would run in lines towards
each other as an assembly of people stood
around celebrating the delightful dance,
and among them two acrobats whirled up
and down, leading the singing and dancing.

Then, around the rim of the well-made shield,
he formed the great and mighty river Oceanus.

After making the great and sturdy shield,
he forged a breastplate brighter than a blazing
fire, a snug-fitting, stout helmet, cunningly
crafted and topped with a golden crest,
and a pair of greaves made from supple tin.

When the crooked-limbed god finished making
all the armor, he set it before Achilles’ mother,
and she flew like a hawk down snowy Olympus
carrying the sparkling armor from Hephaestus

Book 19

As saffron-robed Dawn rose out of the Oceanic
streams, bringing light to mortals and immortals
alike, Thetis came to the ships carrying gifts
from the gods. She found her dear son clutching
Patroclus and crying aloud as his comrades stood
around him and wept. Divine Thetis went
to his side, took her son’s hand, and said to him:
“Child, for all our grief, we must let this man be,
since his death was the will of the gods. But take
this fine, wondrous armor made by Hephaestus;
truly, no man has ever shouldered its like.”

So saying, the goddess set the armor down before
Achilles, the metal making a rattling sound.
Then all Myrmidons trembled in fear, none
daring to look at the armor. But when Achilles
saw the arms, his rage intensified, and his eyes
burned with a fearsome fire under his eyelids.
As his mind looked with delight at the splendid
armor, he spoke winged words to his mother:
“Mother, these arms are truly the work of a god,
for no mortal could hope to forge their like.
Now I can start arming for battle. All the same,
I worry flies will enter the body of Menoetius’
stout son, and worms will begin breeding
in his bronze-made wounds, and he will
become befouled. After all, life has been
stripped from him, so his flesh will start to rot.”

Then silver-footed Thetis replied to him:
“Child, do not cloud your mind with such
fears. I will protect this man from the tribe
of savage flies who devour men slain in battle;
even if he lies there for a whole cycle of seasons,
his flesh will remain firm—or even stronger.
But you must assemble the Achaean warriors,
end your feud with Agamemnon, shepherd of men,
arm yourself for war, and ready your spirit.”

So saying, she sent her son steadfast courage
and dropped into Patroclus’ nose ambrosia
and red nectar, so his flesh would remain firm.

Then godlike Achilles went to the seashore, gave
a fearsome cry, and roused the Achaean warriors.
And even those who usually stayed by the ships
and avoided gatherings—like captains, oarsmen,
or ship stewards who dispense food—answered
the call to assembly when Achilles appeared,
for he had long avoided grievous battle. Two
servants of Ares came limping, the steadfast
son of Tydeus and noble Odysseus, each using
spears as crutches, their wounds still sore;
they came and sat in the front of the assembly.
Last came Agamemnon, ruler of men, who was
nursing a wound he received after being struck
by the bronze spear of Coön, son of Antenor.
When all the Achaeans had gathered together,
swift-footed Achilles stood and addressed them:
“Son of Atreus, do you think that we two are
better off after filling our hearts with grief
and fighting in savage fury over a girl?
If only Artemis had killed her with an arrow
on the day I sacked Lyrnessus and took her,
then fewer Achaeans would have been driven
into the dust by enemy hands while I raged.
Hector and the Trojans profited, but the Achaeans
will long remember this feud between you and I.
But as painful as it may be, we must let the past
be the past and set aside the anger in our hearts;
Now I end my rage, for unrelenting anger
does me no good. So come, let us quickly
rouse the long-haired Achaeans to war, so I
may battle the Trojans and find out if they
still wish to sleep by our ships. Many, I think,
will gladly rest their limbs should they survive
the furies of war and the storm of our spears.”

So he spoke, and the well-greaved Achaeans
cheered the great-hearted son of Peleus
for ending his wrath. Then Agamemnon, lord
of men, spoke from his seat, without standing:
“Warriors and friends, Danaan, servants of Ares,
it is wise to listen to the speaker and unwise
to interrupt one so skilled. And given the crowd,
how could anyone else be heard? This would
make any speaker struggle. Now, son of Peleus,
I declare my mind to you, and the rest of you
should listen carefully to these words. Many times
have the Achaeans spoken these words to me,
reproaching me, but I am not at fault—Zeus is,
as are the Moirai and the dark-stepping Erinyes
who filled my heart with reckless rage on that day
in assembly when I stripped Achilles of his prize.
But what could I do? It was the will of the gods.
Zeus’ oldest daughter is cursed Atë, deceiver
of all, whose soft feet step not on the ground
but over the heads of men, bringing them
to ruin; she has shackled many besides myself.
Once, she even deceived Zeus, though he is
the greatest among men and gods. On the day
when Alcmene was ready to bear Heracles
in well-crowned Thebes, Hera, who is only
a woman, deceived him with her wiles.
Zeus boasted to all the gods, telling them:
‘All you gods and goddesses, listen to me
as I speak the words my heart commands.
Today, Eileithyia who soothes childbirth will
bring to light a ruler for all those who live
around him, a man who is of my own blood.’
Then queen Hera cunningly replied to him:
‘You will be made a liar, your words rendered
moot. But come, lord of Olympus, and swear
to me a mighty oath that whoever falls
between a woman’s feet today and is
of your blood will rule all living near him.’
So she said, and Zeus swore a mighty oath,
blinded as he was by her trickery. Hera flew
down the Olympian peaks and soon came
to Achaean Argos, where she found the wife
of Sthenelus, son of Perseus, who was seven
months pregnant with her son. Hera brought
the child into the light two months early and held
off Eileithyia so Alcmene would not deliver.
Then she addressed the son of Cronos, saying:
‘Father Zeus, lord of lightning, hear my words.
A man has been born who will rule the Argives:
Eurystheus, son of Sthenelus, who is Perseus’ son.
He will not disgrace the Argives as their king.’
So she said, and sharp pain and anger struck deep
within Zeus’ mind; at once, he grabbed Atë
by her golden-haired head and swore a mighty
oath that Atë, deceiver of all, would never return
to Olympus or the starry heavens. Then he whirled
her round and threw her from the starry heavens,
and she soon landed in a tilled field. Zeus would
wail and think of her when he saw his dear son
undertake one of Eurysthesus’ shameful labors.
Thus, when flashing-helmed Hector was killing
Argives back at the ships’ sterns, I too could not
forget Atë, who first blinded me. And since I was
blinded and stripped by Zeus of my senses, I wish
to make amends and offer countless ransoms.
So rise for battle, and ready the rest of your men.
I offer you all the gifts that Odysseus promised
you yesterday when he visited your tents.
Or, if you prefer, wait here and my attendants
will go to my ships and return with your gifts,
so you will know if my gifts satisfy your spirit.”

Then swift-footed Achilles answered him:
“Son of Atreus, Agamemnon, great ruler of men,
you can give me the gifts, as is proper, or keep
them for yourself. But now let us quickly focus
on the fight ahead; there is no need to prattle on
or waste time, for great work is left undone.
As you again see Achilles among the foremost
fighters, killing Trojan battalions with his bronze
spear, so remember this as you fight your foes.”

But Odysseus of many counsels replied to him:
“As great a warrior as you are, godlike Achilles,
do not send the Achaean sons to Ilios to fight
the Trojans on empty stomachs, for the battle
will not be a short one once the fighting forces
meet and the gods breathe fury into both armies.
Order the Achaeans by the swift ships to take
food and wine and so gain strength and courage.
No man is capable of fighting the foe all day
long, from sunup to sunset, while starving;
for even though his heart may wish to wage war,
when thirst and hunger hit him, his limbs will
gradually grow heavy and his knees will weaken.
But when a man has had his fill of food and wine,
he can fight the enemy all day long, for the heart
in his chest is full of courage and his limbs stay
strong until all fighting has come to an end.
So order your army to disperse and prepare
their meals, and let Agamemnon, lord of men,
bring the gifts to the middle of the assembly
so all Achaeans can see them, and so your heart
is satisfied. And let him stand before all Argives
and swear to you that he never went to Briseïs’
bed or slept with her, as is natural for men
and women, and let your heart be gracious.
Then let him make amends to you with a fat feast
in his tent, so you may have your due. And you,
son of Atreus, will be more honorable to others
in the future, for it is no disgrace for one king
to appease another when he is first to grow angry.”

Then Agamemnon, lord of men, answered him:
“Son of Laertes, your words please me, for you
have recounted the events fairly and accurately.
My heart urges me to swear this oath, and I will
not perjure myself before the gods. Let Achilles
remain here, though Ares hastens him on, and let
all the others remain here as well until the gifts
from my tent arrive and we swear solemn oaths.
And I order you to select men—the best from all
the Achaeans—to bring from my ships the gifts
that we promised to give Achilles yesterday
along with the women. And tell Talthybius
to prepare a boar in the middle of the wide
camp for me to sacrifice to Zeus and Helios.”

Then swift-footed Achilles answered him:
“Great son of Atreus, Agamemnon, lord
of men, worry about these things later on,
when there is a break in the battle and the rage
in my chest is not so strong. Right now, men
lie butchered, killed by Hector, son of Priam,
to whom Zeus grants glory, yet you want us
to eat? I would command the sons of Achaea
to go into battle without breaking their fast,
and then, after sunset, prepare a great feast
once vengeance has been served. Before then,
neither drink nor food will go down my throat,
for my dearest friend lies dead in my tent,
his flesh torn apart by a sharp spear, his feet
turned towards the front door, and his comrades
around him weeping. The only things I care
about are murder, blood, and the tears of men.”

Then wily Odysseus answered him, saying:
“Achilles, son of Peleus, mightiest Achaean,
you are stronger than me and better by far
with the spear, but I surpass you in wisdom
since I am older than you and have learned
more. So let your ego listen to my words.
Men quickly reach their fill of battle. Even
when bronze fills the ground like scattered
straw, the harvests are slim once Zeus, who
controls the wars of men, balances his scales.
We cannot mourn the dead with our bellies,
for we would never take a break from fasting
since men fall one after another, day after day.
No, we must bury the dead and then steel
our hearts after a single day of grieving.
Then those of us who are left in this hateful
war must remember to eat and drink so we
can continue to battle the enemy non-stop,
clad in indestructible bronze. And let no man
hold back and await some other summons,
for this is the call: any who remain beside
the Achaean ships will regret it. So let us go
as one and battle the horse-taming Trojans.”

So saying, he set off for Agamemnon’s tent,
taking with him Nestor’s glorious sons, along
with Meges, son of Phyleus, Thoas, Meriones,
Lycomedes, son of Creon, and Melanippus.
He gave the order, and they soon went to work
carrying from the tent all that was promised:
seven tripods, twenty fiery cauldrons, twelve
horses, and seven women skilled in handiwork,
along with the eighth, fair-cheeked Briseïs.
Odysseus then weighed out ten talents of gold
and led the young, gift-towing Achaeans back
to the assembly, where they set down the gifts.
Then Agamemnon rose, and beside him stood
Talthybius, with a voice like a god’s, holding
a boar. Atreus’ son grabbed the knife that
always hung beside his great sword’s scabbard,
cut the boar’s bristles, lifted his hands to Zeus,
and prayed, and all the Argives sat in silence,
as is proper, and listened to their king, who
looked upon the spacious heavens and said:
“Let Zeus, greatest of the gods, be my witness,
along with Gaia, Helios, and the Furies, who
torment men below earth when they perjure
themselves, that I never laid a hand on the girl,
Briseïs, either to embrace her in bed or in any
other way, but kept her in my tents, untouched.
If I am lying, then let the gods send me great grief,
the kind they inflict on those who swear falsely.”

So saying, he cut the boar’s throat with ruthless
bronze; then Talthybius turned and threw
the animal into the grey sea to be food for fish.
But Achilles stood and addressed the Achaeans:
“Father Zeus, great deceiver of men’s minds,
the son of Atreus would never have roused
the fury within my breast or arrogantly led
the girl away against my will if Zeus had not
desired many Achaeans to die. But, for now,
let us eat dinner so we may join the battle.”

So he said, and the assembly broke up, each
man scattering to his own ship. But the great-
hearted Myrmidons carried the gifts back
to godlike Achilles’ ship. They placed the gifts
in the tents and left the women to settle while
noble attendants drove the horses to the herd.

But when Briseïs, looking like golden Aphrodite,
saw Patroclus’ body torn apart by a sharp spear,
she threw herself upon him, wailed, and tore
at her breast, neck, and fair face with her nails.
And as she mourned, she spoke like a goddess:
“Patroclus, most dear to my aching heart,
when I was taken from the tent, you were alive,
but now that I return, leader of men, you are
dead, yet another tragedy forced upon my life.
I saw the man to whom I was given in marriage
by my father and mother torn apart by a sharp
spear in our city, and my three dear brothers,
born to the same mother, were also killed that day.
But you did not let me weep when swift Achilles
killed my husband and sacked the city of godlike
Mynes. You vowed to make me Achilles’ wedded
wife, lead me to Phthia, and give me a wedding
feast with the Myrmidons. So I mourn your death
with endless tears, for you were always kind.”

So she said, crying, and the women joined her,
each weeping for Patroclus and her own sorrows.
But the Achaean leaders surrounded Achilles,
begging him to eat; still, he refused, saying:
“My dear comrades, if any of you will hear me,
then please stop asking me to sate my heart
with food and drink, for grief consumes me,
and I will continue fasting until the sun sets.”

So he said, and the other kings departed save
for the sons of Atreus, godlike Odysseus, Nestor,
Idomeneus, and old Phoenix, driver of horses.
They tried to comfort Achilles, but his soul would
not be stilled until he joined the bloody battle.
He sighed, remembering Patroclus, and said:
“My dearest, most ill-fated friend, you used
to quickly and deftly set out delicious dinners
for us in our tent, when the Achaeans joined
in woeful war against the horse-taming Trojans.
But now you lie there, cut down, but my heart
refuses the food and drink before me in longing
for you. No greater grief could I suffer, not even
if I learned of the death of my own father,
who is probably in Phthia crying round tears
in longing for his son in a far off foreign land
fighting Trojans for the sake of horrible Helen;
or of my dear son, godlike Neoptolemus, who
is being raised for me on Scyros, if he still lives.
Before, the heart in my chest hoped only that
I would die here in Troy, far from the horse
pastures of Argos, and you would go back
to Phthia, take my son away from Scyros
in the swift, black ships, and share with him
my possessions, my slaves, and my lofty home.
For I fear that Peleus has either altogether
died or has been worn thin by miserable
old age and by waiting for a message
to arrive announcing that I am dead.”

So he said, crying, and the elders joined him,
each man remembering those he left behind.
Seeing them mourn, the son of Cronos felt
pity and quickly called Athena, saying to her:
“My child, you have foresaken your warrior.
Is there no place in your mind for Achilles?
He sits there in front of his high-sterned ships
mourning for his dear friend; while others
eat their dinners, he fasts and refuses food.
Go and fill his chest with nectar and divine
ambrosia, so he will not grow hungry.”

His words roused an already-eager Athena,
who flew through the sky like a wide-winged,
shrieking hawk. And as the Achaeans quickly
armed for battle, she poured nectar and divine
ambrosia over Achilles’ chest so painful hunger
would not reach his limbs. Then she returned
to her mighty father’s well-built home while
the Achaeans rushed out of their swift ships.
Just as snowflakes from Zeus fly thick and fast
when sent by the North Wind’s blasting cold,
so the bright, shining helmets, bossed shields,
solid-plated breastplates, and ashen spears flew
thick and fast from the ships. The gleam rose
to the heavens, and the whole earth laughed
at the flashing of bronze and crashing of men’s
feet, and among them, godlike Achilles armed
for war. With a heart filled with unbearable
grief and eyes that burned with a fiery hatred
for Troy, he gnashed his teeth and put on
the gifts forged by the labors of Hephaestus.
First he fixed to his calves the beautiful greaves
with silver ankle fasteners. Then he put
the breastplate on his chest, slung his silver-
studded bronze sword over his shoulders,
and grabbed his huge, sturdy shield that
even from a distance glowed like the moon.
Like sailors who see across the waves a bright
flame burning alone atop an island hill after
a storm has carried them against their will
over the fish-filled sea, away from their friends,
so Achilles’ fine, well-made shield sent a flash
of fire up to the heavens. He lifted and set
on his head a stout helmet with a horsehair crest
that shone like a star and a thick, golden plume
that Hephaestus had set waving along the ridge.
Then godlike Achilles tested how well the armor
fit and how well he moved within it, and he
found that armor felt like wings lifting him up.
Then he picked from its socket his father’s heavy,
long, and strong spear that no other Achaean
but Achilles was skilled enough to wield:
an ashen spear from Pelion’s peak that Chiron
gave his dear father, a gift for slaying heroes.
Automedon and Alcinous yoked his horses,
set the fine breast strap around them, placed
the bridles in their jaws, and stretched the reins
behind the chariot. Then Automedon took
the whip in his hands and leapt upon the chariot
while Achilles took his place behind him, shining
in his armor like bright Hyperion, and called
with a terrible voice to his father’s horses, saying:
“Xanthus and Balius, far-famed sons of Podarge,
be sure to bring your charioteer back safely
to the Danaan army when fighting is finished,
and do not leave him to die as you did Patroclus.”

Under the yoke, swift-moving Xanthus suddenly
answered him, for white-armed Hera gave him
the power of speech; bowing his head so his mane
fell past the yoke and touching the ground, he said:
“Yes, mighty Achilles, we will save you this time,
but your day of doom is near, and the great gods
and dreadful fate will be the cause, not us. It was
not because we were slow or lazy that the Trojans
stripped Patroclus of his armor; it was because
Apollo, the son of fair-haired Leto, killed him
among the front fighters, granting Hector glory.
We two could run as fast as the blasting West Wind,
which men say is the swiftest, but you are fated to be
killed in mighty combat by a mortal and a god.”

When finished, the Furies took his voice away.
Then swift-footed Achilles, greatly vexed, replied:
“Xanthus, why prophecy my death? There is
no need, for I know it is my fate to die here, far
from my dear father and mother; still, I will not
stop until I give the Trojans their fill of war.”

Then he cried out and led his horses to the front.

Book 20

As the Achaeans surrounded Peleus’ insatiable
son by the beaked ships and armed for battle,
and as the Trojans waited on the rising plain,
Zeus ordered Themis to call the gods to assembly
atop many-ridged Olympus, so she went all
over, summoning them to the house of Zeus.
Every river save for Oceanus answered the call,
as did the nymphs living in beautiful groves,
river-feeding springs, and grassy meadows.
Assembling at the cloud-gatherer’s home,
they sat in the polished portico that Hephaestus
built for father Zeus with his ingenious skill.

All assembled at Zeus’ home, including the earth-
shaker, who answered Themis’ call, left the sea,
joined the gathering, and asked counselor Zeus:
“Wielder of the bright thunderbolt, why did you
call this assembly? Does it concern the Trojans
and Achaeans? For their fighting is set to ignite.”

Then cloud-gathering Zeus answered him:
“Earth-shaker, you know full well why I called
this assembly; though they are dying, I still care.
I will remain seated here in a cleft on Olympus,
looking down and entertaining my mind,
but the rest of you should go to the Trojans
and Achaeans and aid one side or the other.
If we let Achilles fight the Trojans alone, then
Peleus’ swift-footed son will be unstoppable.
They used to tremble at the mere sight of him,
but now that his heart burns in rage for his friend,
I fear he will destroy Troy beyond what is fated.”

So Cronos’ son spoke, rousing unceasing war,
and the gods went into battle, hearts divided.
Hera went to the ships with Pallas Athena,
earth-embracing Poseidon, the helper Hermes
who surpassed all in cleverness, and powerful
Hephaestus who walked with a limp though
his slender legs moved nimbly. To the Trojans
went glancing-helmed Ares, flowing-haired
Phoebus, shedder of arrows Artemis, Leto,
Xanthos, and laughter-loving Aphrodite.

Now, so long as the gods were far from men,
the Achaeans triumphed, for Achilles, long
absent from terrible war, was among them,
and Trojan limbs shook with terror when they
saw the shining armor of the swift-footed son
of Peleus, equal to Ares. But once the gods
reached the battle, Strife, rouser of armies,
rose up, and Athena cried out, standing first
by the trench outside the wall, then on the loud-
thundering sea shores. Opposite them, Ares,
like a black cloud, roused the Trojans, roused
the Trojans, first from the topmost citadel,
then along the Simoïs’ banks to the Callicolone.[1]

So the blessed gods roused both armies to war,
their deadly strife bursting across the battlefield.
From on high, the father of gods and men sent
terrible thunder, and from below Poseidon shook
the vast earth and the high mountains peaks,
shaking the feet and peaks of many-fountained
Ida, the city of Troy, and the Achaean ships.
This terrified Aïdoneus, lord of the underworld,
who leapt from his throne and cried out, fearing
that earth-shaker Poseidon would rip the earth
wide open, revealing to mortals and immortals
his dank, dark home that even the gods loathed.
Such was the crash of the gods when they came
together in strife: lord Poseidon standing against
Phoebus Apollo and his winged arrows, Enyalius
against the gleaming-eyed goddess Athena,
Hera against Artemis, archer of the golden bow
and echoing hunt and sister of the far-shooter,
Leto against the mighty helper Hermes,
and Hephaestus against the deep-eddying river
the gods call Xanthos and men Scamander.

So gods fought gods, but Achilles was intent
on facing Hector, son of Priam, above all others,
for the anger in his heart compelled him to sate
sturdy-shielded Ares with Hector’s blood.
But Apollo, rouser of armies, urged Aeneas to face
the son of Peleus, filling him with great courage.
The son of Zeus, Apollo, took the form and voice
of Lycaon, Priam’s son, and said to Aeneas:
“Aeneas, counselor of Troy, did you not vow
to the Trojan princes over wine that you would
fight Achilles, son of Peleus, one-on-one?”

Then again Aeneas answered him, saying:
“Son of Priam, why do you urge me to face
and fight the high-minded son of Peleus?
I stood and fought swift-footed Achilles before,
when he forced me at spearpoint to flee Ida
after attacking our cattle and sacking Lyrnessus
and Pedasus; but Zeus protected me, stirring
my might and lightening my limbs. I would
have died by Achilles’ hands and by Athena’s,
for she led the way and urged him to slay
Leleges and other Trojans with his bronze
spear. Thus no man can fight Achilles since
he always has a god to keep him from ruin.
Plus, his spear shoots straight and does not
stop until it pierces flesh. But if a god could
even the battle odds, then I would not be easily
beaten, though he claims to be made of bronze.”

Then Apollo, son of lord Zeus, answered him:
“Come and pray to the immortal gods, for they
say you were born to Aphrodite, daughter of Zeus,
while he was born to a lesser god. Zeus is your
grandfather; his is the old man of the sea. So go
straight at him with your sturdy bronze and do not
let him stop you with abusive words and threats.”

So saying, he breathed greatness into the shepherd
of men, and Aeneas joined the front lines armed
in fiery bronze. White-armed Hera noticed the son
of Anchises as he set off through the throng to fight
the son of Peleus, and she said to the other gods:
“Poseidon and Athena, consider these things
in your minds and decide what should be done.
Phoebus Apollo has sent Aeneas, armed in fiery
bronze, to fight the son of Peleus. So come, let us
either go and turn him back at once or let one
of us stand beside Achilles and give him even
greater might, so his heart is full and he knows
that the best of the immortals love him, while
those who defend and fight for the Trojans are
as useless as the wind. We all left Olympus
and joined the battle so Achilles would not be
harmed by the Trojans today; later, he will suffer
whatever Fate spun for him with her thread
on the day his mother bore him.[2] But if Achilles
does not hear all this from a god, he will panic
when a god faces him in battle, for it is
dangerous when gods appear in their true form.”

Then earth-shaker Poseidon replied to her:
“There is no reason to be angry, Hera.
I do not wish to see the gods fighting each
other, since we are far more powerful.
Let us go, then, to a place off the beaten
track where we can sit and watch the men do
battle. But if Ares or Phoebus Apollo begin
fighting or keep Achilles away from battle,
then we can quickly sound the cry of war.
Soon after, I think, they will leave the fight
and return to Olympus and the assembly
of gods, overpowered by our mighty hands.”

So saying, the dark-haired god led the others
to the high, earth-covered wall of godlike
Heracles, built by the Trojans and Pallas
Athena as a refuge for the hero when the sea
monster drove him from the seashore to the plain.[3]
There Poseidon and the other gods sat, covering
themselves in an impenetrable cloud, while
across from them, on the ridge of the Callicolone,
sat Phoebus Apollo and Ares, sacker of cities.

Thus each side sat and discussed their options,
both reluctant to begin the bitter battle, though
Zeus, seated on high, urged them to do just that.

But the entire plain was filled with men, horses,
and blazing bronze, and the earth quaked under
their feet when they clashed. The two finest
warriors came together between the two armies:
Aeneas, son of Anchises, and godlike Achilles.
Aeneas emerged first, uttering threats, tilting
his strong helmet, holding his furious shield
against his chest, and wielding his bronze spear.
Opposite him, the son of Peleus charged like
a ravenous lion that a community eagerly
comes together to kill. At first, the lion ignores
them, but when a swift-fighting youth hurls
his spear and strikes him, the lion’s mouth
opens and begins to foam, his heart groans,
his tail whips around his ribs and hip-joints
on both sides, and he readies himself for attack,
his eyes glaring brightly as he dashes forward
with a frenzied rage either to kill or be killed.
So, too, was Achilles roused by the rage
in his heroic heart to face great-hearted
Aeneas, and as they came near one another,
noble Achilles, swift of foot, addressed him:
“Aeneas, why do you stand against me so far
from the throng? Does your heart order you
to fight in hopes of gaining Priam’s honor
among the horse-taming Trojans? But if you
slay me, Priam will not hand you this honor,
for he has sons, and his mind is steady, not weak.
Or have the Trojans offered you a splendid
estate with beautiful orchards and fields if you
kill me? But this will be no easy task. Do you
remember fleeing from my spear once before,
when you were alone and I forced you to run
away from your cattle and down Mount Ida’s
slopes, never once turning back? You ran all
the way to Lyrnessus, but I followed and sacked
the city with the help of Athena and father Zeus,
capturing many women, taking their freedom.
Zeus and the other gods protected you then,
but they will not protect you now, though
you believe they will. So go now and retreat
into the throng before you pay the price,
for fools only learn once a deed is done.”

Then, in reply, Aeneas said to him:
“Son of Peleus, do not try to frighten me like
a child, for I know how to make threats and hurl
insults just as well as you. We each know about
the other’s birth and family for we have heard
the tales from mortal men, but I have never
seen your parents nor you mine. People say
your father is noble Peleus and your mother
is the fair-haired sea goddess Thetis, while
I am proud to say my father is great-hearted
Anchises and my mother is Aphrodite.
Now, one set of parents will mourn their dear
child’s loss today, for I do not expect us to utter
childish words, separate, and return from battle.
Still, if you want to learn about my lineage,
then I will tell you, for many men know it:
cloud-gatherer Zeus first fathered Dardanus,
who founded Dardania, for divine Ilios had
not yet been built on the plain, but men
still lived on many-fountained Ida’s foothills.
Then Dardanus sired a son, King Erichthonius,
who became the wealthiest of mortal men,
with three thousand horses grazing in marsh
meadows, mares caring for their young foals.
Now the North Wind fell in love with the grazing
mares, disguised himself as a black-maned stallion,
and covered them; and they conceived and bore
twelve foals who could frolic over the grain-giving
earth without breaking the tips of the corn stalks
and could run over the wide surface of the sea
touching only the crests of the grey waves.
And Erichthonius begot Tros, who would rule
the Trojans, and from Tros were born three noble
sons: Ilus, Assaracus, and godlike Ganymede,
who was born the most beautiful of mortal men;
so great was his beauty that the gods snatched
him up, and he became the cup bearer for Zeus.
Ilus then had a son, noble Laomedon, who
begot Tithonus, Priam, Lampus, Clytius,
and Hicetaon, child of Ares. And Assaracus
begot Capys, Capys begot Anchises, Anchises
begot me, and Priam begot noble Hector.
This is my lineage and my proud bloodline.
But Zeus decides when to give a man honor
or when to take it away, for he is strongest of all,
so come, let us stop talking like little children
as we stand here in the middle of the battlefield.
We could hurl so much abuse at one another
that a hundred-benched ship could not hold it.
The tongues of mortals are loose and dripping
with words—words for any and all occasions.
Whatever you say will be thrown back at you.
But there is no need for the two of us to bicker
and quarrel with each other like women who,
angry at each other in soul-sucking strife,
head into the street and argue with words
both true and false, driven on by their rage.
Your words will not divert me from fighting
you face-to-face with bronze; so come, let us
battle one another with bronze-tipped spears.”

So saying, he drove his stout spear against
Achilles’ fearsome shield, and a loud clang
rang out, startling Peleus’ son, whose strong
hands held the shield away from him, for he
thought that Aeneas’ long spear would pierce
his shield—the fool, for his mind and heart
did not know that gifts from the gods are not
easily broken by mortals. Though the mighty
spear of great-hearted Aeneas pierced two
layers, the shield held firm, for three layers
remained. In all, the crooked-footed god had
forged five layers: two of bronze, two inside
of tin, and one of gold, and it was this
golden layer that stopped the ashen spear.

Then Achilles hurled his long-shadowed spear
and hit the edge of Aeneas’ well-balanced shield
where the bronze and the bull’s hide both ran
thinnest; and the ashen spear of Peleus’ son shot
through, making the shield clang. A frightened
Aeneas crouched down and held his shield away
from him as the spear sailed over his back and hit
the dirt, after taking two of the shield’s circles
with it. Having escaped the long spear, he stood,
great fear filling his eyes, for he was shocked at how
close the spear had come. Then Achilles drew
his sharp sword and, with a terrible cry, eagerly
charged; at the same time, Aeneas grabbed a huge
stone that two men (as they are now) could not
lift but that he easily lifted all by himself. And he
would have hurled the stone, hitting Achilles
on his helm or on the shield that warded death,
and Achilles would have used his sword to strip
Aeneas of his soul, had earth-shaker Poseidon not
quickly seen all this and said to the other gods:
“Alas, I pity great-hearted Aeneas, for Peleus’
son will soon send him to the house of Hades,
for the fool listened to the words of far-shooter
Apollo, who will do nothing to prevent his death.
But why should a man so blameless, one who
always offers gifts to the gods who rule wide
heaven, suffer because of someone else’s pain?
Come now, let us lead him away from death
so we may avoid the wrath of Zeus should
Achilles slay him. Aeneas is fated to survive
so that the Dardanian race should not cease,
for Cronos’ son loved Dardanus above all
his children born to mortal women. And since
the son of Cronos has come to hate the race
of Priam, surely Aeneas will rule Troy, as will
the sons of his sons who are not yet born.”

Then revered, ox-eyed Hera answered him:
“Earth-shaker, do with Aeneas what your mind
thinks best; protect this brave man or let him
be slaughtered by Achilles, son of Peleus.
But we two, Pallas Athena and I, have sworn
many oaths before the immortals that we will
not ward off the Trojan day of doom, not even
when all of Troy is devoured by a blazing fire,
set alight by the warlike Achaean sons.”

Hearing this, earth-shaker Poseidon set out
across the spear-strewn battlefield until he
came to Aeneas and mighty Achilles.
He quickly spread a mist over Achilles’ eyes,
drew the sharp-pointed ashen spear out
of great-hearted Aeneas’ shield, and set
it down by Achilles’ feet. Then Poseidon’s
hands lifted Aeneas off the ground, swung
him high in the air, and sent him soaring
over many ranks of men and lines of chariots
until he reached the outer edge of the furious
battle where the Caucones were arming for war.
There earth-shaker Poseidon came near him
and spoke to him with winged words, saying:
“Aeneas, which foolish god ordered you to fight
proud-hearted Peleus’ son, who is stronger
than you and loved by the immortals? No, draw
back when you meet him or you will be sent
to the house of Hades before your fated time.
But when Achilles meets his fate and dies,
then be brave and fight among the front lines,
for no other Achaean will be able to slay you.”

Poseidon finished speaking and left to remove
the divine mist that had clouded Achilles’ eyes.
When Achilles’ vision was suddenly cleared,
he became angry and said to his agitated heart:
“What is this wondrous thing my eyes now see?
My spear lies on the ground, but the man who
was its target, who I was eager to slay, is gone.
Clearly Aeneas’ words were no idle boasts,
and he is indeed beloved by the immortal gods.
So be it. He will not have the heart to fight me
again, for now he knows he is lucky to have
escaped death. So I will call the war-loving
Danaans and go out to face the other Trojans.”

So he ran along the ranks, saying to each man:
“Noble Achaeans, do not stand far away
from the Trojans but face them man-to-man
and fight them with passion! Although I am
strong, I cannot fight so many men alone.
Not even Ares, an immortal god, or Athena
could deal with such a mass of fighting foes.
But I will do all that my hands, feet, and might
will allow, and I swear I will not slacken, not one
bit, but will drive through their ranks and bring
fear to any Trojan who comes near my spear.”

As he urged them on, shining Hector called
to the Trojans, declaring he would face Achilles:
“Great-hearted Trojans, do not fear Peleus’ son.
I would fight the immortals with words, but not
with spears, for they are far mightier. In the same
way, not all the words of Achilles will come true:
some will be fulfilled, others will come to nothing.
But I will face him even if his hands are like fire,
his hands like fire, and his heart like blazing iron.”

So he urged them on; and the Trojans lifted
their spears and, with a great shout, charged
into battle. Then Phoebus Apollo said to Hector:
“Hector, do not fight in front of Achilles; wait
for him in the noisy throng or he will hit you
with his spear or strike you with his sword.”

Hearing these words from the god’s own voice,
a frightened Hector retreated back into the ranks.

But Achilles, his heart full of fury, cried out
and attacked the Trojans. First, he slew Iphition,
Otrynteus’ skilled son and leader of men, whom
a Naiad bore to Otrynteus, sacker of cities, under
snowy Tmolus in the rich lands of Hyde. Noble
Achilles hurled his spear straight at him, hitting
him square in the head, splitting it in two. As he
fell with a thud, Achilles derided him, saying:
“Lie there, son of Otrynteus, most feared of men.
This is where you die, though your birth was
by Gygaean lake, in the land of your father,
near fish-filled Hyllus and whirling Hermus.”

So he boasted as darkness covered the other’s
eyes and the Achaean chariot wheels ripped
the man apart. Then Achilles struck the great
defender Demoleon, Antenor’s son, in the temple,
driving his spear straight through the bronze
cheek-pieces of his helmet, tearing his skull apart,
scattering his brains all over, and ending his life
in a furious flash. Next he speared Hippodamas
in the back as he leapt from his chariot and tried
to escape. As he breathed his last, he roared
the way a bull bellows when dragged by young
men to the altar of Poseidon on Helice, pleasing
the earth-shaker; so bellowed Hippodamas as
his soul left his bones. Then Achilles took his spear
and went after godlike Polydorus, Priam’s son.
His father had refused to let his youngest
and dearest child fight, but Polydorus surpassed
others in quickness, and in order to show off
his speed, he ran foolishly through the front-lines
until his life came to an end. As he shot past,
swift-footed Achilles speared him in the back
where the breastplate overlapped with the gold
clasps of his belt. The spearpoint then drove
straight through and came out by the navel,
and as a dark cloud enveloped him, he held
his intestines in his hands and sank to the earth.

When Hector saw his brother Polydorus holding
his intestines in his hands and sinking to the earth,
a mist of tears filled his eyes. No longer able
to hold back, he went and faced Achilles, wielding
his sharp spear like a flame. But when Achilles
saw him, he sprang up and mocked him, saying:
“Nearby is the man who poisoned my heart,
striking down my honored friend; no longer
will we avoid each other across the battle-lines.”

Then he glared angrily at noble Hector and said:
“Come closer and you will soon meet your end.”

Flashing-helmed Hector fearlessly replied to him:
“Son of Peleus, quit trying to frighten me like
a child, for I know how to make threats and hurl
insults just as well as you. I know you are a great
warrior, much greater than I am; but it now lies
on the knees of the gods to determine whether
I, your inferior, should slay you with my spear,
since my weapon has been proven sharp before.”

He finished, poised his spear, and threw it,
but Athena turned it away from glorious Achilles
with a light breath, and the missile came back
and fell at noble Hector’s feet, Achilles then cried
out furiously and rushed him, eager to slay him,
but Apollo snatched Hector away with ease,
shrouding him in a thick mist. Three times noble
Achilles rushed at Hector with his bronze spear,
and three times he struck only the thick mist.
But on the fourth try, he charged like a god,
uttered a terrible cry, and said to Hector:
“Again, dog, you have barely escaped a foul
death, saved by Phoebus Apollo, to whom you
must pray before entering the chaos of spears.
But I will kill you when we next face each
other, if I too can get help from a divine ally.
For now, I will attack whoever I can reach.”

So saying, he speared Dryops square in the neck,
and the man fell at his feet. Achilles then left
him and hit Demuchus, Philetor’s son, in the knee
with a spear and then stabbed him with a sword,
robbing him of life. Then he attacked Laogonus
and Dardanus, both sons of Bias, hurling them
from their chariot to the ground, hitting one
with his spear and the other with his sword.
Then Tros, Alastor’s son, fell to Achilles’ knees,
begging him to take pity on one so young, to be
spared from death, to be taken and released—
the fool. There was no persuading Achilles,
for his mind was not sweet or gentle but fierce
and savage. Tros tried to wrap his hands around
the man’s knees, begging him, but Achilles stuck
his sword in his liver; the liver fell out, black
blood poured into his chest, darkness covered
his eyes, and his soul left him. Then Achilles
stuck his spear in Mulius’ ear, the bronze point
passing through and out the other ear. Then
his handled sword hit Echeclus, Agenor’s son,
square in the head; his blood warmed the blade,
and dark death and mighty fate covered his eyes.
Then he pierced Deucalion in the arm, where
the tendon meets his elbow, and the spearpoint
made his arm go limp. As he waited for death,
Achilles then sliced his neck with his sword;
his helm and head went flying, marrow gushed
from his neck, and the corpse fell to the ground.
Then he went after Rhigmus, Peires’ noble son
who came from fertile Thrace. Achilles speared
him in the gut, and he fell from his chariot.
Then, as Rhigmus’ attendant Areïthous turned
the horses away, he was speared in the back
and thrown from the chariot, and the horses fled.

As when a savage fire rages through a dry
mountain valley, winds driving the flames far
and wide and burning the thick forests down,
so Achilles rushed all over like a god, killing
men and covering the earth in black blood.
Or as when a man yokes broad-fronted bulls
to tread white barley on a threshing-floor,
and in no time the bellowing bulls’ feet thin
out the grain, so under his single-hoofed
horses did Achilles trample men and shields
alike. And the chariot’s axle and rims were
splattered with blood from the horses’ hooves
and wheels, and the hands of Peleus’ son were
thick with gore, for he sought eternal glory.

It is not clear exactly where this is in relation to Troy, but the name Callicolone in Greek roughly translates to “Beauty Hill,” and some have speculated that this is the location of the Judgment of Paris. ↵

According to Hesiod, there are three Fates, or Moirai (Μοῖραι), and their task is to measure a person’s life. Each Fate has her own task in this process: Clotho (Κλωθώ) spins the thread of life from her spindle; Lachesis (Λάχεσις) measures the thread, determining the length of a person’s life; and Atropos (Ἄτροπος) cuts the thread and determines the manner of a person’s death. ↵

The monster was sent by Poseidon when the Trojan king Laomedon (Priam’s father) refused to give a reward to the king for building the Trojan wall. Laomedon asked Heracles to kill the monster, promising him immortal horses in return. The wall here, then, was built to help shield Heracles during the fight. ↵

Book 21

When they came to a ford on the Xanthos,
the fair-flowing river son of immortal Zeus,
Achilles split the Trojans in half. He drove some
over the plain to the city, where the Achaeans had
fled from Hector’s fury the day before, and Hera
covered them in a thick mist to slow their retreat.
But the others raced into the deep, silvery waters
of the river, making a great splash and forcing
the banks to cry out. When the men attempted
to swim, they became caught in the eddies
and uttered terrible cries. Just as locusts fly
to a river to escape a rushing fire, but the fire
draws near and forces them to cower against
the water to avoid being burnt, so the deep-
eddying Xanthos was filled with fleeing men
and chariots, all seeking to escape Achilles.

Zeus-sprung Achilles left his spear on the bank
against a tamarisk and, with only his sword, leapt
into the river like a god, intent on fearsome acts.
He struck in all directions, shameful groans rising
with each strike, and the water turned blood-red.
Just as other fish flee from a mighty-mawed
dolphin, filling the recesses of a safe harbor
for fear of the beast who devours whatever it can,
so the Trojans cowered in the river’s streams
and banks. When Achilles’ hands grew tired,
he took twelve living youths out of the river as
blood-price for the slain Patroclus, Menoetius’ son.
He led them out of the river like stunned fawns,
tied their hands behind them with the artful
belts they wore around their tunics, ordered
his men to take them to the hollow ships,
and then returned to battle, eager to kill.

Then he came upon a son of Dardanian Priam
coming out of the river—Lycaon, whom Achilles
once caught in his father’s orchard in the dead
of night. As he was cutting a branch from a fig
tree with sharp bronze to use as a chariot’s rail,
godlike Achilles appeared, an unwanted danger.
Achilles took him in his ships to well-built Lemnos
and sold him, and the son of Jason gave a good
price for him; but a guest-friend, Eëtion of Imbros,
paid his ransom and sent him to divine Arisbe,
and from there Lycaon fled back home in secret.
He enjoyed eleven days with friends and family
after leaving Lemnos, but on the twelfth a god
threw him again into the hands of Achilles, who
was set to send him to Hades, where he did not
wish to go. When Achilles saw him, Lycaon was
unarmed—no helmet, shield, or spear, having
thrown them aside as he fled into the river, for he
was tired and sweating and his knees had given
out. And Achilles said to his own heroic heart:
“I am amazed at what my eyes behold. Perhaps
the great-hearted Trojans that I killed will rise
again from the gloomy netherworld, for he has
escaped his day of doom and returned home
after being sold in Lemnos; not even the grey
sea that captures many could hold him back.
But now he will taste the point of our spear,
so I may witness for myself whether he will
return from that place or whether the life-giving
earth will hold him like it holds even the strong.”

So he thought, waiting, while the other came
near him in a daze, ready to clasp his knees
in hopes of escaping a foul death and a black
fate. When noble Achilles raised his large
spear, eager to hit him, Lycaon dropped down
and grabbed his knees, and the flesh-craving
spear passed over him and lodged in the earth.
Lycaon then begged Achilles, holding his knees
with one hand, the spear with the other hand,
and refusing to let go of either, saying to him:
“Zeus-blessed Achilles, I beg you on my knees
to respect and pity me. I am your honored
suppliant, for I ate Demeter’s bread at your table
on the day you took me from the well-tended
orchard and sent me to Lemnos, far from friends
and family, for the price of a hecatomb of oxen.
I paid three times as much to gain my freedom,
and it has been twelve days since I returned to Ilios
after suffering much. But now, my fate is again
in your hands, and father Zeus must surely hate
me for again handing me over to you and making
my mother bear such a short-lived son: Laothoe,
daughter of old Altes, who rules the warlike
Leleges and holds steep Pedasus on the Satnioeis.
Priam took his daughter as wife, one of many;
she bore two of us, and soon we will both be
dead. You have already killed godlike Polydorus
with your sharp spear as he charged with the front-
fighters, and now this doom falls on me. I know
I cannot escape your hands—some god has seen
to that. But I beg you now, and take it to heart:
do not kill me. I was not born in the same womb
as Hector, who killed your kind, powerful friend.”

Such were the pleading words of Priam’s shining
son, but there was no pity in Achilles’ reply:
“Fool, make no speeches or requests for ransom.
Before Patroclus met his day of doom, I was
inclined in my mind to offer the Trojans mercy,
and I captured many and sold them. But now
no one will escape death if the gods deliver
them to my hands before the walls of Ilios—
especially the sons of Priam. So you, too, will
die, my friend. Why bother crying? Patroclus
died, and he was greater than you. Do you not
see the kind of man I am, how fair and strong?
My father is noble and my mother a goddess,
yet relentless death looms over me as well.
One day soon, at dawn, midday, or evening,
someone will slay me in battle, with either
a spear-cast or an arrow from a bowstring.”

Hearing this, Lycaon’s knees and heart gave out;
he let go of the spear, sank down, and stretched
out his arms. Achilles drew his sharp sword
and sliced his collar-bone near the neck until
the whole blade sank in. Lycaon fell to the earth,
and black blood gushed out and drenched the dirt.
Achilles then grabbed his foot and threw him
in the river to float away, and mocked him saying:
“Now lie with the fish. They will lick your bloody
wound without thought. Your mother will not place
you on a bier and mourn you, but the whirling
Scamander will carry you into the sea’s wide folds,
and a fish will leap up out of the black, rippling
waters and feast upon Lycaon’s white, fat flesh.
Death to you all until we reach sacred Ilios:
you running away, me slaying you from behind.
The fine-flowing river with its silver eddies will
not stop me, though you no doubt sacrificed many
bulls to him and cast many horses into his depths.[1]
But all of you will die a foul death as punishment
for killing Patroclus and destroying the Achaeans,
whom you killed by the swift ships while I was away.”

So he said, but the river’s rage increased, and he
debated in his heart how to stop godlike Achilles’
assault and ward off disaster for the Trojans.
Meanwhile, the son of Peleus wielded his long-
shadowed spear and sought to slay Asteropaeus,
the son of Pelegon and grandson of the broad-
channeled river Axius who lay with Periboea,
Acessamenus’ oldest daughter. Achilles attacked
Asteropaeus, who left the river to face him and held
two spears. Courage filled his heart, granted him
by Xanthos, who was enraged over the deaths
of the youths that Achilles killed without pity
by the river. When they came together, swift-
footed and godlike Achilles was first to speak:
“Who are you who challenges me? Where are you
from? Unhappy are the parents of my enemies.”

Then the shining son of Pelegon answered him:
“Great-hearted son of Peleus, why ask about
my family? I am from the fertile fields of far away
Paeonia, and I lead the long-speared Paeonians.
This is the eleventh dawn since my arrival in Ilios,
but I am grandson of wide-flowing Axius,
whose waters are the fairest on earth and who
sired spear-famed Pelegon, whom men say is
my father. Now let us battle, brilliant Achilles.”

So he said, menacingly, and as godlike Achilles
was lifting his Pelian ash spear, heroic Asteropaeus
threw both of his spears at once, for he was
ambidextrous. One spear hit the shield but did
not pass through, for the gold stopped it, a gift
from the gods. The other grazed Achilles’ right
elbow; black blood oozed out, but the flesh-
craving spear shot past and struck the earth.
Then Achilles threw his straight-flying ash spear
at Asteropaeus, eager to slay him, but the spear
missed, hit the high bank, and lodged itself halfway
into the bank. Peleus’ son drew his sharp sword
and leapt eagerly upon him, but the other could
not pull Achilles’ stout spear from the bank.
Three times he tried to loosen the ashen spear
of Aeacus’ grandson, and three times he failed.
On the fourth attempt, he bent the spear, trying
to break it, but before he could finish, Achilles
slew him with his sword, striking his belly near
the navel. His guts spewed onto the ground
and darkness covered his eyes as he lay there,
gasping for breath. Then Achilles leapt on him,
stripped his armor, and mocked him, saying:
“Lie there, for it is hard even for a river’s son
to beat the children of mighty Cronos’ son.
You say your father is a fair-flowing river,
but I say I am descended from great Zeus.
My honored father rules the Myrmidons,
Peleus, son of Aeacus, who was son of Zeus.
Just as Zeus is mightier than a sea-flowing
river, so Zeus’ son is mightier than a river’s.
A great river flows beside you, if he were
able to help; but no one can fight against
Zeus, son of Cronos. Even great Achelous
is no match, nor the might of deep-flowing
Oceanus, which all rivers, seas, springs,
and deep wells empty into; even he fears
the lightning of great Zeus and his terrible
thunderbolt when it crashes into heaven.”

So saying, he took from the bank his bronze
spear and left the body he had robbed of life
to lie in the sand and soak in the black water.
The eels and fish then made a meal of him,
nibbling and gnawing at the fat on his kidneys.
But Achilles went after the Paeonians, lords
of chariots, who had fled into the whirling river
after seeing their finest slain in mighty combat
by the sword and hands of Peleus’ sons. He slew
Thersilochus, Mydon, Astypylus, Mnesus,
Thrasius, Aenius, and Ophelestes. And swift
Achilles would have killed more Paeonians,
but the deep-eddying river, enraged, spoke to him
with a mortal’s voice from the whirling depths:
“Achilles, you are the mightiest and most
wicked of men, for the gods always protect you.
If Cronos’ son orders you to slay all Trojans,
then at least drive them out of my waters and kill
them on the plain, for my fair streams are clogged
with corpses, and my currents cannot pour
into the divine sea while you continue to kill.
So ease up, leader of men, for I am amazed.”

Then swift-footed Achilles answered him, saying:
“Zeus-nourished Scamander, I will do as you say.
But I will not stop slaying the arrogant Trojans
until I drive them to the city and fight Hector
one-on-one, and either he slays me or I him.”

So saying, godlike Achilles attacked the Trojans.
Then the deep-flowing river called out to Apollo:
“Son of Zeus, lord of the silver bow, you have not
obeyed the will of Cronos’ son, who ordered
you to stand by the Trojans and protect them
until evening comes and darkness covers the earth.”

As spear-famed Achilles sprang from the bank
and leapt into the currents, the river formed
a furious flood that swept the crowd of Achilles’
corpses out of the river’s depths. Then, bellowing
like a bull, he pushed them onto dry land while
also saving the living under the fair waters,
hiding them in whirlpools both deep and wide.
A fierce wave rose up around Achilles, slamming
into his shield and pushing him back. He lost
his footing and grabbed a tall, well-grown elm,
but the tree was ripped out by the roots along
with the bank, and it fell fully into the water,
its thick branches damning the river himself.
Achilles, now frightened, leapt out of the eddy
and flew as fast as he could over the plain.
But without pause the great god chased after
him with a dark wave, desperate to stop noble
Achilles and ward off disaster for the Trojans.
The son of Peleus darted away like a spear
with the swoop of a black eagle, the strongest
and swiftest of winged predators. So he flew
away, his bronze breastplate clanging terribly
as he swerved to avoid the flood as the raging
river followed close behind. Imagine a man who
has dug ditches to irrigate his trees and garden
with dark river water; then he uses a pick-axe
to knock out the dams, but when the currents
are unleashed, all the pebbles are carried away,
the land is saturated with water, and the man
is left far behind. So, in this way, did the flood
overtake Achilles’ swift feet, for gods are greater
than men. Each time Achilles tried to stand
against the river and find out if the gods
who hold broad heaven were against him,
the divine river would send a flood down
upon his shoulders, and he would be forced
to leap out of the way. And every time the river
swiped his knees and seized the ground under
his feet, his spirit would grow more distressed.
Soon Peleus’ son cried out to broad heaven:
“Father Zeus, will no god save me from the river,
pitiful as I am? After that, I would meet my fate.
But the other heavenly gods are not to blame,
only my dear mother, who filled me with lies,
saying that I would die by Apollo’s swift arrows
under the wall of the well-armed Trojans. If only
I had been killed by Hector, the best of the men
here, then one brave man would have slain another.
Now a wretched death awaits me: to be trapped
in this river like a pigkeeper’s son swept
away while trying to cross a river in winter.”

So he said, and Poseidon and Athena quickly
came and stood near him, in mortal forms.
Taking his hands in theirs, they reassured him,
and earth-shaker Poseidon was first to speak:
“Son of Peleus, do not panic or flee, for two
gods, Pallas Athena and I, are here to help
you, with Zeus’ blessing. Since you are not
fated to be killed by the river, his battle will
soon end, as you will see. But now we offer
wise advice, if you will listen: do not let
your hands cease fighting until you have trapped
the remaining Trojans inside the famous walls
of Ilios; and when you have killed Hector,
return to the ships. We grant you this glory.”

So saying, they returned to the immortals
while Achilles went out to the plain, the gods
having roused his heart. The plain was flooded,
and young men’s corpses and fine weapons floated
in the water, but Achilles’ knees leapt high as he
shot straight at the flood, the river unable to hold
him back, Athena having increased his strength.
Scamander’s fury still held and his anger against
Peleus’ son had only grown, so he gathered his waters
into a huge, cresting wave and shouted to Simoïs:
“Brother, let us use our strength to hold back
this man, or else he will soon destroy Priam’s great
city, for the Trojans cannot defeat him in battle.
So quickly come and help me: fill your streams
with spring water, rouse your torrents, unleash
a great wave, and stir up the crashing chaos
of logs and stones so we can stop this wild
man who thinks himself an equal to the gods.
I say his might will not save him, nor his beauty,
nor his fine armor, which will soon be under
the water, covered in mud; and I will bury
his body in sand and pour countless pebbles
over him, and the Achaeans will never find
his bones under all that rubbish. This will be
his barrow, and he will need no grave-mound
when the Achaeans perform the death rites.”

So saying, he rushed Achilles, seething with rage
and boiling over with foam, blood, and corpses.
The gleaming wave from the rain-fed river
towered over Peleus’ son, ready to envelop him,
but Hera cried out, fearful that the deep-flowing
river would carry Achilles away, and quickly
called to her dear son Hephaestus, saying to him:
“Get up, crook-footed child, for we think eddying
Xanthos is a worthy foe for you in battle. Now go
quickly to Achilles’ aid and unleash your fire
while I go to the sea and call the West Wind
and the white South Wind to rouse a tempest
that will spread your foul flames and burn
the Trojan dead and their armor, the trees
on the banks, and Xanthos himself. But do not
let him turn you away with kind words or threats
and do not hold back your rage until I call
to you with a shout; then you can still your fire.”

So she said, and Hephaestus readied his god-forged
fire. After kindling the fire on the plain, he burnt
the many corpses strewn about—Achilles’ kills—
until the plain was dry and the bright water stilled.
As in late summer when the North Wind quickly
dries up a freshly-watered garden, pleasing
the gardener, so Hephaestus dried the plain
and burnt the corpses before turning the flames
on the river. Elms, willows, and tamarisk were all
burnt, as were the lotus, rushes, and galingale
that grew in abundance around the fair streams.
The eels and fish in the eddies, too, were tossed
this way and that by the river’s currents thanks
to the fires of wily Hephaestus. As the river
burned away, Scamander called to the god:
“Hephaestus, no other god can challenge you,
nor will I try to fight your flaming fire. So stop
your assault. Let noble Achilles quickly drive
the Trojans out of their city. What do I care?”

So he said amidst the raging fire and seething
waters. Just as a cauldron boils and bubbles
over when flames melt the fat from a well-fed
swine after dry kindling is placed below it,
so the streams blazed and the waters boiled,
and he could not escape, for he was held back
by the mighty blasts of clever Hephaestus.
Then the river pleaded with Hera, saying:
“Hera, why does your son attack my streams
and mine alone? Surely you cannot fault me
more than all the others who aid the Trojans.
But truly I will quit if you order it, if he also
quits. I also swear that I will not lift my hands
to ward off the Trojan day of doom, even
when the warlike Achaean sons burn Troy,
engulfing the city in an all-consuming fire.”

Hearing this, white-armed goddess Hera
quickly called to her dear son Hephaestus:
“Hephaestus, glorious son, hold back, for it
is not right to strike a god for a mortal’s sake.”

Hearing this, Hephaestus doused the divine fire,
and the fair waters returned to the streams.

Once Xanthus’ rage waned, the two ceased
fighting, for Hera, though angry, restrained them.
But painful strife fell hard upon the other gods,
their fury blowing about like two crossed winds.
They collided with a violent crash, making
the earth ring and heavens squeal like a trumpet,
and when Zeus heard it on Olympus, his heart
laughed with joy to see the gods in battle.
Shield-piercer Ares started the conflict, first
charging Athena, a bronze spear in his hand,
and then reviling her with words, saying:
“Why, dog-fly, does your furious heart again
force the gods to fight each other? Do you
remember when you sent Diomedes, Tydeus’
son, to wound me, and you yourself grabbed
the spear and drove it into me, tearing my fine
flesh? Now I will pay you back for that outrage.”

So saying, blood-stained Ares hurled his large
spear at Athena’s tasseled aegis, which even Zeus’
thunderbolts could not pierce. She drew back
and, with her strong hand, picked up a black stone
lying on the plain, a jagged rock that men once
used to mark a field’s boundary; she threw it and hit
furious Ares in the neck. His limbs went slack,
and he fell backwards seven plethra[2] until his hair
was covered in dust and his armor clanged.
Pallas Athena laughed and mocked him, saying:
“Fool, you still do not see that I am stronger than
you for you still try to match your rage with mine.
This must be your mother’s doing, for she angrily
called foul curses down upon you for abandoning
the Achaeans and aiding the arrogant Trojans.”

So saying, she turned her bright eyes away
from Ares, but Zeus’ daughter, Aphrodite,
took his hand and led him away as he groaned
and tried to recover his breath. Seeing her,
white-armed Hera quickly said to Athena:
“Well, child of aegis-bearing Zeus, Atrytone,
once again that pest leads Ares, bane of men,
away from the chaos of battle. Go after her.”

Athena gleefully pursued Aphrodite and struck
her on the chest with her fist, making the knees
and heart of the goddess grow slack. As two gods
were sprawled upon the bountiful earth, Athena
stood over them and mocked them, saying:
“This is what comes to those aiding the Trojans
when they battle the breastplate-armed Argives.
If they were all as bold and as stout-hearted
as Aphrodite, who came to Ares’ aid and faced
my might, then we would have ended the war
long ago, having sacked the well-built city of Ilios.”

So she said, and white-armed Hera smiled.
Then the great earth-shaker said to Apollo:
“Phoebus, why do we stand apart? The others
have begun. It would be a shame to return
and cross the bronze threshold of Zeus’ house
on Olympus without fighting. But you go first,
for you are younger while I am older and wiser.
Does your foolish heart not remember all the ills
that we, alone among the gods, suffered when
we came to Ilios at Zeus’ command to serve
arrogant Laomedon for a year at a fixed wage,
and he oversaw our work and ordered us about?
I built city walls for the Trojans that were both
beautiful and wide, so the city might never be
taken; and you, Phoebus, herded his shambling
oxen around the many spurs and forests of Ida.
But when this happy season ended and we
were set to be paid, headstrong Laomedon
robbed us of all our pay, dismissed us,
and threatened to bind our feet, tie our hands,
sell us us to some faraway island, and cut off
both of our ears with his bronze. So we went
home with resentful hearts, angry over
the pay that was promised but never delivered.
Now you favor his people and do not seek
to join us and destroy the arrogant Trojans
and bring ruin to their wives and children.”

Then lord Apollo, the far-seer, answered him:
“Earth-shaker, you would not call me smart
if I battled you for the sake of some cowardly
mortals who are like leaves: at first full of life,
eating the fruits of the land, but soon after
wasting away and dying. So let us quickly quit
fighting and leave them to battle on their own.”

So saying, he turned his back, unwilling
to clench his fists and fight his father’s brother.
But his sister, the goddess Artemis, the huntress,
reproached him with harsh words, telling him:
“Far-shooter, by running away, you are giving
Poseidon all the victory and all the glory. Why
even bother bringing your useless bow, you fool?
I do not want to hear you in our father’s halls,
bragging yet again to the immortal gods
about fighting Poseidon face-to-face.”

So she said, but far-shooter Apollo did not
reply. Then the honored wife of Zeus, angry
at the shedder of arrows, reproached her, saying:
“So, bold bitch, now you want to stand against
me? It will be not be easy for you to challenge me,
even with your bow, since Zeus made you a lion
against women, able to kill any of them you wished.
Surely it is better to kill mountain beasts and wild
deer than to battle those stronger than you.
But if you wish to learn how much greater I am
than you in battle, then let us fight one another.”

So saying, Hera grabbed both of Artemis’ wrists
with her left hand, and with the right she took
the bow and arrows from her shoulders and used
them to box her ears, smiling smugly. As Artemis
tried to free herself, arrows fell from the quiver,
but then she escaped and ran away in tears. Like
a pigeon who flies into a cave to escape a falcon,
so Artemis tearfully fled, leaving her weapons
behind. Then the messenger Hermes said to Leto:
“Leto, I will not fight you, for it is hard to trade
blows with the wives of cloud-gatherer Zeus;
but feel free to boast to the other immortal gods
that you defeated me with your mighty strength.”

So he said, and Leto picked the curved bow
and arrow out of the swirling dust and went back
to her daughter. But Artemis was on Olympus,
in Zeus’ house with bronze threshold, where she
sat at her father’s knee and cried, her ambrosial
robes quivering around her. Her father, Cronos’
son, drew her near and, laughing gently, asked her:
“Dear child, which son of heaven has done this
to you, as if you had openly been making mischief?”

And Artemis of the echoing hunt answered him:
“Your wife, white-armed Hera, struck me, father,
for she has stirred strife among the immortals.”

As they spoke to one another, Phoebus Apollo
made his way to sacred Ilios, worried that
the Danaans would exceed what was fated
and raze the city’s well-made walls on that day.
The other gods returned to Olympus, some angry
and others pleased, and all sat by their father,
lord of the black cloud. But Achilles continued
to slay both Trojans and their single-hoofed
horses. Just as smoke rises to the wide heavens
from a city on fire, sent by the rage of gods that
brings toil to all and tears to many, so Achilles
brought both toil and tears to the Trojans.

Now, old Priam stood atop the god-built wall
and saw wondrous Achilles quickly sending
the Trojans into panicked flight, their strength
spent. Groaning, he descended to the ground
and roused the famed gatekeepers, saying:
“Open the gates wide with your hands until
the retreating men reach the city, for Achilles
is driving them away, and all seems lost.
But once they reach safety behind the wall,
then shut the double-gates again, for I fear
this dangerous man may leap inside the wall.”

Hearing this, they loosened the bar, opened
the gates, and let in daylight. But Apollo leapt
down to face Achilles and protect the Trojans
who were racing to the city’s high walls, throats
parched with thirst and bodies covered in dust.
And Achilles chased them with his furious
spear, his rage-filled heart eager to win glory.

Then the Achaean sons would have taken
high-gated Troy had Phoebus Apollo not
roused Agenor, Antenor’s mighty son. He
filled his heart with the courage to ward off
death’s heavy hands and then leaned against
the nearby oak tree, shrouding himself in mist.
When Agenor saw Achilles, sacker of cities,
he stood to face him; many thoughts stirred
his troubled heart, and he said to himself:
“If I run away from mighty Achilles like
the others who are fleeing in panic, then he
will catch me and cut my cowardly throat.
But if I let Achilles, son of Peleus, chase after
the rest, then I can run away from the wall,
over the plain of Ilion, to the spurs of Ida,
where I can hide in the brush. In the evening,
after bathing in the river and washing away
the sweat from my body, I can return to Ilios.
But why does my heart debate these things
with me? If he sees me as I turn from the city
and head to the plain, then his swift feet will
catch me and I will never escape my deadly
fate, for he is the mightiest of men. Perhaps
if I go to the front of the city and face him,
then a sharp blade could cut his flesh. Men
say that he is mortal and has only one soul.
Still, Zeus, son of Cronos, grants him glory.”

So saying, he crouched down and waited
for Achilles, his stout heart eager to fight.
Think of a panther emerging from a thick
woods to face a hunter, taking no thought
of fear or flight, even after hearing the barking
dogs; and even when the man strikes first,
piercing her with his spear, she continues
to fight until she either strikes him or is struck
down. So, in this way, did Agenor, Antenor’s
noble son, refuse to flee until he fought Achilles.
He held his balanced shield in front of him,
pointed his spear at Achilles, and shouted:
“Famous Achilles, you hope in your heart
to sack the city of noble Trojans today. Fool!
There will be much suffering before it is won,
for many stout men wait inside, standing
in front of our dear parents, wives, and sons,
ready to guard Ilios. It is you who will meet
your fate, though you are a fierce, bold warrior.”

So saying, his heavy hand hurled his sharp
spear and struck Achilles on the shin, below
the knee, making his well-made tin greave
clang terribly; but the bronze sprang back
after hitting the greave, having failed to pierce
this gift from the gods. Then the son of Peleus
tried to attack godlike Agenor, but Apollo
refused to grant him glory, shrouding the man
in a mist and sending him safely away
from the battle. Then Apollo disguised himself
as Agenor, stood in Achilles’ way, and kept him
away from the army. Achilles chased him across
wheat-bearing fields and along the deep-
eddying Scamander, Apollo always just ahead
and Achilles always just behind but certain
that his swift feet will catch him. All the while,
the rest of the fleeing Trojans gladly returned
to the city and filled the town. They did not
wait for each other outside the city walls
to find out who had escaped and who had died
in battle; instead, those whose feet and knees
had been saved poured quickly into the city.

Rivers were often associated with bulls, so sacrificing bulls to Scamander is not surprising; the idea of sacrificing live horses to river gods, however, is unusual. A few Greek writers mention this practice in relation to other cultures (Herodotus, for example, cites a Persian tradition of offering white horses to the Strymon river [7.113]), but it was likely either a non-Greek custom or a custom from a much earlier period of Greek civilization. ↵

One plethra is approximately 30 meters (97-100 feet). ↵

Book 22

After fleeing into the city like fawns, the Trojans
quenched their thirst and dried their sweat
as they sat beside the battlements. Meanwhile,
the Achaeans approached the wall with shields
on shoulders. But deadly fate forced Hector
to remain in front of Ilios by the Scaean gates.
Then Phoebus Apollo called to Peleus’ son:
“Son of Peleus, your feet are fast, but a mortal
like yourself could never catch a god. Or are you
too filled with rage to realize I am a god? Do you
not care about fighting the Trojans? You forced
them back into the city only to follow me here.
But you cannot kill me, for I cannot die.”

Then swift-footed Achilles angrily replied to him:
“You tricked me, far-shooter, deadliest of all gods,
by leading me away from the wall. I could have
sent many to the dust before they reached Ilios,
but now you have taken my glory and blithely
saved them, for you have no fear of retribution.
I would surely punish you—if only I could.”

So saying, Achilles hurried back to the city,
moving his feet and knees as swiftly as
a prize-winning chariot horse who runs
effortlessly across the plain at full stride.

Old Priam was first to catch sight of shining
Achilles as he raced over the plain. Just as
the star that rises in harvest time, called
Orion’s Dog, is both the brightest star,
outshining all others in the dead of night,
and a sign of ill fortune that brings many
fevers to wretched mortals, so also shone
the bronze chest of Achilles as he ran.
At the sight, the old man groaned in grief,
beat his head with his hands, and cried out
to his dearest son who stood before the gates,
eager to battle Achilles. With outstretched
arms and a pitiful voice, Priam said to him:
“Hector, dear child, do not fight this man
alone, without aid, or you will quickly meet
your fate, slain by the mighty son of Peleus,
cruel as he is. If only the gods hated him like
I do, then he would lie dead, a feast for dogs
and vultures, and grief would leave my heart,
for he has taken so many of my noble sons,
killing them or selling them to distant lands.
Even now, I do not see two of my sons among
the Trojans in the city: Lycaon and Polydorus,
whose mother is Laothoe, pearl of a woman.
If they still live in the enemy camp, then we
can free them with some of the gold or bronze
gifts that old Altes gave to his daughter.
But if they are dead and in the house of Hades,
then I and their mother will be filled with grief,
though the grief of others will be shorter—
unless you, too, are killed by Achilles. So come
inside the walls, my child. Save the Trojan
men and women, and do not give great glory
to Peleus’ son and deprive yourself of dear life.
And take pity on your wretched father before
Zeus, son of Cronos, kills me in my old age,
long after I have witnessed many woes: sons
killed, daughters captured, treasures plundered,
infants taken and hurled to the ground in grim
combat, and daughters-in-law dragged away
by the deadly hands of the Achaeans. Then,
after all this, a man will come to my door,
strike me down with his sharp spear, and strip
my limbs of life; then my own guard dogs, who
I fed at my table, will drag me out, rip my body
to pieces, and drink my blood with savage
fury until they fall asleep in the doorway.
A young man killed in battle and lying dead
on the field, his body torn by bronze, is a fine
and noble sight, but nothing is more shameful
than seeing dogs mutilate a dead old man’s
grizzled face, grey beard, and naked corpse.”

So the old man said, ripping the grey hair
from his head, but Hector could not be swayed.
Then his mother, crying and shedding tears,
opened her robe with one hand, held a breast
out with the other, and tearfully said to her son:
“Hector, my child, look at these. If I ever gave
you my breast to ease your pain, then pity me.
Remember this, dear child, and fight the foe
from inside the wall; do not be a fool and face
him. If he kills you, then I will never mourn
you on a bier, dear branch whom I bore,
nor will your bountiful bride, for swift dogs will
devour you by the Argive ships, far from us.”

So they spoke, tearfully begging their dearest
son, but Hector was unswayed as he awaited
mighty Achilles’ approach. Just as a mountain
serpent in his lair waits for a man while eating
poison herbs that fuel his rage and glaring
menacingly as he coils inside his hole,
so Hector, with steadfast courage, stood firm
and leaned his shining shield against the wall.
But he was troubled, telling his heroic heart:
“Woe is me! If I go inside the gates and walls,
then Polydamas will be the first to shame me,
for he urged me to return the Trojans to the city
on the deadly night that godlike Achilles was
roused. But I ignored him—a grave mistake.
Now, since my folly brought the army to ruin,
I fear facing the Trojans and their long-robed
wives and hearing some lesser man tell me:
‘Hector’s arrogance has destroyed the army.’
So they will say. Frankly, I would rather face
Achilles one-on-one, kill him, and return
home or else die gloriously before the city.
Or perhaps I will set down my bossed shield
and stout helm, lean the spear against the wall,
go alone to noble Achilles, and promise him
that Helen and all the prizes that Alexander
brought in his hollow ships back to Troy—
and thus started this strife—will be given
to Atreus’ sons to take away. Then I will
divide among the Achaeans all the city’s
hidden riches and make the Trojan elders
swear an oath that they will hide nothing
and divide in two all treasures to be found
in this fair city. But why does my heart debate
such things? If I approach him as a suppliant,
stripped of armor like a woman, then he will
not pity me or respect me but will kill me.
There is no way now from tree or rock to chat
with him in the same way a girl and a boy—
girl and boy!—chat idly with each other.
Better, then, to fight him at once and find out
which of us is granted glory by the Olympian.”

So he thought as he waited, but soon Achilles,
equal to the glancing-helmed warrior Enyalius,
drew near, his dreaded Pelian ash spear shaking
over his right shoulder and his bronze armor
shining like a flaming fire or a rising sun.
When Hector saw him, he fled in panic, leaving
the gates behind, but the son of Peleus pursued,
trusting his swift feet. Just as a mountain
hawk, swiftest of birds, swoops down on a wild
dove, and though the dove flees, the hawk,
crying sharply, draws ever closer, intent
on seizing her, so also did Achilles fly straight
at him. But Hector fled from the Trojan walls
in fear, moving as fast as his limbs allowed.
They ran past the lookout point and the wind-
swept fig tree, followed the carriage road
under the wall, and came to two fair-flowing
springs whose waters feed the swirling
Scamander. Warm water flows in one, steam
rising all around like a blazing fire, while even
in summer the water in the other flows as cold
as hail or snow or ice that forms in water.
Beside the springs are fine washing basins
of stone, where Trojan wives and fair daughters
cleaned their clothes back in more peaceful
times, before the arrival of the Achaean sons.
They ran past: one fleeing, the other chasing.
A good man was in front, but a better man
pursued him quickly, for they raced not to win
a prize, like a sacrificial animal or an ox-hide,
but for the life of horse-taming Hector. Just as
champion single-hoofed horses gallop swiftly
at the turn when a great prize like a tripod
or woman is at stake in a funeral games,
so the swift feet of these two circled the city
of Priam three times as the gods looked on.
First to speak was the father of gods and men:
“Alas, I see a dear man being chased around
the walls, and my heart grieves for Hector, who
has burnt many thigh pieces in offering to me
on many-ridged Ida’s peaks or on the city’s
rooftops. But now noble Achilles pursues
Priam’s son around the city with his swift feet.
So come, immortals, and give counsel. Should
we save Hector from death or allow this good
man to be slain by Achilles, son of Peleus?”

Then the bright-eyed goddess Athena replied:
“Father, lord of thunderbolts and black clouds,
what are you saying? Do you want to free
from death a mortal long fated to die? Do it,
but do not expect the other gods to approve.”

And cloud-gatherer Zeus replied to her:
“Tritogeneia, dear child, relax; my words
are not in earnest, and I want to please you.
So do what you must; I will not get in the way.”

Hearing this, an already-eager Athena
quickly darted down the peaks of Olympus.

Meanwhile, swift Achilles chased Hector like
a dog chasing a fawn out of its mountain lair
and over valleys and dells, and though the fawn
hides in a bush for a while, the dog soon finds
its scent and runs it down. So also was Hector
unable to escape the swift son of Peleus. Each
time he headed for the Dardanian gates, where
the well-built walls offered safety and archers
could rain down missiles, Achilles forced him
back to the plain and kept himself between
Hector and the city. Just as a dreamer cannot
chase one who flees, for one cannot overtake
and the other cannot pursue, so Achilles could
not catch Hector, nor could Hector escape.
But Hector could never have escaped fated
death had Apollo not come near him one last
time to stir his strength and quicken his knees.
Noble Achilles motioned to his men not to shoot
their sharp missiles at Hector in case one hit
him and took the glory, leaving Achilles second.
But when they reached the springs a fourth time,
father Zeus set two deadly fates on his golden
scales: one for Achilles and one for horse-taming
Hector. When he lifted the middle of the scales,
the weight dropped for Hector’s deadly day
of doom, and so Phoebus Apollo left him.
Then the bright-eyed goddess Athena came
near the son of Peleus and said to him:
“Now, glorious Achilles, dear to Zeus, I hope
we can bring glory back to the Achaean ships
after slaying Hector, though he is unrelenting
in battle. Now he cannot flee from us, even if
far-shooter Apollo grovels before the face
of aegis-bearing father Zeus. For now, stand
here and take a breath while I go to Hector
and persuade him to fight you man-to-man.”

So Athena said, and Achilles eagerly obeyed,
stopping and leaning against his bronze-tipped
ashen spear. And Athena, taking the form
and voice of Deïophobus, approached noble
Hector and said to him with winged words:
“Dear brother, swift Achilles is wearing you
down by chasing you around Priam’s city.
So let us stand together and defend our home.”

Then glancing-helmed Hector answered her:
“Deïphobus, in the past you were the dearest
of my brothers born to Priam and Hecabe,
but now my heart will honor you even more,
for when you saw me, you dared to come out
beyond the walls while the others stayed inside.”

Then again bright-eyed goddess Athena replied:
“Dear brother, father and my revered mother
begged me, along with my comrades, to stay
back, for they fear Achilles, but my heart was
worn down by painful grief for you. Now, let
us charge him and fight—and spare no spears
so we may learn whether Achilles will kill us
and drag our bloody armor back to the hollow
ships or whether he will die by our spears.”

So Athena said, cunningly deceiving Hector.
When they closed on one another, glancing-
helmed Hector spoke first, telling Achilles:
“Son of Peleus, I am done running away.
I circled Priam’s great city three times because
I could not stay and fight, but now my heart
compels me to face you and either kill or be
killed. But let us swear an oath to the gods,
who will bear witness and guard our pact:
if Zeus grants me victory, I will not mutilate
your corpse, for once I strip your glorious
armor, Achilles, I will give your body back
to the Achaeans—if you will do the same.”

With a scowl, swift-footed Achilles replied:
“Wretched Hector, do not speak to me of pacts.
No oaths of trust exist between lions and men,
nor do wolves and lambs seek common ground,
for their hearts are full of hatred for each other.
So it is between you and I, and there will be no
oaths between us until one of us falls and sates
steady-shielded Ares with his blood. Remember
all your valor: you must be a great spearman
and a bold warrior, for there is no escape for you.
Soon Pallas Athena will slay you with my spear,
and you will repay me for all my sorrows after
you killed my friends in a rage with your spear.”

So saying, he poised his long-shadowed spear
and hurled it, but famed Hector saw it coming
and ducked, and the bronze flew over his shoulder
and fell to the earth. But Pallas Athena snatched
it up and gave it back to Achilles without Hector
noticing. And Hector told noble Peleus’ son:
“You missed, godlike Achilles, so it seems you
do not know my fate from Zeus as you claimed.
You thought that glib and wily words would make
me cower in fear and rob me of might and courage,
but you will not spear me in the back as I flee,
though you may drive it into my chest as I
charge you—if the gods allow it. For now, avoid
my bronze spear, which I hope to bury deep
in your flesh. War would be easier for the Trojans
if you perished, for you are their fiercest foe.”

So saying, he poised and hurled his long spear,
but it landed in the center of Achilles’ shield
before glancing aside. Angry that his weapon
was cast in vain, Hector stood there, crushed,
and without a second ashen spear. He then
called to bright-shielded Deïphobus, asking
for another long spear, but he was not there.
Then Hector realized the truth, and exclaimed:
“Alas, the gods have surely called for my death,
for I thought heroic Deïphobus was beside me,
but he is behind the wall, and Athena has tricked
me. Now bitter death is near, and I cannot escape.
Surely, this has long been the will of Zeus
and his far-shooting son, who once guarded me
gladly. Now fate has come for me, but I will not
die shamefully, without a fight, but will do some
great deed that future men will hear about.”

Saying this, he drew from its sheath a sharp
sword, strong and sturdy; then he collected
himself and attacked. Just as an eagle swoops
down from the murky clouds to snatch a tender
lamb or cowering hare, so Hector swooped,
wielding his sharp sword. Achilles also charged,
savage fury filling his heart, his well-made shield
protecting his chest, his four-crested helmet
bobbing up and down, and a thick golden plume
waving along the crest, set there by Hephaestus.
Just as the evening star,[1] the brightest star
in the heavens, shines in the gloom of night,
so shone the sharp spear that Achilles held
in his right hand and aimed at noble Hector
with murderous intent while scanning his fair
flesh to find a weak spot. Hector’s body was
covered in the bronze armor he had stripped
from Patroclus after killing him, but there was
a gap where the collar-bone and shoulders
joined the neck: the gullet, a deadly spot. This is
where noble Achilles shot his spear as Hector
charged. The heavy bronze point passed clean
through the soft neck but did not cut his wind-
pipe, so he could still speak. Then Hector fell
to the dust, and Achilles derided him, saying:
“Hector, you thought you would be safe when
you stripped Patroclus, but you forgot about me,
you fool—an avenger, greater than he, far away
by the hollow ships. Now I have dropped you
to your knees, and dogs and birds will tear you
apart horribly while the Achaeans bury Patroclus.”

A weakened Hector of the flashing helm replied:
“I beg you on the knees and souls of your parents:
do not let dogs devour me by the Achaean ships.
My father and mother will give you endless
gifts of gold and bronze if you let my body be
taken home so the Trojan men and Trojan
wives may offer death rites by funeral pyre.”

With a scowl, swift-footed Achilles said to him:
“Do not beg me on your knees or by my parents,
dog. I only wish my might and rage would let
me cut your flesh and eat it raw for all you did
to me. Nothing will keep the dogs from your head,
not even if they weigh out ten or twenty times
the normal ransom and promise even more
or if Priam, son of Dardanus, offers your weight
in gold. Your revered mother will never place
you on a death bed and mourn the son she
bore, for dogs and birds will tear you apart.”

As he lay dying, flashing-helmed Hector said:
“I know you well, and I know nothing could
persuade you, for you have a heart of iron.
But beware, or I will be the cause of the gods’
wrath against you when Paris and Phoebus
Apollo slay you, great hero, by the Scaean gates.”

As he spoke, death’s shroud enveloped him,
and his soul left his limbs and headed to Hades
with a wailing cry, leaving youth and manhood
behind. To the dead man, noble Achilles said:
“Die now, and I will accept my fate when
Zeus and the other gods bring it to pass.”

So saying, he pulled the bronze spear out
of Hector’s corpse, set it aside, and stripped
the blood-soaked armor from his shoulders.
Then the Achaean sons surrounded Hector,
admiring his glorious body while stabbing it.
Then they turned to each other and said:
“Well, Hector is now much easier to handle
than when he was setting fire to our ships.”

So they said as they prodded the body.
But once Achilles had stripped the armor,
he stood among the Achaeans and said:
“Friends, leaders, and rulers of the Argives,
since the gods have allowed us to slay this man
who has brought us misery beyond all others,
let us go, fully-armed, to the city to find
out what the Trojans have in mind: will they
abandon the high city now that Hector has
fallen or remain in spite of the loss? But why
does my heart debate such things? A corpse
lies by the ships, unmourned and unburied:
Patroclus, whom I will never forget so long
as I live and my knees are limber. And if
in Hades the dead forget the dead, I will still
remember my dear comrade. Now, let us sing
a victory song, Achaean sons, and go back
to the hollow ships with him in tow. Great
glory is ours! We killed heroic Hector, whom
the Trojans in the city worshipped like a god!”

So he said, and devised cruel plans for noble
Hector. He pierced the tendons in both feet
between ankles and heels, drew ox-hide straps
through them, and tied them to the chariot,
leaving the head to drag behind. He leapt
on the chariot, set the armor down, whipped
the horses, and set off. Dust rose up and spread
over Hector’s dark hair, his once-fair head lying
deep in the dust. This is how Zeus delivered him
to his enemies to be abused in his father’s land.

As Hector’s head was dragged through the dust,
his mother was tearing out her hair, flinging
off her shining veil, and loudly wailing
at the sight of her son. His father also groaned
in grief, and people across the city mourned
as if all of hill-top Ilios were burning
in a blazing fire. His people were barely
able to stop the frenzied old man from rushing
out the Dardanian gates, and he pleaded
with them all as he wallowed in the dung,[2]
calling on each man by name and saying:
“Stop fretting, my friends, and help me leave
the city by myself and go to the Achaean
ships. I will beg this reckless, violent man
and see if he respects his elders and takes pity
on an old man. His own father is my age:
Peleus, who gave him life and raised him to be
the bane of Troy—but especially me, for he
killed my many sons, all in their youthful
prime. Still, though I mourn them all, it is
my sharp grief for Hector that will drag me
down to Hades. If only he had died in my arms!
Then we could have our fill of weeping
and wailing: the mother who bore him and I.”

So he said, weeping, and the city cried with him.
And Hecuba led the Trojan women in mourning:
“My child, how wretched am I! How shall I
live now that you are dead? You were my glory
every day and night in the city, and you aided
all Trojan men and women, who treated you
like a god. You were their great glory too,
but now death and fate have come for you.”

So she said, weeping, but Hector’s wife knew
none of this, for no messenger had come to tell
her that her husband was still outside the gates.
She was at her loom deep inside the high house,
inserting colorful flowers into a purple cloak.
She told her fair-haired attendants to set a tripod
on the fire so a hot bath would be ready when
Hector returned from battle—the poor thing.
She was unaware that, far from all baths, bright-
eyed Athena had slain him by Achilles’ hands.
Then from the wall she heard the wailing cries,
and her knees buckled; she dropped the rod
and called again to her fair-haired attendants:
“You two, follow me. I must see what has
happened. I heard Hecuba’s voice, and now
my heart is in my throat and my knees are stiff;
surely some evil has come to a child of Priam.
May the word stay far from my ear, but I fear
noble Achilles has cut off bold Hector
from the city, driven him onto the plain,
and put an end to his fatal courage, for Hector
would never remain in a crowd but charge
to the front, his fury yielding to no man.”

So saying, Andromache ran from the hall like
a madwoman, heart racing and attendants
following. When she reached the wall, she pushed
through the crowd, looked down, and saw swift
horses dragging Hector ruthlessly before the city
and then away to the hollow Achaean ships.
At once, a dark cloud covered her eyes and she
fell back, gasping. Her bright head-dress flew off,
diadem and cap and plaited head-band along
with the veil that golden Aphrodite had given
her on the day flashing-helmed Hector took her
from Eëtion’s house after bringing countless
gifts as bride-price. Then she was circled
by her husband’s sisters and brother’s wives
who held her as she wailed for death. When she
had revived and her spirit had returned, she
lifted her voice and said to the women of Troy:
“Hector, I am lost. We were born to one fate,
you and I: you in Troy in Priam’s house and I
in Thebes under wooded Placus in the house
of Eëtion, who raised me, the father of a cursed
child. I wish he had never given me life.
Now you go to the home of Hades deep under
the earth, leaving me in dreadful grief, a widow
in your halls with an infant child, the son born
to you and I, both of us cursed. You are dead,
Hector, and so cannot help him, nor he you.
For if he escapes the tearful Achaean war,
his life will be full of hard work and sorrow,
for others will take his lands. Orphanhood
robs a child of his friends: his head hangs low,
his cheeks are wet with tears, and when he must,
he visits his father’s friends, tugging at one’s cloak
or another’s tunic, and they pity him, and one
offers him a small sip from his cup, which wets
his lips but does not quench his thirst. Then one
whose parents still live strikes him, throws him
from the feast, and reproaches him, saying,
‘Get out! Your father does not share our feast.’
Tearfully, he returns to his widowed mother,
the child Astyanax, who once sat on his father’s
knees eating only marrow and rich sheep fat,
and when sleep came and he finished playing,
he slept in a soft bed in his nurse’s arms,
his heart filled with happy thoughts. But now
that he has lost his father, he will suffer terribly,
the boy the Trojans call Astyanax because you
alone, Hector, saved their gates and high walls.
Now, by the curved ships, far from your parents,
wriggling worms will eat your naked corpse once
the dogs have had their fill, though in your halls
lie fine clothes made by women’s hands. But I will
burn them all in a blazing fire; you do not need
them, since you will never lie in them, but by doing
this the men and women of Troy will honor you.”

So she said, weeping, and the women cried with her.

The planet Venus, which the Greeks called Hesper. ↵

Animal dung was regularly collected and set beside a city’s gates so it could be transported to the fields and used to fertilize the crops. A similar reference to a dung-pile can be found in book 17 of the Odyssey when Odysseus sees his old dog Argos for the first time sitting on a pile of dung by the gates to his palace in Ithaca (17.296-300). ↵

Book 23

As the Trojans mourned, the Achaeans went
to their ships on the Hellespont, each man
scattering to his own ship. But Achilles
did not allow the Myrmidons to scatter
and addressed his warlike comrades, saying:
“Swift-riding Myrmidons, my faithful
friends, before we loosen our single-hoofed
horses from their chariots, let us first go
to Patroclus and mourn him, for it is right
to honor the dead. After we have mourned,
we will unyoke our horses and eat as one.”

When he finished, he led them in mourning.
They drove their fine horses around the corpse
three times, joined by Thetis, who lifted
their cries. The sands and their armor were wet
with tears, for they yearned for this man who
filled enemies with fear. Peleus’ son led the cries
and put his hands on Patroclus’ chest and said:
“Hail, Patroclus, even in the home of Hades,
for I am fulfilling my vow to avenge your death
by dragging Hector here and feeding him
to the dogs and beheading twelve noble
Trojan sons in front of your funeral pyre.”

So saying, he devised shameful acts for Hector
and set him face-down in the dust by Patroclus’
bier. Then the men stripped off their bronze
armor, unyoked their neighing horses, and sat
beside Aeacus’ swift-footed grandson’s ship as he
prepared a funeral feast to sate their stomachs.
Many bright oxen were killed with a knife,
as were many sheep, bleating goats, and fat,
white-tusked swine—all laid out and roasted
on the flames of Hephaestus. And blood was
collected in cups and set around the dead man.

Then, after much coaxing, for his heart
still raged, the Achaean leaders led the swift-
footed son of Peleus to noble Agamemnon.
When they arrived at Agamemnon’s tent,
they quickly ordered the clear-voiced heralds
to light a fire under a great cauldron, hoping
to persuade Achilles to wash off the blood
and gore. But he sternly refused, telling them:
“No, by Zeus, the highest and greatest of gods,
for I must not let water wash my head until
I can put Patroclus on the fire, pile earth
upon him, and cut my hair, for I will never
be seized by a greater grief while I still live.
For now let us attend this wretched feast,
but at dawn, lord Agamemnon, have your men
gather firewood, place it near the corpse,
and prepare a fitting passing for one heading
into darkness so steady fire will consume him
quickly and the army can return to its tasks.”

So he said, and all listened and obeyed.
After quickly preparing the meals, each man
feasted, and no one’s heart was left wanting.
When the meal ended and all were satisfied,
each man went to his tent to rest, but Peleus’
son sat with the Myrmidons in an open space
by the shore of the loud-roaring sea, groaning
deeply as the waves crashed onto the shore.
When sweet sleep took hold, lifting the grief
from his heart and resting his weary limbs
after chasing Hector around windy Ilios,
the spirit of poor Patroclus appeared to him,
looking just as he always had: same size, same
eyes, same voice, and same clothes. And he
stood over Achilles’ head and said to him:
“You sleep and have forgotten me, Achilles.
You cared when I was alive but not now that
I am dead. So bury me so I can pass through
the gates of Hades. The shades bar my way,
refusing to let me join them in the wide-gated
house beyond the river, so I wander aimlessly.
Now, I beg you, take my hand, for I will never
leave Hades once you have given me my fire.
We will never again in life sit apart from others
and devise plans, for the dreadful fate I was
assigned at birth has swallowed me whole.
But it is also your fate, godlike Achilles,
to die under the walls of the wealthy Trojans.
And I ask one more thing, if you will obey:
let our bones lie together in death, Achilles,
like when we were children living in your house
after Menoetius brought me, still just a lad,
to your land from Opoeis because I had
killed Amphidamus’ son in a fit of rage
over dice—a foolish accident. Horseman
Peleus took me into his home, raising me
kindly and appointing me your attendant.
So let our bones be joined in a single golden
urn, the one your revered mother gave to you.”

Then swift-footed Achilles replied to him:
“Why have you come here, my loyal friend,
and charged me with these tasks? Still, I will
do all these things and obey your commands.
Now stand closer so we can hold each other
and find comfort from our deadly sorrows.”

So saying, he reached for his friend, but found
only air, for the spirit had disappeared like
smoke into the earth. An astonished Achilles
sprang up, clapped his hands, and exclaimed:
“Alas, something—a soul or shade—lives on
in the house of Hades, even if the mind
is gone, for all night long the lifelike spirit
of poor Patroclus stood over me, weeping
and wailing and telling me what to do.”

So he said, his words stirring sorrow in all,
and they cried around the corpse until rosy-
fingered dawn appeared. Then Agamemnon
ordered noble Meriones, attendant of brave
Idomeneus, to lead out men and mules
from all over camp to collect wood. Carrying
axes and well-twisted ropes in their hands
and leading their mules, they traveled up,
down, and all around many hills until they
reached the steps of many-fountained Ida
where they set to work with fine-edged bronze
felling oak trees that came crashing down.
Then the Achaeans split the trunks and tied
them behind the mules, whose hooves tore
into the earth as they pulled over the brush
to the plain. And Meriones, kind Idomeneus’
attendant, ordered all woodcutters to carry
logs. They piled these on the shore where
Achilles planned a great barrow for Patroclus.

After throwing down the boundless wood,
they sat and waited. Achilles then ordered
the warlike Myrmidons to put on their bronze
belts and yoke their horses to chariots; so they rose,
donned their armor, and mounted their chariots,
warriors and charioteers alike. The chariots led,
countless foot soldiers followed, and in the middle
they carried Patroclus, his body covered in hair
they had cut and thrown over him. Behind
them noble Achilles held his head and wept,
for he was sending his noble friend to Hades.

When they reached Achilles’ chosen spot,
they set Patroclus down and laid wood over
him. Then swift-footed Achilles, on impulse,
stood away from the pyre and cut the blonde
hair he had grown long for the river Spercheus.
Looking sadly out at the wine-dark sea, he said:
“Spercheus, Peleus vowed that after I returned
home to my dear father’s land, I would honor
you by cutting my hair, offering a holy hecatomb,
and slaying fifty uncastrated rams in your waters,
at the site of your smoking altar. So he vowed,
but you did not fulfill his request. Since I will
never return to my dear father’s land, I offer
my hair to Patroclus to carry with him.”

So saying, he put the hair in his dear friend’s
hands, thus rousing in all the desire to mourn.
Then the sun would have set on their tears had
Achilles not approached Agamemnon and said:
“Son of Atreus, the Achaeans obey your words
above all others. The time for mourning is past,
so send them away from the fire and order them
to cook their meals. Those closest to the dead will
see to the rest, and let the leaders stay as well.”

Hearing this, the lord of men, Agamemnon,
sent the men back to their well-balanced ships,
while those closest to the dead stayed, piled
wood to make a hundred square foot pyre,
and set Patroclus on top, their hearts breaking.
Then they flayed and prepared many fat sheep
and sleek, shambling oxen; and noble Achilles
took all the fat, covered the body from head
to toe, and piled the animals around him.
He leaned two double-handled jars of honey
and oil against the bier and threw four strong-
necked horses onto the fire as they wailed.
Of the nine dogs Patroclus had under his table,
Achilles slayed two and added them to the fire.
And with his bronze he killed twelve noble sons
of great-hearted Trojans, rage burning his soul.
Then he lit the relentless fire until it spread
and, with a wail, called his dear friend’s name:
“Hail, my Patroclus, even in the home of Hades,
for I have now fulfilled my promise to you:
twelve noble sons of great-hearted Trojans
burn together with you; but Hector, Priam’s
son, will not be devoured by fire but by dogs.”

So he vowed, but no dogs came near Hector,
for Aphrodite, Zeus’ daughter, kept the dogs
away both day and night and anointed him
with rose-scented ambrosia so his skin would not
be torn as Achilles dragged him. And Phoebus
Apollo sent a dark cloud down from heaven
to cover the area around the body so the sun’s
fury would not cook his tendon and limbs.

But Patroclus’ pyre failed to kindle, so again
swift-footed, noble Achilles devised a plan.
Away from the fire, he prayed to the North
and West Winds, promising great offerings,
pouring libations from a golden chalice,
and asking them to come quickly so the wood
would kindle and the corpse burn. Iris heard
his prayer and hurried to the winds, who were
together in stormy West Wind’s house enjoying
a feast. Iris halted at the stone threshold,
and when the winds saw her, they rose quickly,
each man calling her over to sit beside him.
But she refused to sit, saying to them:
“I cannot sit, for I must return to the streams
of Oceanus and to Ethiopia, where they are
sacrificing hecatombs to the gods, and I must
share in the feast. But Achilles prays to the North
and blustering West Winds, promising great
offerings if you would stir the flames on the pyre
where Patroclus lies, grieved by all Achaeans.”

So saying, she left, and they rose with a rushing
cry and drove the clouds before them. Blowing
over the sea, their whistling blasts stirring
the waves, they soon reached fertile Troy and fell
on the pyre, and an inhuman flame arose.
All night long winds beat the flaming pyre,
and all night long swift-footed Achilles used
a two-handled cup to take wine from a golden
bowl and pour it out, wetting the earth as he
called to the spirit of poor Patroclus. Just as
a father cries over his son’s burning bones, a son
newly-wed whose death devastated his parents,
so Achilles cried ceaselessly over his friend’s
burning bones as he moved around the pyre.

When the morning star lit the earth and sky
and saffron-robed dawn spread over the sea,
the funeral pyre died and its flames ceased.
The winds returned once again to their homes
over the Thracian sea, which swelled as they
passed. Then the son of Peleus left the pyre
and laid down, exhausted, yearning for sweet
sleep; but the son of Atreus and his men
gathered together, and their noisy arrival
woke him, so he sat up and addressed them:
“Son of Atreus and other Achaean leaders,
first quench with your bright wine the last
of the flames. Then let us separate the bones
of Patroclus, Menoetius’ son, from the rest;
they should be easy to spot for he was placed
in the middle of the pyre while the rest burned
on the edges, horses mixed with men. Then let
us wrap them in a double layer of fat and put
them in a golden urn until I, too, am hidden
in Hades. And do not build for him a great
barrow, just a suitable one; later, when I am
gone, you Achaeans who are left by the benched
ships can build a barrow both high and wide.”

All obeyed the words of Peleus’ swift-footed son.
First, they quenched the pyre with bright wine
wherever the fire burned and the ash was thick.
Then they tearfully gathered their kind friend’s
white bones, wrapped them in a double layer
of fat, put them in a golden urn, set the urn
in his tent, and covered it with fine linen cloth.
Next they marked out a circle, laid a foundation
around the pyre, piled earth over it to form
a barrow, and started to leave. But Achilles had
them stay and sit in assembly. Then he carried
prizes out from his ships: cauldrons, tripods, horses,
mules, cattle, well-girdled women, and grey iron.

First he set out fine prizes for the swift-footed
charioteers: a woman skilled in noble craftwork
to take away and a handled tripod holding
twenty-two measures for the victor; for second
place, a six-year-old, unbroken mare, pregnant
with a mule foal; for third place, a new, unfired
cauldron, still shining bright and holding four
measures; for fourth place, two talents of gold;
and for fifth place, a new, two-handled jar.
Then he stood up and addressed the Argives:
“Son of Atreus and other well-greaved Argives,
these are the prizes that await the charioteers.
If this contest were held in honor of some other
Achaean, then I would take first prize back
to my tent, for you know my horses surpass all
others, being immortal, given by Poseidon
to my father Peleus, who gave them to me.
But I will stay here with my single-hoofed horses,
who have lost their famed charioteer, a kind
man who would often pour soft olive oil
on their manes after washing them in bright
water. So they will stand there, mourning him,
their manes resting on the ground, their hearts
torn. But those Achaeans who trust their horses
and their joined chariots should get ready.”

So said Peleus’ son, and the charioteers quickly
rose. By far the first to stir was the lord of men,
Eumelus, Admetus’ son and a skilled horseman.
Then came mighty Diomedes, Tydeus’ son,
who led by the yoke the Trojan horses he took
from Aeneas, though Apollo saved Aeneas himself.
Next to rise was fair-haired Menelaus, Atreus’ son,
Zeus-born, leading his swift horses, Agamemnon’s
mare Aethe and his own Podargus. Echepolus,
Anchises’ son, had given Agamemnon the mare
as a gift so he would not have to go to Ilios but stay
behind and enjoy himself, for Zeus had given
him great wealth and he lived in spacious Sicyon;
now Menelaus led out this eager-to-race mare.
The fourth to yoke his fair-maned horses was
Antilochus, noble son of high-hearted King
Nestor, Neleus’ son; swift, Pylos-bred horses drew
his chariot. His father stood near him, offering
words of advice to a son who already understood:
“Antilochus, you are young but loved by Zeus
and Poseidon, who taught you all about horses;
there is no need to teach you more, for you know
how to turn at the post. But you have the slowest
horses in the race, so I fear it will be difficult
for you. The other men’s horses are faster,
but the men are no better at strategy than you.
So come, dear boy, fill your mind with cunning
plans and do not let those prizes slip past you.
Just as skill is better than might for a wood-cutter,
and just as skill helps a pilot guide his swift ship
safely through rough winds on the wine-dark
sea, so skill will help one charioteer beat the rest.
A man who trusts only in his horses and chariot
will turn recklessly this way and that, his horses
running all over the course and out of control.
But a clever man driving inferior horses keeps
his eye on the post and turns sharply, holds
his oxhide reins taut at the start, maintains
a steady pace, and watches the leader closely.
Now here is a sure sign that will not go unnoticed:
there is a dry stump, an oak or pine about six
feet high that rain has not rotted away; two
white stones are fixed against it on either side,
and the ground around it is smooth for driving.
This was once a grave marker for a man long
dead or the goal in some ancient race, but swift-
footed Achilles has made it his turning post.
Drive your horses and chariot right up to it
while you lean to the left of your well-plaited
chariot and call out to the horse on the right,
goading him on as you loosen the reins.
But drive your left horse so close to the post
that the nave of the well-made wheel nearly
hits it—but do not touch the stone or you
will harm the horse and break the chariot,
and the others will cheer and you will be
disgraced. So be smart, son, and stay alert,
for if you pass the rest at the turning point,
then no man will catch you or burst past you,
not even the swift horse of Adrastus, Arion,
who comes from immortal stock, or one
of Laomedon’s wonderful local horses.”

So saying, Nestor, son of Neleus, sat down,
having explained every last thing to his son.

And Meriones was fifth to yoke his fair-maned
horses. They mounted their chariots and threw
down lots. Achilles cast them, and out fell
the lot of Nestor’s son, Antilochus, followed
in turn by the lots of lord Eumelus, spear-famed
Menelaus, Meriones, and finally Diomedes,
who drove the best horses by far. They then
lined up in rows, and Achilles pointed out
the turning post on the smooth plain and set
there as look-out godlike Phoenix, his father’s
follower, to watch the race and report the truth.

Holding their whips high over the horses, they
lashed at them and shouted their names as
they sped swiftly away from the ships and over
the plain. The dust rose up under the horses’
breasts like clouds in a violent storm, their manes
streaming against the rushing wind. The chariots
were pressed into the fertile land one minute
and tossed airborne the next, and the drivers
stood in the chariots with their hearts throbbing
as they yearned for victory and called out
to their horses flying over the dusty plain.

When the swift horses were in the final stretch,
returning to the grey sea, each man’s true merit
was revealed as the horses quickened their pace.
The swift mares of Pheres’ grandson, Eumelus,
were in the lead, just ahead of the Trojan stallions
of Diomedes, which were so close they seemed
ready to mount Eumelus’ chariot, their breath
warming his back and shoulders and their heads
hovering just behind as they ran. And Diomedes
would have drawn even or driven past had
Phoebus Apollo not held a grudge against him
and knocked the shining whip out of his hands.
Angry tears poured out as he watched the mares
pull away and his own horses slow, for they ran
without a goad. But Athena knew Apollo had
cheated Tydeus’ son, so she hurried to the leader
of men, returned his whip, and gave his horses
strength. Then, in revenge, she went after the son
of Admetus and broke his horses’ yoke, and they
scattered over the course. The chariot pole hit
the ground, and Eumelus flew from the chariot
and landed near a wheel; his elbows, mouth,
and nose were stripped of skin, his forehead was
bruised above the eyebrows, his eyes were filled
with tears, and his rich voice was silenced.
Tydeus’ son turned his single-hoofed horses
aside and moved into the lead, for Athena had
strengthened his horses and given him glory.
Behind him was fair-haired Menelaus, Atreus’
son, but Antilochus called to his father’s horses:
“Hurry, you two, and run as fast as you can.
I do not order you to match the stallions
of skilled Diomedes, for Athena has made
his horses swift and has given him glory.
But catch Menelaus’ horses and do not let
them escape, or you will be shamed, for Aethe
is a mare. Why is she leaving you behind?
I tell you now, and it will come to pass:
Nestor, shepherd of the people, will show
no mercy but kill you with a sharp sword
if we win a lesser prize through your lack
of effort. So hurry up and run as fast as you
can, and I will devise a plan to slip past
them on the narrow road—this I promise.”

The horses, hearing their master’s rebuke,
trembled and sped up for a while, and soon
Antilochus found a narrow gap in the road:
a hollow dip where winter rains had broken
away part of the road. Menelaus drove
at the dip, hoping others would hold back,
but Antilochus turned his single-hoofed horses
to the side of the road and pursued him.
Frightened, Atreus’ son said to Antilochus:
“Antilochus, hold your horses and stop driving
recklessly. The road is narrow here but widens
soon. Do not hit my chariot and harm us both.”

So he said, but Antilochus whipped his horses
and drove even harder—as if he had not heard.
They ran as far as a discus can be thrown
from the shoulder of a young man testing
his strength, but then the mares of Atreus’ son
backed off, for Menelaus chose to slow down
and not risk the single-hoofed horses colliding
in the track, upturning the chariots, and hurling
the men into the dust—all in the rush for victory.
And fair-haired Menelaus scolded Antilochus:
“Antilochus, most malicious of men, be off!
We Achaeans were fools to think you wise.
Still, you will not win the prize without an oath.”

So he said and then called out to his horses:
“Do not hold back and stand around grieving
in your hearts. Their feet and knees will tire
before yours do, for they have lost their youth.”

The horses cowered with fear at their master’s
rebuke, ran faster, and soon caught the others.

The Argives sat in assembly and watched
the horses as they flew over the dusty plain.
Idomeneus, the Cretan leader, was first to spot
them, for he sat apart from the others, high up
in a lookout spot. When he heard a man’s
distant shouts, he quickly recognized the voice.
Soon after, he saw a horse in the lead, a bay
with a white, moon-like spot on his forehead.
He then stood and said to the other Achaeans:
“Friends, leaders, and rulers of the Achaeans,
am I alone or can you also see the horses?
A different charioteer and horses now seem
to be in the lead; the mares must have fallen
in the plain. They were the best off the line
and I saw them go first around the turning
point, but now I cannot to see them though
my eyes can see the entire Trojan plain.
Perhaps the driver lost his reins or lost control
and missed the mark when he made the turn,
or perhaps he was thrown to the earth,
breaking the chariot and sending the mares
bolting away in a frenzy. But stand up and see
for yourselves, for I think the man in front
is an Aetolian and an Argive king: mighty
Diomedes, the son of horse-tamer Tydeus.”

Then Ajax, son of Oïleus, scornfully replied:
“Idomeneus, why must you brag? The swift
horses are far from us, rushing over the plain.
You are not the youngest among the Argives
nor are your eyes the sharpest, so why do
you talk so rashly? There are better men
than you here, so do not be such a braggart.
Eumelus’ mares still lead, as they did before,
and he stands behind them, holding the reins.”

This angered the Cretan lord, who replied:
“Ajax, great at insults but witless and cruel
and worst among the Argives: come, let us
wager a tripod or a cauldron on which horses
lead, and let Agamemnon, son of Atreus,
judge. Then you will learn by paying up.”

So he said, enraging swift Ajax, son of Oïleus,
who stood quickly, ready to respond with harsh
words; and the fight between them would have
escalated had Achilles not stepped in and said:
“Ajax and Idomeneus, end this rage-filled
argument. It is not proper, and you would
censure others who acted in this way.
Now sit and wait for the horses, for they
are quickly coming closer, aiming for victory.
Then you will all see which Argive horses
are in the lead and which are in second.”

So saying, Tydeus’ son approached them,
driving hard and lashing his whip as the high-
stepping horses sped along. Dust spattered
the driver as his gold and tin-covered chariot
followed closely behind the swift-footed horses;
and as they sped along, the chariot’s wheel
tracks were hidden from sight by the powdery
dust. Diomedes stopped in front of the assembly,
sweat oozing down his horses’ necks and chests.
He then leapt down from the bright chariot
onto the earth and set the whip near the yoke.
Noble Sthenelus wasted no time, taking
the prizes and giving the woman and handled
tripod to his great-hearted comrades to carry
away before unyoking the horses himself.

The next to drive his horses in was Antilochus,
Nestor’s son, who beat Menelaus not by speed
but by cunning; even so, Menelaus’ swift horses
were close behind. Just as a horse who struggles
to draw his lord over a plain can run so close
to the wheels of a chariot that the outmost
hairs on his tail touch the rims, so close was
Menelaus to noble Antilochus at the end.
At first, he was as far behind him as a man
can cast a discus, but he soon closed the gap
thanks to the might of Aethe, Agamemnon’s
fair-maned mare. If the race had lasted
any longer, he would have passed Antilochus
with ease. Meriones, the mighty attendant
of Idomeneus, finished a spear-cast behind
noble Menelaus, for his fair-maned horses
were slowest of all and he was the weakest
driver in the race. But the son of Admetus
came dead last, dragging his fine chariot
and driving his horses before him. When he
saw Eumelus, swift-footed Achilles felt pity,
so he stood among the Argives and said:
“The single-hoofed horses of the best driver
finished last; come, let us give him a second-
place prize, but let Tydeus’ son take first.”

All Achaeans agreed with his words, and he
would have given Eumelus the horse had
Antilochus, great-hearted Nestor’s son, not
stood and pled his case to Peleus’ son, Achilles:
“I will be angry with you, Achilles, if you do
as you say, for you plan to take my prize away
because this good man’s chariot and horses
came to harm. But if he had simply prayed
to the gods, then he would not have finished
last. But if you pity him and care for him,
then there is, in your tent, ample gold, bronze,
sheep, handmaids, and single-hoofed horses;
pick one of these and give it to him as a prize,
either now or later, so the Achaeans will praise
you. But I will not give up the mare, and any
man who tries will have to face me in combat.”

Hearing this, swift-footed noble Achilles smiled,
pleased with Antilochus, who was his dear
comrade. Then he replied to him, saying:
“Antilochus, if you want me to give Eumeus
some other prize from my tent, then I will give
him the breastplate I took from Asteropaeus,
which is bronze with a thin, circular plating
of shimmering tin. It is a very worthy prize.”

So saying, he told Automedon to fetch it
from the tent; he did so, and upon his return,
gave it to Eumelus, who accepted it happily.

Suddenly, Menelaus stood, his broken-heart
furious at Antilochus. A herald placed a scepter
in his hands and called for the Argives to be
silent, and then godlike Menelaus said to them:
“Antilochus, once so wise, look what you have
done. You have shamed my skills and harmed
my horses by throwing your lesser mounts
in the way. Come, Argive leaders and rulers,
and judge between us, impartially, or else
some future bronze-clad Achaean will say:
‘Menelaus cheated Antilochus; his horses
were weaker, but he went away with the mare
because he himself was more powerful.’
But I will speak the truth, and I think no other
Danaan will counter me, for it will be right.
Come here, Zeus-blessed Antilochus. Stand
and take in your hands the pliant whip you
used to drive your horses and chariot and swear
to the earth-shaker that you did not, of your
own free will, hinder my chariot by trickery.”

Antilochus then shrewdly replied to him:
“Hold on now. I am younger than you, lord
Menelaus, and you are older and worthier.
You know young men readily cause offense,
their minds impatient but their wisdom slight.
So be patient; I will give you the mare I won.
And if you desire another prize from my house,
I will give it to you, Zeus-nourished one, for I
do not wish to lose your respect for the rest
of my days and speak falsely before the gods.”

So saying, Nestor’s great-hearted son handed
the mare to Menelaus, warming his heart.
Just as dew on ears of corn warms a standing
crop, allowing the bristling fields to grow,
so also was your heart warmed, Menelaus.
Then he spoke winged words to Antilochus:
“Antilochus, I will end my anger against you
for you were never before foolish or unstable,
even if youthful passion ruled you today.
In future, do not cheat those better than you.
No other Achaean would have persuaded me
so quickly, but you and your father and brother
have struggled and suffered much for my sake.
So I will yield to your prayer and give you
the mare, though she is mine, so all may know
that my heart is neither arrogant nor cruel.”

Then he gave the mare to Noëmon, comrade
of Antilochus, and took the shining cauldron
for himself. Meriones took the fourth prize, two
talents of gold, but the fifth prize, a two-handled
jar, was not claimed, so Achilles carried it through
the assembly and gave it to Nestor, telling him:
“Take this treasure, old man, as your memento
of Patroclus’ funeral, for you will never again
see him among the Argives. I give to you
this prize uncontested for you will never again
box or wrestle or hurl spears or run a race,
for old age weighs heavily upon you.”

So saying, he gave the jar to Nestor, who took
it gladly and replied to him with winged words:
“All that you say is true, my son; my limbs are
no longer firm, nor my feet, and my arms do
not move so swiftly from my shoulders. If only
I were as young and as strong as I was on the day
the Epians buried lord Amarynceus at Buprasium,
and his sons set out prizes to honor the king.
I had no equal back then, not among the Epeians
or Pylians or great-hearted Aetolians. In boxing,
I beat Clytomedes, Enops’ son; in wrestling,
I beat Ancaeus of Pleuron, who faced me;
I outran Iphiclus, a good man; and outthrew
Phyleus and Polydorus with the javelin.
Only in the chariot race did Actor’s two sons
outrace me, ganging up to prevent my victory,
for the best prizes were saved for this race.
They were twins: one held the horses, held
the horses, and the other worked the whip.
That was then, but now let younger men do
this work. I must give in to wretched old age,
though I was once the greatest of warriors.
So go and honor your friend with contests.
I accept this gratefully, and it warms my heart
that you consider me a friend and did not
forget to honor me among the Achaeans.
May the gods grant you great favors in return.”

After hearing the words of Neleus’ son, the son
of Peleus went through the large Achaean
crowd and set out prizes for the boxing match.
He led into the assembly and tethered a sturdy,
six-year-old, unbroken mule, toughest to tame,
and for the loser he set out a two-handled cup.
Then he stood among the Argives and spoke:
“Son of Atreus and other well-greaved Argives,
I call on the two best men to raise their fists
and fight for these prizes. For the man whom
Apollo grants endurance before all Achaeans,
let him lead this sturdy mule back to his tent;
and let the loser take this two-handled cup.”

Achilles’ words roused Epeius, son of Panopeus,
a large, powerful man well-skilled in boxing,
who rose, took hold of the sturdy mule, and said:
“Whoever wants the two-handled cup, let him
come and claim it, for no Achaean will outbox
me and lead away this mule. I am the best.
Does it matter that I fall short in battle?
A man cannot be skilled in all things. But I
tell you now, and surely it will come to pass:
I will rip that man’s flesh and break his bones.
Make sure his kin are in the crowd, for they will
have to carry him out after I pummel him.”

Hearing this, the crowd fell silent. Only Euryalus
stood to face him: a godlike man whose father,
King Mecisteus, Talaus’ son, once went to Thebes
for the funeral of Oedipus and outboxed all
of Cadmus’ sons. Spear-famed Diomedes was
eager for Euryalus to win, so encouraged him
and acted as his second. First, he put a belt
around him and then gave him fine leather
thongs for his hands. Once girded, the two went
to the center of the ring, stood face-to-face,
raised their sturdy hands, and fell on each other,
their fists firing fierce blows, their teeth grinding
terribly, and their limbs covered in sweat. But just
as Euryalus spotted an opening, noble Epeius
struck him in the cheek, and Euryalus’ glistening
legs collapsed under him. As when a fish leaps
out of waters roughened by the North Wind
and onto a seaweed-strewn shore until a black
wave covers it, so fell Euryalus. But a gracious
Epeius helped him up, and his friends came
and led him away, his feet dragging behind him,
his head leaning to one side, and his mouth
spitting thick blood. They soon set him down,
still dazed, and went to fetch the two-handled cup.

Soon after, Peleus’ son set out for the Danaans
the prizes for the third event, arduous wrestling:
a tripod made to stand on a fire for the winner,
which the Achaeans valued at twelve oxen,
and a woman skilled in handiwork for the loser,
which the Achaeans valued at four oxen.
Then he stood and addressed the Achaeans:
“Who will rise up and wrestle for this prize?”
At these words, great Telamonian Ajax stood,
as did wise and cunning Odysseus. They girded
themselves, went to the center of the assembly,
and gripped each other with their stout arms
like gable roof rafters joined together in a high
house by a famed craftsman to keep out heavy
winds. Their backs creaked under the tangled
strain of strong hands, sweat poured down
in waves, and blood-red bruises shot up around
their ribs and shoulders as both men battled
for victory and for the prized tripod. Odysseus
could not trip or throw Ajax, nor could Ajax
move Odysseus, whose great strength held firm.
Soon the well-greaved Achaeans grew bored,
and great Telamonian Ajax said to Odysseus:
“Son of Laertes, wily Odysseus, either you
lift me or I you, and let Zeus decide the rest.”

Then Ajax tried to lift him, but Odysseus used
his cunning and struck the hollow of his knee,
throwing Ajax backwards, and Odysseus fell
on his chest as the astonished crowd looked on.
Stout Odysseus tried to lift Ajax, moving him
a little off the ground but no higher; then he
crooked his knee into Ajax’s, and they fell down
next to one another and were covered in dust.
And they would have risen and wrestled a third
time had Achilles not stopped them and said:
“Enough! Do not wear yourselves out or do
harm. You are both winners, so split the prizes
equally and go, so other Achaeans can compete.”

Hearing this, they eagerly obeyed, wiped
away the dust, and put on their tunics.

Peleus’ son quickly set out prizes for the foot-
race: a well-made silver mixing bowl that held
six units and was the most beautiful on earth,
since it was made by Sidonians, expert crafters,
brought over the misty waters by Phoenicians,
and given as a gift to Thoas. It was then
given to the hero Patroclus by Euneos, Jason’s
son, as ransom for Lycaon, son of Priam.
Now, in honor of his friend, Achilles set it
out as prize for whomever won the foot race.
For second, he set out a great ox, rich in fat,
and for third he set out a half talent of gold.
Then he stood and adressed the Achaeans:
“Rise, those who wish to race for this prize.”
So he said, and up rose swift Ajax, Oïleus’
son, wily Odysseus, and Antilochus, Nestor’s
son, who was the fastest of all the youths.
They lined up, Achilles showed them the goal,
and the race was off. Oïleus’ son quickly took
the lead, but noble Odysseus was as close
to him as a well-girdled woman’s breast is
to a weaving rod when she carefully draws
it to her chest while pulling the spool past
the warp—so close was Odysseus. His feet
struck Ajax’s footprints before the dust had
settled, his breath blew on Ajax’s head as he
sped along, and all the Achaeans cheered
him on as he struggled for victory. But when
they neared the end of the race, Odysseus
prayed in his heart to bright-eyed Athena:
“Hear me, goddess: do not let my feet fail.”
So he prayed, and Pallas Athena heard him
and lightened his limbs, both feet and hands.
But when they reached the finish and the prize
was in sight, Athena hindered Ajax and made
him slip and fall in the dung of the bellowing
bulls that swift Achilles slew in Patroclus’
honor, and Ajax fell face-first into the dung.
Thus wily Odysseus won the race and took
the bowl, and noble Ajax finished second
and took the ox; and as he held the ox’s horn
and spat out the dung, he said to the Argives:
“Well, the goddess made me slip; she stands
by Odysseus like a mother and helps him.”

So he said, and all laughed merrily at him.
Then Antilochus smiled as he carried away
the final prize, and he said to the Argives:
“Friends, you know it is true when I say that
the gods always honor older men. Ajax is
only slightly older than I am, but Odysseus
is from an earlier generation of men—
a green old age, men say. Other Achaeans
struggle to compete with him, save Achilles.”

So he said, honoring the swift-footed son
of Peleus. Then Achilles answered him:
“Antilochus, your praise is not in vain, so I
will add a half-talent of gold to your prize.”

He put the gold in the hands of a pleased
Antilochus and then brought to the assembly
a long-shadowed spear, helmet, and shield:
Sarpedon’s battle gear, which Patroclus had
stripped from him. And he said to the Argives:
“For these prizes, we need two men, the best
warriors, to put on their armor and fight
before the assembly with flesh-cutting bronze.
The first man to cut the other’s armor, pierce
his flesh, and draw his dark blood will get
a beautiful silver Thracian sword, which I
took from Asteropaeus. Let both men carry
off this armor and share it, and we will
set out a fine banquet for them in our tents.”

So he said, and Telamonian Ajax rose, as did
Tydeus’ son, mighty Diomedes. They armed
on opposite ends of the crowd and then came
together, eager for battle and glaring harshly;
and wonder filled all Achaeans. Three times
they charged each other, and three times they
clashed. Then Ajax struck the well-balanced
shield of Diomedes but did not pierce his skin,
for the breastplate protected him from the spear.
Soon after, Tydeus’ son sought to strike over
Ajax’s shield and sink the spear into his neck.
This so frightened the Achaeans that they
called for the fight to end and the prizes to be
split. But Achilles gave Diomedes the great
sword along with its scabbard and fine baldric.

Then the son of Peleus set out a lump of iron
once thrown by mighty Eëtion before swift-
footed Achilles killed him and carried the iron
away on his ships with his other possessions.
And Achilles stood and addressed the Argives:
“Rise up, whoever wants to win this prize.
Though his rich fields are far away, the victor
will have this iron to use for five full years,
fully supplying his shepherds and plowmen
so they will need no more iron from the city.”

So he said, and up rose staunch Polypoetes,
strong and godlike Leonteus, Telamonian
Ajax, and noble Epeius. As they lined up
in a row, noble Epeius took the mass,
whirled, and hurled it, and all the Achaeans
laughed. Next up was Leonteus, son of Ares;
then Telamonian Ajax hurled the mass
with his massive hands and sent it farther
than the others. But when staunch Polypoetes
took the iron, he threw it as far as a herdsman
throws his staff over a herd of cattle: so far
was his throw past all the others. The crowd
cheered, and Polypoetes’ comrades carried
their mighty king’s prize to the hollow ships.

Achilles next set down dark iron as the prize
for archery: ten double axes and ten half-axes.
He placed a ship’s mast with a cobalt prow
far off in the sands, tied a thin string around
a wild dove’s foot, and ordered the men
to shoot at it: “Whoever hits the wild dove
will lift and carry home all the double axes,
but whoever hits the cord but misses the bird,
a lesser shot, will take the half-axes as prizes.”

So he said, and up sprang mighty lord Teucer
and Meriones, Idomeneus’ noble attendant.
They cast their lots into a bronze helmet,
and Teucer drew first shot. He quickly fired
his arrow, but he did not vow to sacrifice
to Apollo a hecatomb of first-born lambs,
so he missed the bird, due to Apollo’s grudge,
but his sharp arrow hit the string tied to the bird’s
foot, cutting clean through it. The dove flew
into the sky, the string hung down to the earth,
and the crowd cheered aloud. Then Meriones
took the bow from Teucer’s hands, joined it
with the arrow he was holding while Teucer
shot, and vowed to far-shooter Apollo
to sacrifice a hecatomb of first-born lambs.
He saw the wild dove fly into the clouds, and as
she circled he shot her square beneath the wing,
the arrow passing clean through and dropping
down at Meriones’ feet. Meanwhile, the bird
fell atop the mast of a cobalt-prowed ship,
her head hanging low and her feathers drooping;
life soon left the bird, and she fell from the mast
while the army looked on in amazement.
Meriones took all ten double axes, and Teucer
took the half-axes back to the hollow ships.

Then Peleus’ son brought out a long-shadowed
spear and unfired cauldron adorned with flowers
that was worth an oxen, and the javelin hurlers
stood up: Agamemnon, the wide-ruling son
of Atreus, and Meriones, the noble attendant
of Idomeneus. To them noble Achilles said:
“Son of Atreus, we know you surpass all
others in the casting of spears; therefore, take
this prize back to your ship, but let us give
the spear to the warrior Meriones, should
your heart allow it. I myself desire this.”

So he said, and Agamemnon, lord of men,
agreed. He gave the bronze spear to Meriones
and handed his own prize to his herald Talthybius.

Book 24

When the games were over, the men scattered
to their ships, their thoughts on food and sweet
sleep, but all-consuming sleep could not hold
a tearful Achilles, who yearned for his dearest
companion, the brave and bold Patroclus.
He tossed and turned as he thought of all they
had achieved and all they had endured, both
the battles and the deadly waves. He would
remember all this while shedding large tears
and lying first on his ribs, then on his back,
and then on his face; then he would stand up
and wander sadly along the shore until Dawn
rose brightly over the sea and beaches.
Then he would yoke his swift horses, tie
Hector to the chariot, and drag him around
Patroclus’ barrow three times before returning
to his hut to rest, leaving Hector stretched
out and face-down in the dust. But Apollo
pitied Hector even in death, protecting
his flesh with his golden aegis so his body
would not be torn as he was dragged along.

As Achilles sought to deface noble Hector,
the blessed gods looked on with pity and urged
sharp-sighted Hermes to steal the corpse.
This idea pleased all the gods save for Hera,
Poseidon, and the bright-eyed maiden whose
hatred for Ilios, Priam, and his people was
as strong as it had been on the day they went
to Alexander’s courtyard and he insulted
them by praising she who fed his deadly lust.[1]
But at dawn on the twelfth day after Hector’s
death, Phoebus Apollo addressed the immortals:
“Cruel, malicious gods, did Hector not burn
the thigh bones of perfect oxen and goats for you?
Now you refuse to save his corpse for his wife
to look upon as well as his mother, his child,
his father Priam, and his people, who would
swiftly burn him and perform the funeral rites.
No, you gods would prefer to aid deadly Achilles
whose heart is broken and whose mind cannot
be bent. He is like a savage lion whose great
strength and courageous spirit compel him
to attack flocks of men to win himself a feast.
Achilles has lost both his pity and his shame,
which can greatly harm men but also help them.
Even when a man loses one dearer to him than
this man has—a brother from the same mother
or a son—he will mourn and then move on,
for the Fates have given men enduring hearts.
But after robbing Hector of life, Achilles ties
him to his chariot and drags him around
his friend’s barrow. There is no honor or profit
in this. As mighty as he is, he should fear
our wrath, for his rage defiles the senseless earth.”

Then, in anger, white-armed Hera replied to him:
“You would be right, lord of the silver bow,
if Achilles and Hector deserved equal honor.
But Hector was a mortal who suckled his mother’s
breast while Achilles is the son of a goddess,
one I nurtured and raised and gave in marriage
to Peleus, a man dear to the gods. All the gods
went to the wedding, and you also sat at the feast,
lyre in your lap, you faithless friend of misery.”

Then cloud-gatherer Zeus replied to her:
“Hera, do not be angry at the gods. True,
their honor will not be the same, but of all
mortals in Ilios, Hector was dearest to the gods,
myself included. He never failed in his gifts
to me, for my altar never lacked offerings of wine
and burnt flesh, those gifts that are rightly ours.
But let us hear no more talk of stealing brave
Hector without Achilles knowing it; his mother
visits him day and night, after all. Perhaps one
of the gods would summon Thetis to me,
so I may speak to her, for Achilles must accept
Priam’s ransom and return Hector to him.”

At once, storm-footed Iris sped off bearing
his message, and between Samos and rocky
Imbros she dove into the dark sea with a loud
splash and sank to the sea bottom like a lead
weight fixed to a field oxen’s horn that plunges
down and brings death to the flesh-eating fish.
She found Thetis in a hollow cave surrounded
by her sister sea-goddesses, mourning the fate
of her noble son who would soon perish
in deep-soiled Troy, far from his father’s land.
Swift-footed Iris came up to her and said:
“Rise, Thetis. Eternally wise Zeus calls you.”

In reply, silver-footed goddess Thetis said:
“Why does Zeus call me? I am ashamed to mix
with the gods since I am filled with sadness.
Still, I will go, for his words will not be in vain.”

So saying, the goddess took a dark veil,
blacker than any other covering, and set off;
swift-footed Iris led the way, and the swelling
sea parted on either side as they passed.
When they reached the sea shore, they flew
to heaven and found Cronos’ far-seeing son
along with all the other blessed immortals.
Athena made room, and Thetis sat by Zeus.
Hera welcomed her and handed her a fine
golden cup, which she sipped and returned.
Then the father of gods and men told her:
“You have come to Olympus, goddess Thetis,
in spite of all your grief—I know it well.
But I will tell you why I have summoned you
here. For nine days, the gods have quarreled
over Hector’s corpse and over Achilles. They
urge sharp-sighted Hermes to steal the body,
but I grant Achilles his honor in this in order
to preserve your love and respect for me.
So go and speak to your son. Tell him the gods
are angry—and I, above all others, am furious
that he continues to hold Hector by the beaked
ships, refusing to let him go. Perhaps fear of me
will compel him to return Hector. Then I will
send Iris to great-hearted Priam to tell him
to go to the Achaean ships and ransom his son,
bringing with him gifts to soothe Achilles’ heart.”

So he said, and silver-footed Thetis obeyed.
She flew down the Olympian peaks and soon
arrived at her son’s tent. She found him lost
in mourning surrounded by his faithful
comrades who were busy slaughtering a large,
shaggy ram and preparing the morning meal.
His honored mother sat down close to him,
caressed him with her hands, and said to him:
“My child, how long will you let your heart
be eaten away by grief, taking no thought
of food or rest or making love to a woman?
I say to you: you will not live much longer,
for death and resistless fate stand ever closer.
Now listen, for I am a messenger from Zeus.
The gods are angry at you, and Zeus, above
all others, is furious that you continue to hold
Hector by the beaked ships, refusing to let him go.
So release him and accept ransom for the body.”

In reply, swift-footed Achilles said to her:
“If the Olympian commands it, I will obey.
Let he who brings ransom take the body.”

So mother and son spoke many winged words
to one another beside the gathered ships.
But Cronos’ son ordered divine Iris to Ilios:
“Iris, go quickly from Olympus to Ilios and tell
great-hearted King Priam that he must go
to the Achaean ships and ransom his son,
bringing with him gifts to soothe Achilles’
heart. Tell him to do this alone, with no other
Trojan save an old herald to drive the mule
and well-wheeled cart that will carry the body
killed by noble Achilles back to the city.
Let Priam have no fear and think nothing
of death, for he will be guided by Hermes
who will lead him until he reaches Achilles.
And after he has arrived in Achilles’ tent,
neither Achilles nor anyone else will kill him,
for the man is not foolish, impulsive, or sinful
and will kindly protect a suppliant man.”

So saying, swift Iris left to deliver the message
and soon arrived at Priam’s palace to find
a mournful scene. Sons sat around their father,
their clothes covered in tears, while the old man
sat in the middle clutching his cloak tightly,
his head and neck covered in dung, for he had
been wallowing in it and gathering it in his hands.
His daughters and daughters-in-law filled
the house with wails, remembering the noble
warriors who lay dead, killed by Argive hands.
But Zeus’ messenger came near Priam, took
his trembling hand, and spoke softly to him:
“Have courage, Priam, son of Dardanos,
and do not fear, for I have come not with evil
intent but good. I am a messenger from Zeus,
who cares for you and pities you from afar.
The Olympian orders you to ransom noble
Hector’s body by bringing gifts to soothe
Achilles’ heart. Do this alone, with no other
Trojan save an old herald to drive the mule
and well-wheeled cart that will carry the corpse
killed by noble Achilles back to the city.
You must have no fear and think nothing
of death, for you will be guided by Hermes
who will lead you until you reach Achilles.
And after you have arrived in Achilles’ tent,
neither Achilles nor anyone else will kill you,
for the man is not foolish, impulsive, or sinful
and will kindly protect a suppliant man.”

So saying, swift-footed Iris left, and Priam
ordered his sons to prepare a mule and well-
wheeled cart with a wicker basket fixed to it.
He then went into the high-roofed storeroom
that smelled of sweet junipers and was filled
with treasure, and he said to his wife Hecabe:
“Wife! A messenger from Zeus came and told
me to go to the Achaean ships and ransom
my son by bringing gifts to soothe Achilles’
heart. Tell me, what am I to do? As for me,
my heart desperately desires that I go at once
to the great camp of the Achaean ships.”

Hearing this, his wife shrieked and said:
“Where is that wisdom of yours that was once
so revered by foreigners and subjects alike?
How can you think to go to the Achaean ships
alone and face the man who killed your many
noble sons? Yours must surely be an iron heart.
If this savage and untrustworthy man captures
you and looks you in the eyes, he will show you
no respect or pity. No, we must mourn from afar,
in this room. This was the thread spun for him
by resistless Fate on the day I bore him, that he
would sate the hunger of swift dogs far away
from his parents, killed by a powerful man whose
liver I long to devour in vengeance for what he
did to my child who was no coward but died
defending the men and deep-girdled women
of Troy with no thoughts of fear or of flight.”

In reply, the old man, godlike Priam, said to her:
“Do not stop me going where I must, and do
not act like a bird of doom in my halls; you
will not persuade me. If some other mortal had
told me this—a seer, soothsayer, or priest—
then I would call it a lie and dismiss it. But just
now I heard the god’s voice and looked upon her,
so I must trust her word and go. If I am fated
to die by the bronze-clad Achaean ships, then
so be it. Let Achilles slay me after I have held
my son in my arms and have mourned him.”

So saying, he opened the lids of fine chests
and took out twelve beautiful robes, twelve
cloaks to be worn single, as many blankets,
as many linen mantles, and as many tunics.
He weighed and carried out ten talents of gold,
three tripods, four cauldrons, and an exquisite
cup that the Thracians gave to him during
an embassy visit—the old man did not spare
even this, so desperate was he to ransom
his dear son. Then he drove all the Trojans
from the portico and scolded them, saying:
“Get out, wretched fools! Can you not mourn
at home instead of bringing your sorrow to me?
Is it not enough that Zeus, son of Cronos, gave
me grief when I lost my son? You will feel this
loss soon, for it will be easier for the Achaeans
to kill us now he is gone. But I hope to be
in the house of Hades before my eyes must
see the city destroyed and its people slain.”

So saying, he chased the men with his staff,
and they fled from the old man. Then he called
to his sons and reproached them: Helenos,
Paris, noble Agathon, Pammon, Antiphonus,
war crier Polites, Deïphobus, Hippothous,
and godlike Dius. To these nine Priam said:
“Hurry, foul children, disgraces! I wish
you had all died by the swift ships instead
of Hector. Alas, I am cursed! I had the finest
sons in wide Troy, but none of them are left:
not noble Meriones or Troilus the charioteer
or Hector, a god among men, who seemed
more like a god’s son than a man’s. Ares
killed them all and left behind the wretches:
the liars and dancers, dancing heroes, who
rob their own people of lambs and kids.
Now, will you quickly ready my cart and fill it
with these things so we can be on our way?”

So he said, and they, dreading their father’s
rebuke, prepared a mule and well-wheeled cart
with a wicker basket fixed to it. They took
from its peg a boxwood mule yoke with a boss
and guiding rings, a yoke-band nine cubits
long, and the yoke itself. They set the yoke
at the upper end of the polished pole, put
the ring over the peg, bound it to the boss
three times on either side, tied it to the post,
and tucked the tongue under it. After this, they
took the countless treasures for Hector’s ransom
out of the storeroom, put them in the polished
cart, and yoked the strong-hoofed mules who
work the harness, fine gifts given to Priam
by the Mysians. For Priam, they yoked horses
the old man himself had reared in his stable.

The herald and Priam, deep in thought, were
waiting in the palace for their teams to be yoked
when a mournful Hecuba approached, her right
hand holding honey wine in a golden goblet
so they might make a libation before they went.
And she stood in front of the horses and said:
“Pour a libation for father Zeus and pray you
return hone from the enemy since you insist
on going to the ships against my wishes. Pray
to Cronos’ son, lord of black clouds who rules
from Ida and looks down on all Troy, and ask
him for a bird omen, one that is dearest to him,
is the strongest of birds, and is on the right side
so that, when you see it with your own eyes,
you can trust it and go to the swift Danaan ships.
But if far-seeing Zeus does not send a bird,
then I would urge you not to go to the Argive
ships, though you seem determined to do so.”

Then godlike Priam answered her, saying:
“Wife, I will not disobey your request. It is
wise to lift up hands to Zeus and ask for mercy.”

So saying, he told the housekeeper to pour clean
water over his hands, so she stood beside them
with a water jar and basin in her hands. After
washing his hands, he took the cup from his wife,
stood in the center of the room, poured out
the wine, looked up to heaven, and prayed:
“Father Zeus who rules on Ida, great and glorious,
send me to Achilles, welcomed and pitied,
but first send a bird, one that is dearest to you,
is the strongest of birds, and is on the right
side so that, when I see it with my own eyes,
I can trust it and go to the swift Danaan ships.”

Hearing his prayer, counselor Zeus sent down
the greatest of birds, the dark hunter that
men call the black eagle, a bird which has
a wingspan as wide as the well-bolted doors
on a rich man’s high-roofed treasure chamber.
He flew over the city and appeared to them
on their right side, and the hearts of all who
saw him were delighted and comforted.

At once, the old man mounted his chariot
and drove out the door and across the echoing
portico. The mule was in front, pulling the four-
wheeled cart driven by skilled Idaeus; the old man
was behind, whipping his horses and urging them
speedily through the city; and his loved ones
followed, mourning him as they would the dead.
When the two left the city and came to the plain,
the sons and sons-in law stopped and returned
to Ilios, but far-seeing Zeus kept watch as they
streaked across the plain, and he felt pity for Priam,
so he called his dear son Hermes and said to him:
“Hermes, you enjoy the company of men more
than the other gods and will to listen to anyone,
so go—lead Priam to the Achaean hollow ships
and make sure none of the Danaans recognize
him before he reaches the son of Peleus.”

So he said, and Hermes did not disobey.
He tied to his feet the golden, immortal
sandals that carried him over the waters
and the boundless lands like a blast of wind.
Then he took the wand he used to enchant
mortals’ eyes, to make them sleep or to rouse
them awake, and held onto this as he quickly
flew to the Trojan plain and the Hellespont.
He then disguised himself as a young prince,
newly bearded and in the prime of youth.

After driving past the great barrow of Ilus,
the men stopped by the river to let the mules
and horses drink, for darkness had covered
the earth. There the herald spotted Hermes,
who was close at hand, and he said to Priam:
“Think quickly, son of Dardanos, for we have
a problem. I see a man who will, I fear, tear
us to pieces. Let us either flee in the chariot
or fall on his knees and beg for our lives.”

Hearing this, Priam’s mind clouded with fear,
the hairs on his crooked body stood straight up,
and he froze in place. But helper Hermes came
closer, took the old man’s hand, and asked him:
“Father, where are you driving these horses
and mules at this late hour while other men
sleep? Do you not fear the nearby Achaeans,
your enemies who breathe hostile fury? If one
of them saw you transporting these treasures
in the black of night, what then would you do?
You are not young, and your companion is too
old to defend you against any man who attacks.
But I will not harm you, and I will defend you
against others, for you remind me of my father.”

Then the old man, godlike Priam, answered him:
“All that you say is true, dear child, but some
god must be protecting me, for he brought me
into contact with you, a traveler, a truly blessed
sight, for you are a man of admirable form
and sensible mind. Your parents must be proud.”

Then the messenger Hermes replied to him:
“Indeed, old man, all you say is right and true.
But come, explain this to me, and be honest:
are you taking these many fine treasures
to foreign men in order to keep them safe,
or are you fleeing in fear from wondrous Ilios
now that your son has died, the finest warrior,
a man who never stopped fighting the Achaeans.”

Then the old man, godlike Priam, answered him:
“Friend, you speak well of my ill-fated son,
so tell me: who are you and who is your father?”

Then the messenger Hermes replied to him:
“You test me by asking about noble Hector,
but I often saw him in glorious battle, driving
the Argives to their ships and slaying them
with his sharp blade. We stood amazed, for we
were not allowed to fight due to Achilles’ anger
at Atreus’ son. I am Achilles’ attendant, brought
here on the same well-made ship; and I am
a Myrmidon, son of Polyctor, a wealthy man
and as old as you. He has six sons, and I am
the seventh; after we cast lots, I was chosen
to come here. Now I have come to the plain,
away from the ships, for at dawn the quick-
glancing Achaeans will assault the city. They are
too impatient to sit idle, and the Achaean kings
cannot stop them from charging into battle.”

Then the old man, godlike Priam, answered him:
“If you are the attendant of Achilles, son
of Peleus, then tell me the truth: is my son
still beside the ships, or has Achilles cut him
limb from limb and thrown him to the dogs?”

Then the messenger Hermes replied to him:
“Old man, no dogs or birds have eaten him.
He still lies beside Achilles’ ships, near the tents.
For twelve days he has lain there, but his flesh
has not rotted nor have worms feasted upon him
as they often do to slain warriors. And though,
at each dawn, Achilles drags Hector ruthlessly
around his dear friend’s barrow, his body is
unmarred. You would be amazed if you saw
him lying there fresh as dew, cleansed of blood
or other stains, and all wounds closed, wounds
which had been driven into him by bronze.
Thus, even in death, the blessed gods care
for your son, for they loved him in their hearts.”

Hearing this, the old man rejoiced and said:
“Child, truly it is good to give proper gifts
to the immortals, for my son above all others
in my halls honored the Olympian gods,
and they have remembered him even in death.
So come, accept this fine goblet from me
and protect me and guide me with the gods’
blessing until I reach the tent of Peleus’ son.”

Then the messenger Hermes replied to him:
“You test me, old man, for I am young, but I
cannot take your gift behind Achilles’ back.
I respect and fear him too much to wrong
him, for a terrible punishment would result.
But I would guide you and care for you, either
in a swift ship or on foot, all the way to famed
Argos, and no one would dare challenge you.”

At once, the helper leapt on the chariot, took
the whip and reins in his hands, and breathed
life into the horses and mules. When they
reached the ramparts and ditch that guarded
the ships, the messenger Hermes poured sleep
over the guards who were busy making dinner.
He then drew back the bar, opened the gate,
and led in Priam and his wagon full of gifts.
Soon they reached the son of Peleus’ tent,
which the Myrmidons had built for him using
tall fir-wood walls, a thatched roof made
of shaggy grass gathered from the meadows,
a great courtyard with close-set stakes around
it, and a gate held in place by a single wooden
bar that took three Achaeans to close and three
to open—though Achilles could open and close
it on his own. The helper Hermes opened
this gate for the old man, brought in the great
gifts for the swift-footed son of Peleus, leapt
from the chariot to the ground, and said to him:
“Old man, in truth I am the immortal god
Hermes; my father sent me to guide you here.
But now I am returning home before Achilles
sees me, for it would cause offense for a god
to be entertained by mortal men. But you must
go to the son of Peleus on your knees and beg
him in the name of his father, his fair-haired
mother, and his child, and so stir his heart.”

So saying, Hermes returned to high Olympus.
Then Priam leapt from his chariot, left Idaeus
to mind the horses and mules, and went straight
to the tent where Zeus-blessed Achilles waited.
He found him apart from his comrades as two
warriors, Automedon and Alcimus, busily
served him; he had just finished his dinner,
and the table was still near him. Unseen
by others, great Priam entered and stood
beside Achilles, clutched his knees, and kissed
those terrible, murderous hands—the hands
that killed his sons. Like a man blinded
by rage who kills another in his hometown
and escapes to a rich man’s house in a foreign
land where they look upon him with wonder,
so Achilles looked with wonder on godlike
Priam, and the others were equally baffled.
But Priam spoke to him, begging for mercy:
“Godlike Achilles, think of your father, a man
like myself, on the edge of old age. No doubt
those living nearby bring him distress, yet no
one remains to hold them off. But when he
hears of you, that you are alive, his heart surely
rejoices, and he is ever hopeful that one day
he will see his dear son return from Troy.
But I am cursed. I had the finest sons in Troy,
yet none remain. When the Achaeans arrived,
I had fifty sons; nineteen were born of the same
womb, and other palace women bore the rest.
Furious Ares sent most to their knees, but one
remained to protect the city and its people.
That was Hector, the man you killed as he
fought for his country. It is for his sake that
I come to the Achaean ships, to ransom
his body back from you with countless gifts.
Respect the gods, Achilles, and pity me, a man
like your father, a man who has endured more
than any other mortal on earth and who now
kisses the hand of the man who slew his sons.”

Priam’s words filled Achilles with a longing
for his own father. Taking hold of his hand,
he pushed the old man back, and the two
remembered. Priam crouched at Achilles’
feet and wept loudly for man-slaying Hector,
and Achilles wept for his father and Patroclus.
Together their cries filled the tent. But when
his heart and limbs had had their fill of tears,
noble Achilles sprang from his seat, lifted
the old man up, pitying his grey head
and beard, and said to him with winged words:
“Poor man, you have indeed endured many woes.
How could you bear to come to the Achaean
ships alone and look into the eyes of the man
who slew your many noble sons? Yours must
be a heart of iron. But come, sit down, and let
our sorrows rest for a while in our hearts,
for no profit comes from icy grief. The gods
have granted to wretched mortals lives filled
with misery while their own are free of care.
Two jars sit on Zeus’ floor filled with gifts:
one with joy, the other with sorrow. A man
given a mixture of these jars by Zeus will
face ill fortune one day and good the next,
but a man given only sorrow is consumed
by that sorrow, cursed to wander the earth,
dishonored by gods and men. From birth,
the gods blessed Peleus with splendid gifts:
he surpassed others in wealth and prosperity,
ruled the Myrmidons, and though mortal,
was given an immortal wife by the gods.
But the gods sent sorrow even to Peleus: he
will have no heir to succeed him, for his only
son is destined to die young, nor can I comfort
him in his old age since I sit here in Troy, far
from home, bringing pain to you and your sons.
But you, sir, were once happy, so we hear:
from Lesbos, Macar’s home, to the uplands
of Phrygia to the boundless Hellespont,
you were preeminent in wealth and in sons.
Then the gods brought this misery upon you:
a city consumed by fighting and death.
Endure it, and do not grieve forever, for no
amount of grief will bring back your noble
son; before that, you will surely suffer again.”

Then the old man, godlike Priam, answered him:
“Lord, do not offer me a chair while Hector
lies dishonored in your tent. Free him quickly
so my eyes may look upon him, and accept
this great ransom we have brought so you may
enjoy it and return to your native land, for you
have spared me so I may see another day.”

With a scowl, swift-footed Achilles replied:
“Do not anger me, old man. I will give Hector
back to you, for a messenger came from Zeus:
my mother, daughter of the old man of the sea.
And I know in my heart, Priam, that some
god led you to the swift Achaean ships, for no
mortal, not even a young and strong one,
would dare come to our camp or sneak past
the watch or easily lift the bar that seals
our doors. So do not agitate me further
or I will defy the very laws of Zeus
and strike you down, a suppliant in my tent.”

Terrified by his words, the old man complied.
Then, like a lion, Peleus’ son ran out of the tent
followed by his two servants, the warrior
Automedon and Alcimus, Achilles’ dearest
comrades after the slain Patroclus. They
unyoked Priam’s horses and mules and led
in the herald, the old man’s crier, and gave him
a seat; then they took the ransoms for Hector’s
head out of the well-made wagon but left two
cloaks and a finely-spun tunic behind to cover
the corpse on its journey home. Next Achilles
ordered the slave women to wash and oil
Hector’s body, moving it away from Priam
so he would not lash out in anger at the sight
of his son, thus enraging Achilles into slaying
the old man in defiance of Zeus’ laws. Once
the women had washed and anointed the body,
they laid the cloaks and tunic over it, and Achilles
lifted it up, laid it on a bier, and placed it
in the wagon with help from his comrades.
Then, with a groan, he said to his dearest friend:
“Do not be angry with me, Patroclus, when even
Hades learns that I have returned noble Hector
to his dear father, for the ransom he gave me was
honorable, and I will give you your proper share.”

So saying, noble Achilles returned to the tent
and to the well-wrought chair across the room
from Priam, and addressed the old man, saying:
“I have released your son, sir, just as you asked;
he is lying in the wagon. At dawn, you can look
upon him and carry him away, but now let us eat.
Even fair-haired Niobe remembered to eat
when her twelve children died in her halls: six
daughters and six sons all in their prime. Apollo
killed the sons with his silver bow and the archer
Artemis killed the daughters in anger over Niobe
comparing herself to fair Leto, who had only two
children while she had many more; so those two
destroyed all of hers. For nine days, they lay
in their blood, unburied, for the son of Cronos
had turned the people to stone, but on the tenth
day, the heavenly gods buried them, and Niobe,
wearied by her constant tears, thought of food.
Now, among the rocks on lonely mount Sipylus,
a place where they say goddess nymphs live
and dance along the Achelous, there is a stone
that mourns the losses sent to her by the gods.
So come, good sir, let us think of food; you
can mourn your dear son when you return him
to Ilios, where he will be met with many tears.”

At once, swift Achilles rose and slew a silver
sheep, which his comrades flayed and prepared,
cutting it carefully into slices, roasting the slices
on a spit until cooked, and drawing them off.
Automedon then set bread on the table in fine
baskets while Achilles served the meat, and they
proceeded to enjoy the feast. Once they had
sated their desire for food and drink, Priam,
son of Dardanus, looked upon Achilles, awed
by his godlike height and beauty; and Achilles
looked upon Priam, son of Dardanus, awed
by his noble bearing and his wise words.
When they had admired one another long
enough, godlike Priam was first to speak:
“Now lead me to a bed, prince, so I may soon
have my fill of sweet sleep and be restored.
My eyes have not closed since my son lost
his life by your hands. I have done nothing
but groan and grieve over my countless sorrows
as I wallowed in filth in the open courtyard.
Now I have eaten food and sent bright wine
down my throat; before, I had eaten nothing.”

So he said, and Achilles ordered his comrades
and handmaids to prepare a bed on the portico,
cover it with fine purple rugs, and spread
blankets and fleece cloaks on top. With torches
in their hands, the handmaids left the room
and hastily prepared two beds. Then, with wry
humor, swift-footed Achilles said to Priam:
“Sleep outside, dear old man, for Achaeans
often come to me to make plans or take counsel,
as is only proper. If one of them were to see
you this swift black night, he would quickly tell
Agamemnon, shepherd of men, and this would
delay my return of the body to you. But come,
tell me this, and be honest: how many days
do you need for Hector’s funeral? I will wait
as long as you need and hold back the army.”

Then the old man, godlike Priam, replied:
“If you wish me to carry out Hector’s funeral,
you would be doing me a great service, Achilles.
We are trapped in the city, far from the mountains
and trees, and the Trojans are afraid. For nine
days, we will mourn him in the halls; the funeral
will be on the tenth, and the people will feast;
on the eleventh, we will build a barrow for him;
and on the twelfth, we will fight—if we must.”

Then swift-footed, noble Achilles answered him:
“All will be as you say, aged Priam; I will hold
back the battle for as long as you command.”

So he said, seizing the old man’s right hand
by the wrist, so his heart would be free of fear.
The herald and Priam then fell asleep
on the portico, their minds filled with heavy
thoughts, while Achilles slept in the innermost
part of the well-made tent beside fair Briseïs.

And so the gods and men, lords of chariots,
slept sweetly through the whole black night.
But sleep could not catch the helper Hermes,
for his heart struggled over how to lead king
Priam past the ships unnoticed by the noble
gatekeepers. So he stood over Priam and said:
“So, old man, you sleep beside your enemies
with no fear of danger now that Achilles has
spared you. You have ransomed your son,
but at what cost? Your remaining sons will pay
three times the ransom if Agamemnon, son
of Atreus, or the Achaean army learn of you.”

Hearing this, a panicked Priam made his herald
get up. Then Hermes yoked the mules and horses
and drove them through the camp unnoticed.

When they reached the ford of the fair-flowing
river Xanthos, child of immortal Zeus, Hermes
returned to high Olympus, and as saffron-robed
Dawn spread over the land, the two men drove
their horses to the city, wailing and moaning,
while the mules carried the dead. Neither men
nor fair-girdled women knew of their arrival
save for Cassandra, equal to golden Aphrodite,
who stood atop the Pergamus and saw her dear
father in his chariot with the herald, the city’s crier.
When she saw the body lying in the mule-drawn
wagon, she cried out so the whole town could hear:
“Men and women of Troy, look upon Hector,
if you ever rejoiced when he returned from battle,
for he was a great joy to his city and its people.”

So she said, and no man or woman remained
in the city, for everyone, each grieving soul,
rushed to the gates as Priam led Hector home.
First, Hector’s wife and revered mother flew
to the well-made cart, tore their hair in sorrow,
and touched his head while all those around them
wept. And for the rest of the day until the setting
of the sun they would have shed tears and cried
had Priam not said to them from his chariot:
“Make way so the mules can pass; when I have
taken him home, you can have your fill of grief.”

Hearing this, they stood aside and let the wagon
pass. When they led him into the famed house,
they set him on a perforated bed; then singers
came and stood beside him and sang the death
song, and the women added their lamentations.
White-armed Andromache led the mourning,
holding man-slaying Hector’s head in her hands:
“Husband, your life ended far too early, leaving
me a widow in our halls and leaving our infant
child to a miserable fate. He will never reach
manhood; before that happens, the city will be
destroyed, for you are dead—you, our guardian,
protector of loving wives and young children.
Soon they will sail away in hollow ships, and I
with them; and you, my child, will follow me
to a place where you will perform disgraceful
deeds for a relentless lord or else some Achaean
will take your arm and hurl you off the tower
to a horrible death, perhaps angry that Hector
killed his brother or father or son, since many
Achaeans fell to the dust by Hector’s hands,
for your father was not gentle in wretched war.
Thus the whole city mourns for you, Hector,
and you have brought your parents unspeakable
grief, but I above others will be left with endless
pain, for when you died, you did not stretch out
your hand to me in our bed or speak words to me
that I could recall night and day as I shed tears.”

So she said tearfully, and the women wailed,
and from their wails rose the cries of Hecuba:
“Hector, dearest to my heart of all my children,
you were beloved of the gods when you lived,
and even now, in fated death, they care for you.
Other sons of mine were taken by swift-footed
Achilles and sold beyond the barren sea, in Samos
or Imbros or smoky Lemnos; but when he took
your life with his fine-edged spear, he dragged
you around the barrow of his friend Patroclus,
whom you killed, though it did not bring him
back. But now you lie in my halls as fresh
as dew, like someone silver-bowed Apollo
attacked and slayed with his gentle arrows.”

So she said tearfully, rousing unabated wails.
Then Helen was the third to lead the wailing:
“Hector, you were dearest of all my brothers-
in-law. True, godlike Alexander is my husband,
and he brought me to Troy—if only I had died
before that! Now twenty years have passed since
I came here from my native land, and in that
time I never heard a single harsh word
from you. If anyone in the halls spoke abuse
to me—your brothers or their fair-robed wives
or your sisters or your mother, though your father
is as kind as my own—you would stop them
and win them over with a gentle touch or word.
So this unlucky soul also grieves for you, for now
there is no one left in wide Troy who is kind
to me or a friend, for all shudder at my sight.”

So she said tearfully as the countless crowd
cried. Then old Priam addressed his people:
“Trojan men, fetch wood from beyond the city
and do not fear an Argive ambush, for as Achilles
sent me from the black ships, he promised no
attacks would come until the twelfth day dawns.”

Hearing this, the men yoked oxen and mules
to wagons, and soon were gathered outside
the city. For nine days they gathered wood
in endless amounts; as dawn rose on the tenth
day, they tearfully carried out bold Hector,
set him atop the funeral pyre, and lit the fire.

When Dawn’s rosy fingers again appeared,
the people gathered around noble Hector’s
pyre. When all had assembled, they quickly
quenched the pyre with bright wine, wherever
the furious fire still burned. Then his brothers
and comrades mournfully collected the white
bones while tears fell down from their cheeks.
They took the bones, covered them with a soft
purple cloth, placed the cloth in a golden urn,
placed the urn in a hollow grave, and covered
the grave with large, thick-set stones. They soon
piled up the barrow and set guards around it
in case the well-greaved Achaeans attacked.
When the barrow was complete, they returned
to Troy and gathered for a glorious feast
in the halls of Priam, the Zeus-nourished king.

So went the funeral of horse-tamer Hector.

This is the only reference in the Iliad to the Judgment of Paris. ↵

1

Glossary of Names and Places

Abantes: Ionian tribe from Euboea, a large island off the north-eastern coast of modern-day Greece, 2.536
Abarbarea: Naiad nymph of the meadows of the river Aesepus, the wife of Bucolion, son of Trojan king Laomedon, and mother to Aesepus and Pedasus, both killed by Euryalus in the Trojan War, 6.22
Abii: An uncertain ancient nomadic tribe that might have inhabited the steppes north of the Black Sea, 13.6
Ablerus: Trojan soldier killed by Nestor’s son Antilochus, 6.33
Abydus: Ancient Mysian city on the south coast of the Hellespont, across from Sestus, 2.836
Acamas (2): Dardanian, son of Antenor and Theano, and aide to Aeneas during Trojan War, 2.823; Son of Eussorus and, with Peiros, led the Thracians in the Trojan War; he was killed by Ajax, 2.844
Acessamenus: King of Pieria, father of Periboea, who had a son, Pelagon, by the river Axius, 21.143
Achaeans: Primary name used by Homer for the Greek forces, 1.2
Achilles: Son of Peleus, leader of Myrmidons, greatest of the Achaean warriors, 1.1
Achelous: Largest river in Greece, son of Oceanus and Tethys, 21.194
Actor: Son of Azeus, ruler of Minyans of Orchomenus; purported father of the Molionides (the twins Eurytus and Cteatus, whose father was Poseidon); his grandsons, Ascalaphus and Thalpius, led the Minyan tribe in the Trojan War, 2.515
Acrisius: King of Argos, husband of Eurydice, father of Danaë, and grandfather of Perseus, 4.319
Adametus: King of Pherae in Thessaly and son of Eumelus, leader of the Pherae contingent in the Trojan War, 2.714
Adrasteia: Area in the Troyad near the Granicus River, 2.828
Adrastus: Son of Merops, king of Percote; with his brother, Amphius, led the Adrasteian forces in the Trojan War; was slain by Diomedes, 2.830
Aeacus: King of the island of Aegina, father of Peleus and Telamon, and grandfather of Achilles and Ajax; after his death, he became one of three in Hades who judged the newly-arrived shades, 9.184
Aegae(2): Ancient city of Achaea, Peloponnese, 8.203; legendary town along the eastern coast of Euboea, near modern Kymi, which Homer says is the location of Poseidon’s palace, 13.21
Aegaeon: Also known as Briareus, a mythological monster with fifty heads and 100 arms; it helped Zeus and the other Olympian gods overthrow the Titans, 1.404
Aegeus: Early king of Athens, father of Theseus; Aegean Sea is named after him, 1.265
Aegialus (2): Region in the northernmost part of the Peloponnese, 2.575; town in ancient Paphlagonia, Anatolia, 2.855
Aegilips: Island in the Ionian Sea near Ithaca, 2.634
Aegialeia: Wife of Diomedes, king of Argos, and daughter of Adrastus and Amphithea, 5.412
Aegina: Island near Athens, named after Aegina, mother of Aeacus, 2.562
Aegium: A city-state of Achaea in northern Peloponnese, 2.575
Aeneas: Son of Anchises and the goddess Aphrodite, cousin to Hector, and leader of the Dardanian forces, 2.819
Aereia: Town in ancient Messenia, Peloponnese, 9.152
Aepy: City in ancient Elis, Peloponnese, 2.592
Aerytus: Mythical king of Arcadia, son of Elatus, 2.604
Aesepus(2): Divine personification of the river Aesepus (known today as the river Gönen in Turkey), 2.826; son of the water nymph Abarbarea and the human Bucolion, 6.21
Aesyetes: Trojan hero and father of Alcathous, 2.793
Aesyme: A town purportedly in ancient Thrace, home of Castianeira, who bore Gorgythion, son of Priam, 8.304
Aethices: Tribe of robbers who lived in Thessaly and who gave the centaurs sanctuary after they were run out of the area around Mt. Pelion, 2.745
Aethra: Achaean daughter of king Pittheus of Troezen and mother of Clymene and Theseus, who long before the Trojan War kidnapped Helen and left her in Aethra’s charge until Helen’s brothers took Helen back; in revenge for the kidnapping, Aethra was taken and made to serve Helen until after the Trojan War when she was freed by her grandson Demophon, 3.144
Aetolia: Mountainous region of western Greece located north of the Gulf of Corinth, 2.638
Agamemnon: King of Mycenae, son of Atreus, husband of Clytemnestra, brother of Menelaus, and leader of the Achaean forces in the Trojan War, 1.7
Agapenor: Leader of the Arcadians, son of Ancaeus, and grandfather of Lycurgus, 2.609
Agasthenes: King of Elis, son of Augeias, and father of Polyxeinus, 2.624
Agathon: Trojan prince, one of the last remaining sons of King Priam at the end of the Iliad, 24.250
Agenor: Son of Antenor and Theano and Trojan hero, saved from death by Apollo during Achilles’ rampage after Patroclus’ death, 4.467
Agrius: Son of King Portheus of Calydon and Euryte, brother of Oeneus, and father of six sons, including Thersites and Prothous, who overthrew his brother Oeneus to become king only to later be overthrown himself, 14.116
Aïdoneus: see Hades
Ainos: Ancient Thracian city located north of the Hellespont that is now called Enez, 4.520
Ajax (Telamonian): Son of king Telamon, grandson of Aeacus, and cousin of Achilles; was considered the second strongest Achaean (after Achilles); and leader of the force from Salamis (who were stationed with their Athenian neighbors), 1.138
Ajax (Little): Son of Oileus, leader of the Locrians, who angered the gods during the sack of Troy and was punished when Athena hit his ship with a thunderbolt, 2.528
Althaea: Queen of Calydon, wife of Oeneus, and mother of Meleager, 9.555
Alcomenae (Boeotia): Town in Boeotia (northwest of Athens) that was supposed to be the birthplace of the goddess Athena, 4.8
Alcestis: Daughter of Pelias, king of Iolcus, wife of Admetus, mother of Eumelus, known for her beauty who was rescued from the underworld by Heracles; her story is told in Euripides’ play Alcestis, 2.715
Alcmene: Wife of Amphitryon, lover of Zeus, and mother of Heracles, 14.323
Aleion plain: Large plain in southern Anatolia (modern day Turkey) now called Çukurova, 6.201
Alegenor: Boeotian son of Itonus, brother to Hippalcimus, Electryon, and Archilycus, and father of Clonius and Promachus, 14.503
Alexander (Paris): Trojan son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba whose abduction of Helen of Sparta instigated the Trojan War, 3.16
Alesium: Town in ancient Elis, Peloponnese, situated on the road between Olympia and Elis, 2.617
Aloeus: Son of Poseidon and Canace, husband of Iphimedeia and Eriboea, and father of Salmoneus, Otos, and Ephialtes, who fought the gods and captured Ares, 5.385
Alope: Town in ancient Thessaly, 2.682
Alpheius: River god of the Alpheius river (the modern river Alfeios), the longest river in the Peloponnese, 2.592
Altes: King of the Leleges, father to Laothoe, one of Priam’s daughters, 22.51
Althaea: Queen of Calydon, daughter of King Thestius and Eurythemis, wife of Oeneus, and mother of Meleager, Toxeus, Thyreus, and many others, 9.555
Alus (Halos): Town in ancient Thessaly, 2.682
Amarynceus: Chief of the Eleans, father of Diores; the games that took place during his funeral are recounted by Nestor, 2.622
Amazons: Legendary tribe of warrior women who were believed to inhabit a region in northern Anatolia, along the Black Sea; they were allies of the Trojans during the Trojan War, 3.189
Amphimachus: Son of Cteatus, grandson of Poseidon, and one of the leaders of the Elean forces in Troy, 2.620; son of Nomion and leader (with his brother Nastes) of the Carian forces, allied to Troy, 2.870
Amphius: Son of Merops of Percote who, along with his brother Adrastus, led the Adrasteian forces against his father’s advice, was killed by Diomedes, 2.830
Amyclae: City in ancient Laconia, Peloponnese, south of Sparta, which was the home of Castor and Pollux, 2.584
Amydon: Town in ancient Macedonia inhabited by the Paeonians, who were allies of the Trojans, 2.849
Amyntor: King of Eleon or Hellas, son of Ormenus, and father of Phoenix and Crantor, 9.448
Ancaeus: Son of King Lycurgus of Arcadia, father of King Agapenor, an Argonaut and participant in the Caledonian Boar hunt, where he was killed, 2.609
Anchises: Son of Capys, lover of Aphrodite, who bore him a son, Aeneas, 2.820
Andromache: Wife of Hector, mother of Astyanax, and daughter of Eëtion, 6.371
Anemoi (the winds): The collective name for the wind gods, including Boreas (North Wind), Zephyrus (West Wind), Notus (South Wind), and Eurus (East Wind), 2.145
Anemoreia: Town in ancient Phocis, near the border between Phocis and Delphi, 2.521
Anteia: Wife of Proteus and daughter of Iobates, king of Lycia, 6.160
Antenor: Dardanian noble, husband of Theano, father to many including Archelochus, Acamas, Glaucus, Helicaon, Iphidamas, and Crino, and counselor to King Priam, 2.822
Antheia: Town in ancient Messenia, Peloponnese, 9.151
Anthedon: City in ancient Boeotia, on the coast of the Gulf of Euboea, west of Chalcis, at the foot of Mt. Messapius, 2.508
Antilochus: Son of King Nestor of Pylos, known for his looks, his speed, and his horsemanship, and was tasked with delivering the news of Patroclus’ death to Achilles, and later died trying to protect his father from the Ethiopian King Memnon, 4.457
Antiphonus: Trojan prince, son of King Priam, was killed (in later accounts) by Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, during the siege of Troy, 24.250
Antiphus: Son of Thessalus, grandson of Heracles, and co-leader (with his brother Phiedippus) of the forces from Nisyrus, Carpathus, Casus, and Cos, 2.678
Antron: City-state in ancient Thessaly, located at the entrance to the Maliac Gulf, across from Oreus, Euboia, 2.697
Apaesus: Town on coast of ancient Troad, at the entrance of the Propontis (Sea of Marmara), 2.828
Aphrodite: Goddess of love, beauty, passion, and procreation, daughter of Zeus and Dione, wife of Ares, sister of Apollo, Artemis, Athena, Hermes, Hephaestus, and many others, and supporter of Troy during the Trojan War, 2.820
Apollo: God of archery, music, dance, sun, light, healing, prophecy, and more, son of Zeus and Leto, and supporter of Troy during the Trojan War, 1.9
Araethyrea: City in ancient Argolis, Peloponnese, named after its legendary founder, Aras, 2.571
Arcadia: Region in the central Peloponnese, named after the hunter Arcas and the home to the god Pan, 2.603
Arcesilaus: One of the leaders of the Boeotians who was killed by Hector, 2.495
Archelochus: Dardanian, son of Antenor and Theano, and aide to Aeneas during Trojan War, 2.822
Areilycus: Boeotian son of Itonus, and father of Prothenor and Archesilaus, 14.451
Ares: God of war, son of Zeus and Hera and husband of Aphrodite, 2.479
Aretus: Son of Priam who was known for his protection of horses, killed by Automedon, 17.494
Argissa: Town in ancient Pelasgiotis, Thessaly, on the Peneius River near Larissa, 2.738
Argos: City in Argolis, a region in the Peloponnese and the birthplace of Diomedes, 1.30
Ariadne: Cretan princess who helped Theseus kill the Minotaur and escape the Labyrinth in Cnossos, became immortal after Dionysus rescued her from Hades, 18.592
Arimoi: Region where the monster Typhoneus dwelt, though the actual location is never stated in ancient works, 2.783
Arion: Divine horse, driven by Adrastus, king of Argos, 23.346
Arisbe: Town in Mysia in northwest Anatolia, 2.837
Arne: Town in ancient Boeotia, 2.507
Artemis: Goddess of the hunt, the wilderness, wild animals, the moon, and chastity, daughter of Zeus and Leto, and twin sister of Apollo, 5.51
Ascalaphus: King of Orchomenus, son of Ares and Astyoche, twin brother of Ialmenus, and member of the Argonauts, 2.512
Asclepius: Greek hero and god of medicine, son of Apollo and Coronis, father of Hygeia, Iaso, Aceso, Aegle, Panacea, Podaleirius, and Machon; his symbol—a rod with a snake wrapped around it—is still used as a symbol of medicine today, 2.731
Asine: Ancient city on the coast of Argolis, Peloponnese, and located near the modern city of Tolon, 2.560
Asius: Son of Hyrtacus and Arisbe, leader of the forces the Hellespont region, who fought on the Trojan side of the war, 2.837
Asopus: A river in Boeotia that formed the border between Thebes and Plataea, 4.383
Aspledon: City in ancient Boeotia, near the modern city of Pirgos, 2.511
Assaracus: Son of Tros, brother of Ilus, Ganymede, and Laomedon, 20.232
Asterium: City in ancient Thessaly, 2.735
Asteropaeus: Leader of the Paeonians, son of Pelagon, and grandson of river god Axios, 12.103
Astyanax: Son of Hector and Andromache of Troy, killed during the siege of Troy; his name means “high king” or “overlord of the city,” in reference to his father, the defender of the city and heir to the throne of Troy, 6.403
Atë: see Mischief
Athena: Goddess of wisdom, handicrafts, and warfare, daughter of Zeus, and supporter of the Achaeans in the Trojan War, 1.195
Athens: Major city-state in ancient Greece and capital of modern Greece, 2.549
Athos: Mountain and peninsula in northeastern Greece, 14.229
Atreus: King of Mycenae and father of Agamemnon and Menelaus, 1.11
Augeiae (2): Town in ancient Locria, in central Greece near Scarpheia, 2.532; town in ancient Laconia, Peloponnese 2.583
Augeias: King of Elis, father of Agasthenes, and grandfather of Polyxeinus, 2.624
Aulis: Greek city on the coast of Boeotia in central Greece that was the staging ground for the Achaean journey to Troy, 2.304
Autolycus: Famed Ancient Greek robber, possibly the son of Hermes, who resided in the area around Mt. Parnassus in central Greece, 10.266
Automedon: Son of Diores and charioteer for Achilles, 9.209
Axius: river in Macedonia, now called the Vardar, 2.849

Balius: see Xanthus and Balius
Batieia: Daugher of King Teucer, founder of Troy, and wife of King Dardanus, father of Priam, 2.813
Bellerophon: Grandfather of Glaucus and Sarpedon, was known in his generation (long before the Trojan War) as a great hero who tamed Pegasus and slew the Chimera, 6.155
Bessa: Town in ancient Locria, 2.532
Boagrius: Largest river in Locria, flowing from Mt. Cnemis to the sea between Scarphe and Thronium, 2.533
Boebe: Town in ancient Magnesia, Thessaly on the eastern shore of Lake Boebeïs, near the modern town of Kanalia, 2.712
Boebeïs: Lake in ancient Magnesia, Thessaly, named after the town Boebe on its eastern shore, 2.712
Boeotia: Region in central Greece, north and west of Athens; the region included Thebes and Argos, 2.494
Boreas: see North Wind
Briareus: See Aegaeon
Briseïs: Daughter of Briseus of Pedasus, wife of Mynes, prince of Lyrnessus, and concubine of Achilles until taken from him by Agamemnon at the start of the Iliad, 1.185
Bryseae: Town in ancient Laconia, Peloponnese, at the foot of Mt. Taygetus, 2.583
Bucolion: Eldest (but illegitimate) son of Trojan King Laomedon and the nymph Calybe whose wife was the nymph Abarbarea and whose twin sons were Aespus and Pedasus, 6.22
Buprasium: Town in ancient Elis, Peloponnese, 2.615

Cadmus: Legendary founder and first king of ancient Thebes. The people of Thebes were called Cadmeians in his honor, 4.388
Caeneus: Lapith hero of Thessaly and father of Coronus; Ovid notes that Caeneus was originally born a woman but was transformed into a man by Poseidon, 1.264
Calchas: Principal seer for the Achaeans during the Trojan War, 1.69
Calchis: Capital and largest city on the island of Euboia, 2.537
Calliarus: Town in eastern Locria, in central Greece, 2.531
Calydnian Islands: Island in the Dodecanese, near Kos, 2.677
Calydon: City in ancient Aetolia on the banks of the Evenus River, 2.639
Cameirus: City on the northwest coast of Rhodes, 2.656
Capaneus: Father of Sthenelus and member of the Seven Against Thebes who was known for his arrogance against the gods, which led Zeus to kill him with a thunderbolt, 2.564
Capys: King of Dardania, son of Assaracus, father of Anchises, and grandfather of Aeneas, 20.239
Cardamlye: Town in ancient Messenia, Peloponnese, 9.150
Caresus: River in ancient Troyad that flows into the Aesepus River, 12.20
Carians: People of the Caria region in southwest Anatolia, 2.867
Carystus: City-state in ancient Euboia, at the foot of Mt. Oche, 2.539
Cassandra: Trojan princess, daughter of Priam and Hecuba, priestess at the temple of Apollo, was cursed by Apollo to see the future but never to be believed, 13.365
Castor & Polydeuces (Pollux): Helen’s twin brothers who shared the same mother but had different fathers (Castor was the mortal son of King Tyndareus of Sparta and Polydeuces the divine son of Zeus); they appear in many myths, including the story of Jason and the Argonauts, and they now are the personification of the constellation Gemini, 3.236-7
Casus: Island in the Dodecanese between Crete and Carpathus in the southern Aegean Sea, 2.676
Caucones: Tribe from northern Anatolia (and possibly the Caucasus mountain), 10.429
Cayster: River in the western part of Anatolia, south of Troy, 2.461
Cebriones: Illegitimate son of Priam, a slave, and Hector’s charioteer, 8.318
Celadon: Mythological river in Arcadia, Peloponnese, 7.134
Centaurs: Creatures with the upper bodies of human beings and the lower body and legs of horses who inhabited a region of Thessaly near Mt. Pelion, the Foloi oak forest in Elis, and the Malean peninsula in Laconia, 2.744
Cephallenians: People of the Ionian islands off the coast of western Greece, 2.631
Cephisus: River in central Greece, flowing through Boeotia and Phocis and draining into Lake Copias, 2.522
Cerinthus: Town on northeastern coast of Euboia, on the site of the modern village of Kria Vrisi, 2.537
Chalcis: Town on the coast of ancient Aetolia near the mouth of the Evenus River, 2.639
Charis: One of the Charities (Graces), goddess of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity, and fertility, and wife of Hephaestus, 18.382
Charities: see Graces
Chimera: Monstrous hybrid creature (lion, serpent, goat) who inhabited Lycia and was killed by Bellerophon with the aid of Pegasus, 6.179
Chiron: Centaur who was skilled in medicine, warfare, and music; he trained numerous famed warriors, including Priam and his son Achilles; he is traditionally depicted with two human torso and legs on the front of his body, making him far more civilized than the other, wilder centaurs, 4.219
Chromis: Son of Arsinoos, leader (with Ennomus) of the Mysian forces, 2.858
Chryses: The Trojan priest of Apollo whose request for the return of his daughter initiates the events in the Iliad, 1.12
Chryseis: Daughter of Chryses who was captured as a war prize and given to Agamemnon, 1.13
Chrysothemis: Daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, who supported her mother after she killed her father; she is a character in Sophocles’ Elektra, 9.145
Ciconians: A Thracian tribe who fought on the side of the Trojans, 2.847
Cilicians: Cilician Thebes, or Thebe Hypoplakia, was a city in ancient Anatolia at the foot of Mt. Placus; it was ruled by Eëtion, father of Andromache, 6.397
Cilla: A city in the Aeolian region of northwest Anatolia, 1.38
Cinyras: Ancient king of Cyprus, 11.20
Cleonae: Ancient Greek city-state located in the Peloponnese on the road between Corinth and Artos, 2.570
Cleopatra: Daughter of Idas and Marpessa and wife of Meleager, 9.556
Clymene: Daughter of Aethra and half-sister of Theseus who was forced, with her mother, to serve Helen until after the Trojan War, 3.145
Clytemnestra: Queen of Mycenae, wife of Agamemnon and sister of Helen, 1.112
Cnossos: Capital of ancient Minoan civilization, located on the island of Crete, 2.646
Coön: Dardanian, eldest son of Antenor and brother of Iphidamas, 11.248
Copae: City in ancient Boeotia on the northern shore of Lake Copais, 2.501
Copreus: Herald for King Eurystheus of Tiryns, son of Pelops and Hippodameia, and known best as the herald who announced Heracles’ twelve labors, 15.640
Corinth: City-state in ancient Greece on the Isthmus of Corinth, which separates mainland Greece from the Peloponnese, 2.570
Coroneia: City in ancient Boeotia and member of the Boeotian League, 2.502
Coronus: King of the Lapiths, son of Caeneus, father of Leonetus and Lysidice, and an Argonaut, 2.746
Cos: Island in the Dodecanese just off the coast of mainland Anatolia in the southern Aegean Sea, 2.677
Cranae: Island off the coast of ancient Gytheio in southern Peloponnese, 3.445
Carpathus: Island in the Dodecanese, east of Crete in the southern Aegean Sea, 2.676
Creon: Regent of Thebes, brother of Jocasta (wife/mother of Oedipus), husband of Eurydice, father of Lycomedes, Henioche, Pyrrha, Megareus, and Haimon, 9.84
Crete: Largest of the Greek island, located in the Mediterranean Sea southeast of mainland Greece, 2.645
Crisa: Ancient city in Phocis, near Delphi, 2.520
Crocyleia: Island on the Ionian Sea near Ithaca, 2.633
Cromna: Town in ancient Paphlagonia, Anatolia, 2.855
Cronos: Leader of the Titans and father of Zeus and the other Olympian gods, 1.398
Cteatus: Son of Poseidon but raised by Actor, twin brother of Eurytus, and father of Amphimachus, 2.621
Curetes: Legendary tribe of uncertain origin who participated in the hunt for the Calydonian Boar, 9.529
Cyllene: Mountain in Arcadia, Peloponnese, that is known as the birthplace of the god Hermes, 2.603
Cynus: Principal port of the Locrians at the northernmost part of the Opuntian Gulf, 2.531
Cyparissus: City in ancient Phocis near Delphi, 2.519
Cyphus: Town in Perrhaebia, Thessaly, near Mt. Olympus, 2.748
Cyprus: Island in the eastern Mediterranean, south of Anatolia and west of modern-day Syria and Lebanon, 11.21
Cythera: Island in the Mediterranean off the southern tip of the Peloponnese, northwest of Crete, 10.268
Cytorus: City on the Black Sea, in Paphlagonia, Anatolia, 2.853

Daedalus: Famed architect and inventor of the Labyrinth on Crete, 18.591
Danaë: Daugther of King Acrisus of Argos and Eurydice, consort of Zeus, and mother of Perseus, 14.319
Dardanelles: see Hellespont
Dardanians: People closely related to the Trojans and Troy’s closest ally who inhabited the region around the city of Dardanus, 2.819
Dardanus: Son of Zeus and Electra, founder of Dardanus, father of Erichthonius, 7.366
Dares: Trojan priest of Hephaestus, father of Phegeus and Idaeus, was supposed to have written an eyewitness account of the fall of Troy (from the Trojan point of view); the original was said to have been lost, but a Latin translation was widely available in the west, and from the end of the Roman empire to the Renaissance, it was the main source for the Trojan War since Homer at that time was not widely availble, 5.9
Daulis: City in ancient Phocis, near the frontiers of Boeotia, 2.520
Daughter of Phoenix: see Europa
Dawn: Greek personification of the dawn, daughter of Hyperion and Theia, 1.477
Death (Thanatos): Personification of death, son of Nyx and Erebus and brother of Sleep (Hypnos), 14.231
Deimos: see Terror
Deïphobus: Son of Priam and Hecuba, brother of Hector and Paris, and considered the greatest of Priam’s sons after Hector, 12.94
Demeter: Goddess of the harvest, agriculture, and fertility, daughter of Cronos and Rhea, mother of Aphrodite and Dionysus, 2.696
Demoleon: Son of Antenor and Theano, brother of Archelochus, Acamas, Glaucus, Helicaon (among others), Trojan warrior killed by Achilles, 20.396
Deucalion: King of Crete, son of Minos, member of the Argonauts, and father of Idomeneus, 12.117
Diomedes: King of Argos, son of Tydeus and Deipyle, leader of the forces from Argos, and one of the principal leaders for the Argives in the Trojan War, 2.563
Dion: Town in the northwest of ancient Euboia, 2.538
Dione: Titan mother of Aphrodite, possibly a female version of Zeus, but this is uncertain since Homer is the only place in ancient writings where she appears, 5.370
Dionysus: Son of Zeus and mortal Semele, the god of wine, fertility, ritual madness, and theater, 6.132
Dodona: City in ancient Perrhaebia, Thessaly, near Mt. Olympus, 2.750
Dolon: Trojan son of Eumedes, killed in a night raid by Odysseus and Diomedes, 10.314
Dolopia: Mountainous region in in Greece, north of Aetolia, 9.484
Doom (Keres): Female death spirit who personifies violent death, 18.535
Doris: a Nereid, or sea nymph, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys and wife of Nereus, 18.45
Dorium: City in ancient Messenia, Peloponnese, 2.594
Dream (Oneiros): The Greek personification of dreams; according to Hesiod, Dream was the child of Night (Nix), 2.7
Dulichium: Either a city on the coast of the Ionian Sea, west of Acarnania, or one of the Echinae islands in the Ionian Sea; its actual location is still disputed, 2.625
Dynamene: a Nereid, or sea nymph, who was the daughter of Nereus and Doris; she and her sister Pherusa were associated with great ocean swells, 18.44

Earth: see Gaia
East Wind (Eurus): Greek god of the east wind who is often associated with violent storms, 2.145
Echinae: Islands off the coast of Acarnania west of Aetolia, 2.626
Eëtion: King of Anatolian Thebes and father of Andromache, Hector’s wife, 1.366
Eileithyiae: Greek goddess of childbirth, daughter of Zeus and Hera, 11.270
Eilesium: City in ancient Boeotia, 2.499
Eionae: Town in ancient Argolis, Peloponnese, on the Argolic peninsula, 2.561
Electra: Daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, sister of Orestes, Iphigeneia, and Chrysothemis, and well-known as the central figure in many plays from Ancient Greece, 9.145
Eleon: City in ancient Boeotia, 2.500
Elephenor: King of the Abantes on the island of Euboia, son of Chalcodon, a suitor of Helen, and leader of the Euboian force during the Trojan War, 2.540
Elis: Region on the western coast of the Peloponnese, 2.616
Elone: Town in ancient Perrhaebia, Thessaly, 2.739
Emathia: Region in northern Greece near Pieria, between the rivers Aliakmon and Loudias, 14.226
Eneti: Inhabitants of the Paphlagonian region of north-central Anatolia, 2.852
Enienes: People from the Ainis region of central Greece, in the upper Spercheios valley, east of Dolopia, 2.749
Enispe: City in ancient Arcadia, Peloponnese 2.607
Ennomus: Son of Arsinoos, leader (with Chromis) of the Mysian forces, 2.859
Enope: Town in ancient Messenia, Peloponnese, 9.150
Enyalius: see Ares
Enyeus: King of Scyros and said to be the son of Dionysus and Ariadne, 9.668
Enyo: Greek goddess of war, destruction, conquest, and bloodlust, who often accompanies Ares in battle, 5.333
Eos: see Dawn
Epeius of Phocis: Achaean warrior from the Cyclades islands, won the boxing match against Euryalus in book 23; in other accounts, he is the architect who constructed the Trojan horse and was one of the men hiding inside, 23.664
Ephialtes: Giant, son of Aloeus and Iphimedia, brother of Otos, who fought the gods and captured Ares 5.386
Ephyra: Capital of ancient Thesprotia in northwest Greece, 2.659
Epidarus: Ancient Greek city on the Argolic peninsula at the Saronic Gulf, 2.561
Erebus: Ancient Greek embodiment of primordial darkness, 8.368
Erichthonius: Son of Dardanus, king of Dardania, brother of Ilus, and father of Tros, 20.219
Epistrophus: Son of Iphitus, leader (with his brother Schedius) of the Phocians, and one of Helen’s suitors, 2.518; Leader (with Odius) of the Halizone forces, allied to Troy, 2.856
Erechtheus: Legendary early ruler of Athens who was said to have been raised by Athena herself; the temple of Erechtheum on the Acropolis, dedicated to Athena and Poseidon, is named after him, 2.547
Eretria: City on the western side of Euboia, facing Attica, 2.537
Erinyes: see Furies
Eris: see Strife
Erythini: Town in ancient Paphlagonia, Anatolia, 2.855
Erythrae: City in ancient Boeotia, at the foot of Mt. Cithaeron, 2.499
Eteocles: Son of Oedipus and Jocasta, brother of Polynices and Antigone, and co-ruler (with Polynices) of Thebes until they were both killed in battle against one another, 4.386
Eteonus: A city in ancient Boeotia that, according to legend, is where Oedipus was buried, 2.497
Ethiopia: General term Homer uses for the lands of the upper Nile region and areas south of the Sahara Desert, thought to be the extreme ends of the earth, 1.424
Euaemon: Son of King Ormenus of Ormenium, and father of Euryplyus, 2.736
Euboia: Large island on the eastern coast of northern Greece, separated from mainland Greece by the Euripus Strait, 2.536
Euchenor: Corinthian son of Polydius, the seer, who (with his brother, Cleitus) participated in the Epigoni campaign before sailing for Troy, 8.663
Eudorus: The second of Achilles’ five commanders of the Myrmidons, son of Hermes and Polymele, raised by Phylas, 16.179
Eumelus: Leader of the forces from Pherae and Ioclus, son of Admetus and Alcestis, husband of Iphthime, father of Zeuxippus, and one of Helen’s suitors, 2.714
Euneus: King of Lemnos, son of Jason and Hypsipyle, 7.468
Euphorbus: Trojan son of Panthous and Phrontis, brother of Polydamas and Hyperenor, who wounded Patroclus before Achilles killed him, 16.808
Europa: Son of either King Agenor of Tyre or his son Phoenix, mother of King Minos of Crete, abducted by Zeus; Europe is named after her, 14.321
Eurus: see East Wind
Euryalus: One of the leaders of the Argive forces, member of the Argonauts and one of the Epigoni, 2.565
Eurybates: Herald to Agamemnon who, along with Talthybius, took Briseïs from Achilles 1.320
Eurynome: An Oceanid, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, mother of the Graces, and along with Thetis nursed Hephaestus back to health after being thrown from Olympus, 18.398
Eurypylus (2): King of Cos, son of Poseidon and Astypalaea, 2.677; Thessalonian king, son of Euaemon, one of Helen’s suitors, and leader of the forces from Ormenius and Asterium, 2.736
Eurystheus: King of Tirys or Argos who charged Heracles to perform the famed twelve labors, 8.363
Eurytus(2): King of Oechalia and skilled bowman, 2.596; son of Actor or Poseidon, twin brother of Cteatus, and father of Thalpius, 2.621
Eussorus: Thracian father of Acamas and Anete, 6.7
Eutresis: City in ancient Boeotia, 2.501

Fates (Moirai): Incarnations of destiny often portrayed as a trio: Clotho spins the thread of life, Lachesis measures the thread, and Atropos cuts the thread, 19.87
Fear (Phobos): Greek god of fear, son of Ares and Aphrodite, and twin brother of Terror (Deimos), 4.441
Furies (Erinyes): Female deities of vengeance, often portrayed as a trio: Alecto (“endless anger”), Megaera (“jealous rage”), and Tisiphone (“vengeful destruction”), 9.455

Gaia (Earth): Greek primordial deity personifying Earth, mother and wife of Ouranos, mother of the Titans, the Cyclopes, the Giants, and many more, 15.36
Galatea: A Nereid, or sea nymph, who (according to Hesiod) was considered the most beautiful of the daughters of Nereus and Doris, 18.45
Ganymede: Son of Tros, brother of Ilus, abducted by Zeus, granted immortality, and made Zeus’ cupbearer, 5.266
Gargaron: One of the three peaks of Mt. Ida, south of Troy, in Anatolia, 8.47
Gerenia: Town in ancient Messenia that was the original home of Nestor, 2.336
Glaphyrae: Town in ancient Magnesia, Thessaly, 2.712
Glaucus(2): Son of Hippolochus, grandson of Bellerophon, and Captain of Lycian forces under his cousin Sarpedon, 2.876; king of Corinth, son of Sisyphus, father of Bellerophon, great-grandfather of Glaucus, 6.154
Glisas: City in ancient Boeotia, 2.504
Gonoessa: Town in ancient Greece on the coast of Achaea, 2.573
Gorgon: Creatures with living snakes for hair who can petrify anyone who looked into her eyes, 5.741
Gorgythion: Son of Priam and Castianeira, known for his good looks but killed by Teucer, 8.303
Gortyn: City in ancient Crete, 2.646
Gouneus: Leader of the Aenian and Perrhaebian forces, 2.748
Graces (Charities): Greek goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, creativity, goodwill, and fertility; in book 5, Homer associates them with Aphrodite, but in book 18, Charis (the youngest of the Graces) is depicted as Hephaestus’ wife, 5.337
Graea: A city on the coast of ancient Boeotia, 2.498
Granicus: Small river in the northwest part of Anatolia (it is now called the Biga River), 12.20
Great Bear: Constellation (also called Wain) found year-round in northern hemisphere (so it never drops below horizon or joins with Oceanus), 18.487
Gygaean Lake: Lake in western Anatolia, south of Troy, now called Lake Marmara, 2.866
Gyrtone: Town in ancient Pelasgiotis, Thessaly, between the Titaresius and Peneius rivers, 2.738

Hades: God of the dead, king of the underworld, brother of Zeus and Poseidon, 1.3
Haemon: Son of Creon and Eurydice and father of Maeon and a figure in Sophocles’ play Antigone, 4.394
Haliartus: City of Boeotia and member of the Boeotian League, 2.503
Halizones: Trojan allies from an unknown region, possibly in eastern Anatolia near the Black Sea, 2.856
Harma: City in ancient Boeotia, situated on the road between Thebes and Chalcis, 2.499
Hebe: Goddess of youth and cupbearer for the gods, 4.2
Hecamede: Daughter of Arsinous, captured on the island of Tendeos and given as prize to Nestor, 11.624
Hector: Son of Priam and Hecuba, brother of Paris and Cassandra, and leader of the Trojan forces during the Trojan War, 1.242
Hecuba: Wife of Priam, king of Troy, and mother of Hector, Paris, Cassandra, Troilus, and and fifteen others, 6.253
Helen: Considered the most beautiful woman in the world, daughter of Zeus and Leda, and wife of Menelaus until she was taken by Paris to Troy, thus starting the Trojan War. After the war, she returned to Sparta and resumed her role as Menelaus’ wife, 2.161
Helenus: Soothsayer and son of Trojan King Priam and Hecuba and twin brother of Cassandra, 6.75
Helicaon: Trojan warrior, son of Antenor and husband of Laodice, daughter of Priam and Hecuba, 3.123
Helice: City in ancient Achaea in northern Peloponnese whose temple to Helikonian Poseidon was a major religious center in ancient Greece, 2.575
Helios: The personification of the sun, depicted with a golden crown and a horse-drawn chariot as he streaks across the sky, 3.277
Hellas: Town in ancient Thessaly, on the west side of the Pagasetic Gulf, 2.683
Hellespont: Narrow strait in northwestern Anatolia, near Troy, that separates the Aegean Sea from the Black Sea (as well as separating Europe from Asia); today, it is called the Dardanelles, 2.845
Helos (2): City on the ancient coast of Laconia, Peloponnese, east of the mouth of the Eurotas river, 2.583; city in ancient Elis, Peloponnese, 2.594
Hephaestus: God of craftsmen, artisans, fire, and volcanoes who was lame in one foot, son of Zeus and Hera (or Hera alone) and husband of Aphrodite, 1.571
Hera(2): Goddess of women, family, marriage, and childbirth, one of the Twelve Olympians, and sister/wife to Zeus, 1.55; Heraion of Argos is an ancient temple in Argos, part of the Argolid, a sanctuary dedicated to the goddess Hera, 4.8
Heracles: Great Greek hero, born in Thebes, son of Zeus and Alcmene, and father of Tlepolemus, 2.653
Heraion of Argos: see Hera
Hermes: Herald, or messenger, of the gods, and protector of heralds, thieves, travelers, merchants, and orators, 2.104
Hermione: Ancient port town in Argolis, Peloponnese, 2.560
Hermus: Ancient Anatolian name for the Gediz river in modern-day Turkey, 20.392
Hippemolgi: A group of people in ancient Thrace that avoided consuming living things and lived on things like milk and honey—hence their name, which literally means “mare-milkers,” 13.5
Hippodameia: Wife of Peirithous, mother of Polypoetes, who was abducted by centaurs on her wedding day but rescued by Theseus and Peirithous, 2.742
Hippolochus: Father of Glaucus and son of Bellerophon, 6.119
Hippothous: Son of Lethus, grandson of Teutamus, and leader (with his brother Pylaeus) of the Pelasgi forces from Larisa, 2.841
Hire: Town in ancient Messenia, Peloponnese, near the Neda River, 9.150
Histiaea: Town on the northern coast of ancient Euboia, now called Oreus, 2.537
Hours: Goddesses of the seasons, the passage of time, and guardians of the gates of Olympus, 5.749
Hyades: Sisterhood of nymphs who bring rain, 18.486
Hyampolis: Town in ancient Phocis, also known as Hya, 2.521
Hyle: City in ancient Boeotia on the shore of Lake Hylica, 2.500
Hyllus: River in Lydia, south of Troy, 20.392
Hyperion: Titan, son of Gaia and Uranus and father of Helios, Moon, and Dawn, 8.480
Hyperesia: Ancient Greek city on the northwest coast of Achaea, west of Corinth, 2.573
Hypnos: see Sleep
Hypoplakia: see Cilicians
Hypsipyle: Queen of Lemnos, daughter of King Thoas of Lemnos, granddaughter of Dionysus and Ariadne, who was later sold as a slave to Lycurgus, king of Nemea, but later freed by her sons, 7.469
Hyria: Region in ancient Boeotia, 2.496
Hyrmine: Town on the coast of ancient Elis, Peloponnese, 2.616
Hyrtacus: Comrade of Priam, husband of Arisbe, and father to Asius, leader of the forces from the Hellespont, 2.837

Ialmenus: Son of Ares and Astyoche, twin brother of Aspledon, member of the Argonauts, and one of the suitors for Helen, 2.512
Ialysus: Town on the northwestern corner of Rhodes, 2.656
Iardanus: Small river in Elis, Peloponnese, 7.135
Iapetus: Titan, son of Uranus and Gaia, father of Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Menoetius, 8.478
Icarian: Part of the Achaean sea that lies between the Cyclades islands and the southwestern part of Anatolia, 2.145
Ida: Mountain in Anatolia, south of Troy where the gods, particularly Zeus, often gathered to watch the war, 2.821
Idas: Prince of Messenia, member of the argonauts, husband of Marpessa, and father of Cleopatra, 9.558
Idomeneus: Son of Deucalion and Cleopatra, half-brother of Meriones, leader (with Meriones) of the Cretan forces, and a trusted advisor to Agamemnon, 1.145
Ilus: Founder of Ilios or Troy, son and heir of King Tros of Dardania and Callirhoe, father of Laomedon, 10.415
Imbrius: Son of Mentor, Trojan soldier, originally from Pedaeum, and married to Priam’s daughter Medesicaste, 13.171
Imbros: Large island in the far north of the Aegean Sea, just northwest of the entrance to the Hellespont, 13.33
Iolcus: Town in ancient Magnesia, Thessaly, north of the Pagasitic Gulf, 2.713
Ionians: Greek tribe associated with Athens and the areas around Boeotia, 13.685
Iphianassa: Daughter of Agamemnon and Clytaemenstra who is otherwise unknown, though some suggest her to be identical to Iphigeneia, the daughter of Agamemnon who was sacrificed at the start of the Trojan campaign, though this seems unlikely given that Agamemnon describes her as still living, 9.145
Iphiclus: Husband of Diomedeia, father of Protesilaus and Podarces, an Argonaut, known for his speed, 2.705
Iphitus: Father of Schedius, king of Phocia, and member of the Argonauts, 2.518
Iris: Goddess of rainbows and messenger of the gods, daughter of Thaumas and Electra, 2.786
Isus: Son of Priam and Hecuba, killed by Agamemnon, 11.101
Ithaca: Island on the Ionian Sea in western Greece, home of Odysseus, 2.632
Ithome: Town in ancient Histiaeotis, Thessaly, near the modern town of Fanari, 2.729
Iton: Town in ancient Thessaly, on the river Cuarius, 2.697
Ixion: King of the Lapiths of Thessaly, husband of Dia, and father of Peirithous, 14.317

Jason: Great Greek hero, leader of the Argonauts, who captured the Golden Fleece, son of Aeson, husband of Medea, father of Euneus and many more (many of which were killed by Medea), 7.468

Kydoimos: see Tumult
Keres: see Doom
Kypros: see Aphrodite

Laas: City in ancient Laconia, Peloponnese, on the western coast of the Laconian Gulf, 2.585
Lacedaemon: Original name for the region around Sparta in southern Peloponnese, 2.581
Laertes: King of the Cephallenians (which included Ithaca), father of Odysseus, and member of the Argonauts, 2.173
Laodice: Daughter of Priam and Hecuba, wife of Helicaon, and considered the most beautiful of Priam’s daughters, 3.122; for Laodice mentioned in book 9, see Electra
Laomedon: Trojan king, son of Ilus, and father of Priam, 5.269
Lapiths: Legendary tribe from Thessaly, near Mt. Pelion, led by Polypoetes and Leonteus, 12.141
Larisa: Ancient city southwest of Troy inhabited by the Pelasgi tribes, 2.841
Leitus: One of the leaders of the Boeotian forces, he sailed with the Argos and was one of Helen’s suitors, 2.494
Leleges: People of the Mysia region of northwest Anatolia, allies of Troy, 10.428
Lemnos: Island in the north-east Aegean, near the Hellespont; was home to the Sintians, a Thracian people who worshiped Hephaestus, 1.593
Lesbos: Island in the northeast Aegean Sea, near the coast of Anatolia, 9.128
Leto: Daughter of the Titans Coeus and Phoebe and the mother of Apollo and Artemis, 1.9
Licymnius: Friend of Heracles and illegitimate son of Electryon, King of Tiryns and Mycenae, 2.662
Lilaea: Nymph of the spring of Lilaea, daughter of Cephissus, 2.523
Litae: see Prayers
Little Ajax: See Ajax (Little)
Lindos: City on the eastern coast of Rhodes, 2.656
Linos: The son of Apollo who invented rhythm and melody and taught these skills to his brother Orpheus before being killed by a young Heracles; the Linos song, a lament, is sung in honor of him, 18.570
Locrians: Tribe in ancient Greece, inhabiting the area around Parnassus, 2.527
Lycaon: Son of Priam and Laothe, half brother of Hector and Paris, who was captured by Achilles and sold as a slave Euenus but freed later, only to meet Achilles in battle and die, 21.35
Lycastus: Town in ancient Crete, 2.647
Lycia: Region of southern Anatolia whose forces was commanded by the cousins Sarpedon and Glaucus, 2.876
Lycomedes: Son of Creon of Thebes and one of the sentries for the Achaeans, 9.84
Lycophron: Son of Mastor and aide to Telamonian Ajax, 15.429
Lyctus: City in ancient Crete and site where Rhea gave birth to Zeus and then hid him in a cave of Mt. Aegaeon, 2.647
Lycurgus: Thracian king who imprisoned members of the cult of Dionysus—including the god’s mother, Ambrosia. As a result, Zeus either blinded Lycurgus or drove him mad, 6.130
Lyrnessus: Town in ancient Dardania, Anatolia, closely associated with the Cicilian Thebe (Thebe Hypoplakia), 2.690

Macar: Legendary founder of Lesbos, 24.544
Machaon: Skilled healer, son of the god of medicine, Asclepius, and leader (with his brother Podaleirius) of the forces from Tricca, Ithome, and Oechalia, 2.732
Maeander: River in southwestern Anatolia, 2.869
Maeon: Son of Haemon who had prophetic abilities and was the only man spared when fifty Thebans tried to ambush Tydeus, 4.394
Maeonian: Inhabitants of Lydia in western Anatolia, allies of Troy, 2.864
Magnetes: Ancient Greek tribe who inhabited Magnesia, Thessaly, near Mt. Pelion, 2.757
Mantineia: City in ancient Arcadia, Peloponnese, that was the site of two significant battles during the Peloponnesian War, 2.607
Mases: City on the Argolic peninsula in ancient Argos, 2.562
Mecisteus: Father of Euryalus and, with his brother Adrastus, was one of the Seven Against Thebes, 2.566
Medeon: City in ancient Boeotia, 2.501
Medon: Son of Oïleus and Rhene, half-brother of Ajax the Lesser, who fled to Phylace from his father’s house after killing a relative of his stepmother Eriopis, who led the Meliboean forces after Philoctetes was abandoned on Lemnos due to a snake bite, 2.727
Meges: Commander of the Dulichians forces, son of Phyleus of Elis, one of Helen’s suitors, 2.627
Meleager: Legendary Calydonian hero who led the Calydonian boar hunt and was a member of the Argonauts, 2.642
Meliboea: Town in ancient Magnesia, Thessaly, that was famous for its purple dye, 2.717
Menelaus: King of Lacedaemon (Sparta), brother of Agamemnon, and husband to Helen of Sparta until Paris of Troy took her away, thus starting the Trojan War, 1.159
Menestheus: King of Athens, son of Orneus, great-grandson of Erechtheus, and leader of the Athenian force in Troy, 2.552
Menoetius: Son of Actor and Aegina, father of Patroclus, and member of the Argonauts, 1.307
Meriones: Son of Molus, half-brother of Idomeneus, and leader (with Idomeneus) of the Cretan forces, 2.651
Merops: King of Percote, father of Adrastus and Amphius; he possessed prophetic abilities and foresaw the deaths of his sons and urged them not to fight in the Trojan War; they ignored him and were later killed by Diomedes, 2.832
Messe: City in ancient Laconia, Peloponnese, 2.582
Methone: Town in ancient Magnesia, Thessaly, on the Pagasetic Gulf, 2.716
Mideia: Town in ancient Boeotia near Lebadeia and Lake Copias, 2.507
Miletus (2): Town on the north coast of Crete, 2.647; town on the western coast of Anatolia, near the mouth of the Maeander River, 2.868
Minos: King of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa, and became judge of the dead in the underworld, 14.322
Minyan: Group of people in the Aegean who trace their ancestry back to legendary Minyas, 2.512
Mischief (Atë): Ancient Greek personification of mischief, delusion, ruin, and folly, 9.504
Moirai: see Fates
Molus: Illegitimate son of Deucalion of Minos, king of Crete, and the father of Meriones, 10.270
Mount Ida: see Ida
Muses: Goddesses (usually nine in total) of inspiration in science and the arts, daughters of Zeus, 1.1
Mycale: Mountain near the west coast of Anatolia, near the Maeander River, now called Samsun Dağı, 2.870
Mycalessus: City in ancient Boeotia that no longer exists; in 413, the entire population was slaughtered in a raid by Thracians, 2.498
Mycenae: Largest and most powerful region of ancient Greece, located in the northwest part of the Peloponnese, southwest of Athens, 2.569
Mygdon: King of Phrygia, located on the west coast of Anatolia, who fought with Priam against the Amazons, 3.186
Myrmidons: Pythian army under the leadership of Achilles; the name translates as “ant-men,” 1.180
Myrsinus: Town in ancient Elis, Peloponnese, 2.616
Mysians: People from the region of Mysia, in northwest Anatolia, on the south coast of the Propontis (Sea of Marmara), 2.858

Naiad: Female spirit who guard fountains, wells, springs, streams, brooks, and other bodies of fresh water, 14.444
Neleus: King of Pylos, son of Poseidon, and father of Nestor, 2.20
Neoptolemus: Son of Achilles, born on Scyros; in other accounts, he joined the Achaean forces at the end of the Trojan War, slew King Priam, took Hector’s wife Andromache as concubine, and became the mythic king of the Molossians in Epirus, 19.326
Nereids: Sea nymphs and daughters of Nereus, the Old Man of the Sea; Thetis, mother of Achilles, is one of them, 18.49
Nereus: see Old Man of the Sea
Neritum: Island on the Ionian Sea near Ithaca, 2.632
Nestor: Son of Neleus, king of Pylos, a member of the Argonauts, and primary counselor for Agamemnon during Trojan War, 1.248
Night (Nyx): Greek goddess personifying night and darkness who is feared by all, including Zeus, 7.282
Niobe: Daughter of Tantalus, king of Siplyus, and wife of King Amphion of Thebes; after boasting that her twelve children surpassed the Titan Leto, who only had two, the gods punished her by killing all of her children (Apollo killed the sons, Artemis the daughters). In the traditional version of the story, Niobe was later turned to a crying stone on Mt. Sipylus (Spil Daği in modern-day Turkey); the stone is said to cry when snow melts on it. However, in Homer’s version, the people of her town are also turned to stone by Zeus, and the gods have to bury the children, 24.602
Nireus: King of Syme, leader of Syme’s forces, and one of Helen’s suitors, 2.671
Nisa: City in ancient Boeotia, 2.508
Nisyrus: Volcanic island in the Dodecanese between Kos and Tilos, 2.676
North Wind (Boreas): Greek god of the North Wind, which is associated with winter and cold weather, 15.26
Notus: see South Wind
Nysa: Legendary place where the Hyades (water nymphs) raised young Dionysus; the actual location of Nysa is unknown, though many ancients (including Alexander the Great) located it in northwestern India (a city called Nagara), 6.133
Nyx: see Night

Ocalea: City in ancient Boeotia, south of Lake Copias, 2.500
Oceanus: River that circles the world, son of Gaia and Uranus, husband and brother of Tethys, and father to the river gods and Oceanids, 1.423
Odysseus: King of Ithaca, husband of Penelope, father of Telemachus, one of Agamemnon’s most trusted, and main character in Homer’s Odyssey, 1.138
Oechalia: Town in ancient Histiaeotis, Thessaly, on the river Peneius, 2.730
Oedipus: Mythical king of Thebes who was cursed to kill his father and marry his mother, 23.679
Oeneus: Legendary Calydonian king, father of Tydeus and many others, who introduced wine-making to Aetolia, 2.641
Oetylus: City in ancient Laconia, Peloponnese, on the eastern side of the Messenian Gulf, near the modern city of Oitylo, 2.585
Oïleus: King of Locris, an Argonaut, and father of Ajax the Lesser and Medon, 2.728
Old Man of the Sea: Oldest son of Gaia (Earth) and Pontus (Sea), father of 50 daughters including Thetis, mother of Achilles, 1.359
Olenus: Town in ancient Aetolia between the Achelous River and the Evenus River, 2.638
Olizon: Town in ancient Magnesia, Thessaly, 2.717
Oloösson: Town in ancient Perrhaebia, Thessaly, 2.739
Olympus: Highest mountain in Greece and home of Zeus and the other Olympian gods (Hera, Athena, Apollo, Poseidon, Ares, Artemis, Demeter), 1.18
Onchestus: City in ancient Boeotia, northwest of Thebes that is often associated with Poseidon, 2.506
Oneiros: see Dream
Opoeis: Town in ancient Locria, located on the coast of central Greece, 2.531
Orchomenus(2): City in ancient Boeotia, also referred to as Minyean Orchomenus because it was founded by the legendary Minyas, 2.511; City in Arcadia, in northern Peloponnese, also referred to as Arcadian Orchomenus to distinguish it from the other Orchomenus, 2.605
Orestes: Prince of Mycenae, son of Agamemnon and Clytemenstra; he is the subject of numerous Greek dramas, 9.142
Orion: Giant hunter turned into a constellation by Zeus after being killed by Artemis, 18.486
Ormenius: Town in ancient Thessaly and the birthplace of Phoenix, 2.734
Orneae: City in ancient Argolis, Peloponnese, 2.571
Orthe: Town in ancient Perrhaebia, Thessaly, 2.739
Othryoneus: Trojan soldier from Cabesus, suitor of Cassandra of Troy, killed by Idomeneus, 13.363
Otos: Giant, son of Aloeus and Iphimedia, brother of Ephialtes, who fought the gods and captured Ares, 5.385
Ouranos: Greek god personifying the sky or heavens, son and husband of Gaia, father of the Titans, the Cyclopes, the Meliae, the Furies, the Giants, the Hekatonkheires, and Aphrodite, 1.404

Paeonia: Region north of Greece, in modern-day Macedonia, who were allied with the Trojans, 2.848
Paesus: See Apaesus
Paean: Physician of the gods; based on Mycenaean Greek writings, Paean might be another name for Apollo, who is also a healer, 5.401
Pammon: Trojan prince, son of Priam and Hecuba, who was one of the leaders the Trojan forces after Hector’s death; in other accounts, he was killed by Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, 24.250
Pandarus: Trojan who led the forces from Zeleia, son of Lycaon, well-known for his archery, who is tricked by Athena to shoot Menelaus during a truce, 2.827
Panopeus: City in ancient Phocis, home of Schedius, king of Phocia and leader of Phocian contingent in Troy, 2.520
Panthous: Trojan elder, priest of Apollo, and father of Euphorbus, Polydamas, and Hyperenor, 147.
Paphlagonia: Region in the north-central region of Anatolia, bordering the Black Sea, 2.851
Parrhasia: City in ancient Arcadia, Peloponnese, 2.608
Parthenius: River in northern Anatolia that empties into the Black Sea, 2.854
Pasithea: One of the Graces, daughter of Zeus and Eurynome, the personification of relaxation, meditation, and hallucination, 14.269
Patroclus: son of Menoetius, grandson of King Actor of Opus, and close companion to Achilles, 1.337
Pedasus: Son of the water nymph Abarbarea and the human Bucolion, 6.21
Peirithous: King of the Laphtis of Larissa in Thessaly, friend of Theseus, father of Polypoetes, 2.741
Peirous: Son of Imbrasus, leader (with Acamas) of the Thracian forces who fought for Troy, 2.844
Pelasgi: Tribes from Larisa, southwest of Troy, and supporters of the Trojans, 2.840
Pelasgian Argos: Region on Greece’s eastern coast also known as Thessaly, 2.681
Peleus: King of Phthia, father of Achilles, husband of sea-nymph Thetis, brother of Telamon, 1.1
Pelion: Mountain in southeastern Thessaly that was home to the centaurs, including Chiron, 2.758
Pellene: Most easterly city in ancient Achaea, bordering Sicyon on the east and Hyperesia on the west, 2.574
Pelops: King of Pisa in the Peloponnese (which were named after him) and mythical founder of the Olympic games, 2.104
Peneius: River in Thessaly that flows from the Pindus mountains to the Aegean Sea and is named after the river god Peneus, 2.752
Peneleos: One of the leaders of the Boeotian forces, he sailed with the Argos and was one of Helen’s suitors, 2.494
Peraebi: Ancient Greek people who lived on the slopes of Mt. Olympus between Thessaly and Macedonia, 2.749
Percote: Town in ancient Mysia on the southern side of the Hellespont, northeast of Troy, 2.832
Pergamus: The name of the citadel of Troy, 4.507
Persephone: Daughter of Zeus and Demeter, mother of Dionysus, queen of the underworld, and goddess of growth and fertility, 9.457
Perseus: Great hero, founder of Mycenae, slayer of Medusa, saved Andromeda from the sea monster Cetus, son of Zeus and Danaë, 14.320
Peteon: City in ancient Boeotia, 2.500
Phaistos: City on ancient Crete, 2.648
Pharis: Town in ancient Laconia on the Spartan plain, 2.582
Pheidippus: Son of Thessalus, grandson of Heracles, and co-leader (with his brother Antiphus) of the forces from Nisyrus, Carpathus, Casus, and Cos, 2.678
Pheneos: Town in northeast ancient Arcadia, Peloponnese, 2.605
Pherae: City-state in ancient Thessaly, near Lake Boebeïs and the modern city of Velestino, 2.711
Phereclus: Trojan shipbuilder, son of Harmon, who built the ship that Paris used to abduct Helen from Sparta; he was killed by Meriones, 5.59
Pheres: Founder of Pherae, Thessaly, son of Cretheus and Tyro, half-brother of Pelias, father of Admetus, and grandfather of Eumelus, 2.764
Pherusa: a Nereid, or sea nymph, who was the daughter of Nereus and Doris; she and her sister Dynamene were associated with great ocean swells, 18.43
Pheia: City in ancient Elis, Peloponnese, near the modern-day Cape of Katakolo, 7.135
Philoctetes: Famed archer, son of Poeas, king of Meliboea, leader of the Meliboean forces who was famed for his archery, and the subject of many Greek tragedies due to his being abandoned on the island of Lemnos at the start of the war after a deadly snake bite, 2.718
Phobos: see Fear
Phocians: People from the area of Phocis in central Greece that included Delphi, 2.517
Phoenicians: Seafaring people who lived in modern-day Lebanon but traded throughout the Mediterranean, 23.744
Phoenix (2): Son of King Amyntor of Elon who fled his home when young and was taken in by Peleus, king of Phthia, and charged with raising Achilles, 9.168; son of Agenor, brother of Cadmus and Cilix, and either the brother or father of Europa (Homer is the only source that calls him her father), and was charged with rescuing Europa from Crete after she was abducted by Zeus, 14.321
Phorcys: Son of Phaenops, leader (with Ascanius) of the Phrygian forces, 2.863
Phrygians: Allies of the Trojans from the Phrygia region of central Anatolia, 2.862
Phthia: An area in Thessaly that is home to the Myrmidons, their ruler King Peleus, and his son Achilles, 1.155
Phthires: Mountain in southwestern Anatolia, now called Mt Latmus, 2.869
Phylace: Town in ancient Thessaly, founded by Phylacus, 2.695
Phyleus: Elean prince, father of Meges, and one of the participants in the Calydonian boar hunt, 2.628
Pieria: Region in northern Greece where Mt. Olympus is located, 14.226
Pittheus: King of Troezen, father of Aethra, and grandfather of Theseus, 3.144
Pityea: Town in ancient Mysia, on the coast near the Propontis (Sea of Marmara), 2.829
Plataea: City in ancient Boeotia, south of Thebes, 2.504
Pleiades: Seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione, turned into star cluster by Zeus, associated with winters and with rain, 18.486
Podaleirius: Skilled healer, son of the god of medicine, Asclepius, and leader (with his brother Machaon) of the forces from Tricca, Ithome, and Oechalia, 2.732
Podarces: Son of Iphiclus, one of Helen’s suitors, and the leader of the Phylacean forces after his brother Protesilaus was killed, 2.704
Podes: Son of Eëtion, close friend to Hector, killed by Menelaus, 17.575
Polites: Prince of Troy, son of Priam and Hecuba, brother of Hector, Paris, Cassandra, and many others, 2.791
Polybus: Trojan son of Antenor and Theano, 11.59
Polydamas: Trojan lieutenant, one of Hector’s soldiers, son of Panthous and Phrontis, 12.60
Polydeuces: see Castor & Polydeuces (Pollux)
Polydorus: Youngest son of King Priam of Troy who was killed by Achilles but subsequently figures (as a supernatural figure) in other ancient works like Euripides’ Hecuba and Vergil’s Aeneid, 20.407
Polynices: Son of Oedipus and Jocasta, brother of Antigone, who fought his brother Eteocles for rule of Thebes as one of the “Seven Against Thebes,” 4.378
Polyphemus: Son of Elatus and Hippea, Achaean hero and member of the Argonauts, 1.264
Polypoetes: Theban warrior, son of Peirithous and Hippodameia, leader (with Leonteus) of the Lapith forces, 2.740
Polyxeinus: Son of King Agasthenes of Elis, and one of Helen’s suitors, 2.623
Portheus: More commonly known as Porthaon, he was king of Calydon, son of Agenor or Ares, brother of Demonice and Thestius, husband of Euryte, 14.115
Poseidon: God of the sea, storms, earthquakes, and horses, son of Cronos and Rhea, brother of Zeus, Hera, and Hades, 2.506
Priam: Son of Laomedon, king of Troy, husband of Hecuba, father to Hector, Paris, Cassandra, and fifty more, 1.255
Prayers: Ancient Greek personification of prayer and supplication who appear only in the Iliad, 9.502
Proetus: Son of Abas and king of Argos and Tiryns, 6.157
Protesilaus: Son of Iphiclus, brother of Podarces, one of Helen’s suitors, leader of the Phylacean forces, and first man to leap ashore in Troy and the first man to be killed, 2.698
Prothoenor: One of the leaders of the Boeotians who was killed by Polydamas, 2.495
Prothous: Son of Tenthredon and either Eurymache or Cleobule, and leader of the Magnetes forces, 2.756
Pteleos (2): City in ancient Elis, Peloponnese, 2.593; town in ancient Thessaly, near Antron at the entrance to the Pagasetic Gulf, 2.698
Pygmies: Race of small people who lived on the shores of the earth-circling river Oceanus and were involved in frequent wars with the cranes, 3.6
Pylaemenes: King of the Eneti tribe who led the Paphlagonian forces, 2.852
Pylaeus: Son of Lethus, grandson of Teutamus, and leader (with his brother Hippothous) of the Pelasgi forces from Larisa, 2.842
Pylene: Town in ancient Aetolia between the Achelous and Evenus Rivers, 3.639
Pylos: City on the western coast of the Peloponnese, 1.248
Pyraechmes: Leader of the Paeonian forces, killed by Patroclus, 2.848
Pyraus: Town in ancient Thessaly, on the Papasaean Gulf, 2.695
Pytho: Ancient name for Delphi, the sanctuary for Apollo that was home to the Oracle of Delphi, 2.520

Rhadamanthys: King of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa, and after death became one of the judges of the dead in the underworld, 14.322
Rhea: Titan, daughter of Gaia and Ouranos, sister of Cronus, and mother of Zeus, Hera, Hestia, Demeter, Poseidon, and Hades, 14.203
Rhene: Nymph who was mother of Medon, whose father was Oïleus, 2.728
Rhesus: Thracian king who arrived late to the war and was killed by Odysseus and Diomedes before engaging in battle, 10.453
Rhipe: City in ancient Arcadia, Peloponnese, 2.606
Rhodes: Largest of the Dodecanese islands, off the coast of Anatolia and northeast of Crete, 2.654
Rhodius: River in ancient Troyad that flowed from Mt. Ida to the Hellespont, 12.20
Rhytium: Town on ancient Crete that was home to the Gortynians, 2.648
Rumor (Pheme): The Greek personification of fame, glory, and scandalous rumors, 2.94

Salamis: Island off the coast of Attica, near Athens, 2.557
Samos: Island on the Ionian Sea near Ithaca, 2.635
Samothrace: Island in the northern Aegean Sea, northwest of the Hellespont, 13.12
Sangarius: River that runs through ancient Phrygia in western Anatolia; today, the river is called Sakarya, 3.187
Sarpedon: Son of Zeus, grandson of Bellerophon, and leader (with his cousin Glaucus) of the Lycian forces, 2.876
Scamander: The river that surrounded Troy personified by the river god of the same name, 2.465
Scandeira: Town on the island of Cytheria, off the southern coast of the Peloponnese, 10.269
Scarphe: Town in ancient Locria, in central Greece, 2.532
Schedius: Son of Iphitus, king of Phocis, leader of the Phocians, and one of the suitors of Helen, 2.517
Schoenus: A city in ancient Boeotia located east of Thebes, 2.497
Scolus: Town in ancient Boeotia, 2.497
Scyros: Island in the Aegean Sea where Achilles lived and where Neoptolemus was born, 9.668
Semele: Mother of Dionysus by Zeus, later became goddess Thyone who presided over the rites inspired by her son, 14.323
Sesamus: City in ancient Paphlagonia, Anatolia, near the modern-day city of Amasra, 2.853
Sestus: City in ancient Thrace, on the north coast of the Hellespont in the Thracian Chersonese region (now called Gallipoli), 2.836
Sidon: Ancient Phonecian city located about 30 miles (48 km) south of Beirut in modern-day Lebanon, 23.743
Sicyon: Ancient Greek city located in the northern part of the Peloponnese, west of Corinth, 2.572
Simoïs: River and god who flowed from Mount Ida to the Trojan plain (joining with the Scamander), now called Dümruk Su, 4.475
Sintians: A Thracian people who inhabited the area of Sintice and the island of Lemnos and worshiped Hephaestus, 1.594
Sipylus: Mountain in Anatolia, home of the “weeping rock” that is said to be Niobe, mourning the deaths of her children at the hands of Apollo and Artemis, 24.614
Sisyphus: King of Ephyra who was punished by the gods to forever roll a giant boulder up a hill over and over again, 6.154
Sleep (Hypnos): Personification of sleep, son of Nyx and Erebus and brother of Death (Thanatos), 14.231
Solymoi: The people of a mountainous region in southwest Anatolia now called Milyas, 6.184
South Wind (Notus): Greek god of the south wind, associated with summer and heat and was said to bring the storms of late summer and autumn, 2.145
Sparta: Major ancient Greek city in Laconia near the Eurotas River, 2.582
Spercheus: A god and river in Phthiotis in central Greece, father of Menesthius, 16.174
Stentor: Herald of the Argives, 5.785
Sthenelus: Son of Capaneus, leader (with Diomedes) of the Argive forces, a member of the Epigoni, and suitor for Helen, 2.564
Stratia: City in ancient Arcadia, Peloponnese, 2.606
Strife (Eris): Greek goddess of strife and discord, 4.441
Stymphalus: City in northeast ancient Arcadia, Peloponnese, 2.608
Styra: Town on the west coast of ancient Euboia, north of Carystus, 2.539
Styx: One of the rivers that marked the boundary between Earth and the underworld of Hades, 2.755
Sun: see Helios
Syme: Island off the coast of southeastern Anatolia that is best known as the birthplace of the Graces (Charities), 2.671

Talaus: King of Argos, member of the Argonauts, son of Bias and Pero, father of Mecisteus and Adrastus and grandfather of Euryalus, 2.566
Talthybius: Herald to Agamemnon who, along with Eurybates, took Briseïs from Achilles, 1.320
Tarphe: Town in ancient Locria on the Boagrius River that had a temple to Hera, 2.532
Tartarus: Deep abyss far below the surface of the Earth where Zeus hurled the Titans after their battle and where he keeps them prisoner, 8.13
Tegea: City in ancient Arcadia, Peloponnese, 2.607
Telamon: Father of Ajax the Greater, member of the Argonauts, and king of Salamis, 7.234
Telemachus: Son of Odysseus of Ithaca who, in some stories, later marries the goddess Circe, 2.260
Tenedos: An island in the northeastern part of the Aegean, near the Hellespont, 1.38
Terror (Deimos): The Greek god of dread and terror, son of Ares and Aphrodite, and twin brother of Fear (Phobos), 4.440
Tethys: a Titan, daughter of Uranus and Gaia, sister and wife to Oceanus, and mother to all river gods and the Nereids, 14.201
Teucer: son of King Telamon of Salamis and Hesione, daughter of King Laomedon of Troy, brother of King Priam of Troy, and cousin of Telamonian Ajax, 6.31
Teutamus: King of Larisa, son of Amyntor, father of Nanas and Lethus, and grandfather of Hippothous and Pylaeus, 2.843
Thamyris: Thracian singer, son of Philammon and the nymph Argiope, who lost his ability to sing and play the lyre after boasting that he could sing better than the Muses, 2.595
Thanatos: see Death
Thaumacia: Town in ancient Magnesia, Thessaly, 2.716
Theano: Pristess of Athena in Troy, daughter of King Cisseus of Thrace and Telecleia, sister of Hecuba, wife of Antenor, and mother of Glaucus, Acamas, and many more, 5.70
Thebes (2): City in ancient Anatolia, at the foot of Mt. Placus, the home of Hector’s wife Andromache and one of the towns raided by the Argives during the Trojan War, 1.366; famous city in ancient Boeotia, home of Heracles, Oedipus, and the wars of the Seven Against Thebes, 2.505
Themis: Greek Titan goddess personifying divine order, fairness, law, and custom, whose symbol is the scales of justice, mother of the Hours (Horae) and the Moirai (Fates), 15.88
Thersites: Soldier in the Achaean forces who insults Agamemnon and questions the validity of the war, 2.212
Theseus: Greek hero who defeated the Minotaur, was founding father of Athens, and unified all Attica, 1.265
Thespeia: A city in ancient Boeotia located near modern Thespies, 2.497
Thetis: A sea nymph, daughter of Nereus, the Old Man of the Sea, who married the mortal Peleus and became mother of Achilles, 1.357
Thisbe: City in ancient Boeotia, south of Mt. Helicon and near the sea, 2.501
Thoas: King of Aetolia, leader of the Aetolian forces, son of Andraemon and Gorge, and one of Helen’s suitors, 2.640
Thracians: Inhabitants of the European areas north of the Hellespont; the name is also used as a general term to describe many tribes of people who inhabited the Balkans and other areas of southeastern Europe, 2.844
Thrasymedes: Son of Nestor, prince of Pylos, and one of the lead sentries for the Achaean army, 9.81
Thronium: Town in ancient Locria on the river Boagrius 2.533
Thryum: City in ancient Elis, Peloponnese, 2.592
Thyestes: King of Olympia and Mycenae, son of Pelops, brother of Atreus, who exiled his nephews, Agamemnon and Menelaus, and was himself later exiled by them, 2.106
Thymbra: Town near Troy, close to the Thymbrios (now Kemer) River, 10.432
Thymoetes: Trojan elder, son of Laomedon, and soothsayer who prophesied the destruction of Troy, 3.148
Tiryns: City in ancient Argolis, Peloponnese, and the location for the twelve labors of Heracles, 2.559
Titanus: Mountain in Thessaly, near Asterium, 2.735
Titaressu: River in Thessaly, a tributary of the Peneius, which flows south from Mt. Olympus, though according to Homer the Titaressu’s waters do not mix with the Peneius because it is a branch of the river Styx, 2.751
Tithonus: Son of Laomedon, brother of Priam, and lover of Dawn (Eos), 11.1
Tlepolemus: Leader of the Rhodian forces, son of Heracles and Astyocheia, 2.653
Tmolus: Mountain in Lydia, Anatolia, near Sardis, that was named after King Tmolus of Lydia, 2.864
Trachis: City-state in ancient Thessaly, south of the Spercheios River, 2.682
Tricca: Town in ancient Histiaeotis, Thessaly, on the left bank of the Peneius River, 2.729
Tritogeneia: see Athena
Troad: Name for the larger region around Troy in northwestern Anatolia, 6.315
Troezen: Ancient town on the Argolian peninsula in the Peloponnese, southwest of Athens, 2.561
Troilus: Trojan prince, son of Priam, whose death is described in the now-lost Cypria, 24.257
Tros: Founder of Troy, son of Erichthonius, and father of Ilus, Assaracus, and Ganymede, 20.230
Tumult (Cydoemus): Personification of the din and confusion of battle, 18.535
Tydeus: An Aeolian hero in the generation before the Trojan War who was a member of the Seven Against Thebes and later fathered Diomedes, 2.406
Typhoneus: Monstrous giant serpent, son of Gaia and Tartarus, 2.783

Ucalegon: Trojan elder whose hose is set on fire during the sacking of Troy, 3.149
Uranus: Primal sky god, son and husband of Gaia, father of the first Titans and of Aegaeon, 1.404.

West Wind (Zephyrus): Greek god of the west wind, considered the gentlest of the Anemoi, associated with spring, and husband of Iris, 4.276

Xanthos: see Scamander
Xanthus and Balius: immortal horses, children of the harpy Podarge, given to Peleus by Poseidon, who passed them on to Achilles, 16.149

Zacynthus: Island on the Ionian Sea near Ithaca, 2.634
Zeleia: Town in ancient Troad, at the foot of Mt. Ida, that participated on the Trojan side in the Trojan War, 2.824
Zephyrus: see West Wind
Zeus: God of the sky, lightning, and thunder and ruler over all gods on Olympus, 1.5
Zeus of Dodona (Dodonian Zeus): A particular aspect of Zeus that was worshipped at Dodona in Epirus in northwest Greece, 16.233

2

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